Cultural Differences in Peru Over the Last 50 Years

Peru has undergone profound cultural changes over the last 50 years,
shaped by political transformations, economic development, globalization,
and the revitalization of its indigenous heritage. From the rural highlands to
the bustling cities, Peru’s cultural identity has been influenced by a dynamic
interplay between tradition and modernity, as well as its rich indigenous
roots. This text explores the major cultural shifts that have occurred in Peru
since the 1970s and the evolving nature of Peruvian society.
Political Influence and Social Change
In the 1970s, Peru was a country grappling with political instability, marked
by military rule and social unrest. The rise of leftist movements and guerrilla
groups such as the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) in the 1980s
significantly impacted Peruvian society, creating a climate of fear, violence,
and division. During this time, cultural expression was often repressed, and
the arts, media, and intellectual life were constrained by the political
turmoil.
The return to democracy in the 1990s, along with the defeat of the Shining
Path, brought about a period of relative political stability. With this stability
came a resurgence of cultural expression, particularly in literature, music,
and the visual arts. Political themes such as human rights, justice, and
memory became central to Peruvian cultural life, with artists and
intellectuals using their platforms to reflect on the nation’s troubled past.
The end of the violence allowed for a greater sense of unity and cultural
revitalization, especially among Peru’s indigenous populations.
Indigenous Identity and Cultural Revitalization
Peru’s indigenous heritage has always been a defining element of its
national identity, but over the past 50 years, there has been a resurgence in
the recognition and celebration of indigenous culture. In the 1970s,
indigenous communities, particularly in the highlands, were often
marginalized and excluded from mainstream society. The Quechua and
Aymara languages were spoken primarily in rural areas, and indigenous
traditions were viewed as backward by many in urban centers.
However, in recent decades, there has been a cultural shift toward
embracing indigenous identity as a vital part of Peru’s national character.
The government has taken steps to promote indigenous languages and
cultural practices, and the tourism industry has played a significant role in
highlighting Peru’s ancient civilizations, such as the Inca Empire. Festivals,
traditional crafts, and rituals have gained renewed importance, not just in
rural areas but also in urban settings, where indigenous culture is
increasingly celebrated.
The blending of indigenous and modern elements is particularly evident in
contemporary Peruvian music, art, and fashion. Many young Peruvians,
especially in cities like Lima, proudly embrace their indigenous roots while
participating in global cultural trends, creating a unique fusion of old and
new.
Urbanization and Economic Growth
Another major cultural change in Peru over the last 50 years has been the
rapid urbanization and economic growth the country has experienced. In the
1970s, Peru was predominantly rural, with much of the population living in
small agricultural communities. However, migration to cities, especially
Lima, has dramatically increased as people sought better opportunities in
urban areas.
The expansion of cities has brought about significant cultural shifts, with
urban Peruvians embracing modern lifestyles, technology, and global
influences. At the same time, this migration has led to the blending of rural
traditions with urban life, contributing to the rich cultural diversity of cities
like Lima, Arequipa, and Cusco.
Globalization and Modern Cultural Expression
Globalization has also had a notable impact on Peruvian culture. In the past
50 years, Peru has become more connected to global markets, media, and
technologies. This has resulted in greater exposure to international music,
fashion, and entertainment. However, Peruvians have maintained a strong
connection to their traditional culture, blending global influences with local
customs.
Peruvian cuisine, for instance, has become a symbol of national pride and
international recognition, combining indigenous ingredients with global
culinary techniques. Dishes like ceviche, lomo saltado, and ají de gallina
have gained worldwide fame, showcasing the country’s rich culinary
heritage.
Conclusion
Over the last 50 years, Peru has experienced significant cultural
transformations driven by political change, economic growth, urbanization,
and the revitalization of its indigenous heritage. The country has
successfully preserved its ancient traditions while embracing modernity,
creating a unique cultural landscape that reflects both its rich past and its
dynamic present. Peru's evolving identity is a testament to the resilience
and adaptability of its people in the face of change.