✸LinuxCheatsheets✸

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Mahesh Sarjerao Girhe [ MSG ]✅

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🔘File and Directory Management

1. ls - Lists directory contents. o ls - Basic list.
o ls -l - List with details. o
Example: ls -la Directory
2. cd - Change the current directory.
o cd Directory - Changes to "Directory".
o Example: cd /home
3. pwd - Print the current directory path. o pwd -
Outputs the current directory.
 o Example: pwd
4. mkdir - Create a new directory. o mkdir
Directory - Creates "Directory". o Example:
mkdir /home/Directory
5. rmdir - Remove an empty directory. o rmdir
Directory - Deletes "Directory". o Example:
rmdir /home/Directory

6. rm - Delete files and directories.

o rm file - Deletes "file". o rm -r Directory -
Deletes "Directory"
recursively. o Example: rm -rf
/home/Directory
7. cp - Copy files or directories.
o cp file new_file - Copies "file" to "new_file". o
cp -r Directory new_directory - Copies
"Directory" recursively. o Example: cp -r
Directory /backup/
8. mv - Move or rename files and directories.
 o mv file new_file - Renames "file" to
"new_file". o Example: mv file
/home/Directory/
9. touch - Create an empty file.
o touch file - Creates "file".
o Example: touch /home/Directory/newfile
10. cat - Concatenate and display file contents.
o cat file - Shows contents of "file".
o Example: cat file

11. less - View file content interac vely.

o less file - Opens "file" in viewer.
o Example: less file
12. more - View file content page-by-page.
o more file - Views file with paging.
o Example: more file
13. head - Show the first few lines of a file.
o head -n 5 file - Shows first 5 lines.
o Example: head file
14. tail - Show the last few lines of a file.
 o tail -n 5 file - Shows last 5 lines. o tail -f file -
Shows last lines with live updates.
o Example: tail -f /var/log/syslog
15. find - Search for files and directories.
o find Directory -name "*.txt" - Searches for .txt
files.
o Example: find /home -type f -name "*.sh"
16. locate - Find files by name (needs mlocate
package).
o locate file - Searches for "file".
o Example: locate file
17. du - Disk usage of files and directories.
o du -sh Directory - Shows size of "Directory".
o Example: du -h Directory
18. df - Display disk space usage.
o df -h - Disk usage in human-readable format.
o Example: df -h
19. stat - Display detailed file or directory status.
o stat file - Shows stats of "file".
o Example: stat file
20. tree - Show directory structure in tree format.
 o tree Directory - Displays "Directory"
structure.
o Example: tree /home

File Permissions and Ownership

21. chmod - Change file permissions. o chmod
755 file - Sets permissions for "file".
o Example: chmod +x script.sh
22. chown - Change file ownership. o chown
user file - Changes owner to "user".
o Example: chown root file
23. chgrp - Change group ownership.
o chgrp group file - Changes group to "group".
o Example: chgrp admin file
24. umask - Set default permissions for new
files.
o umask 022 - Default file permissions.
o Example: umask
Process Management
25. ps - Show ac ve processes. o ps aux - Shows all
processes. o Example: ps aux | grep nginx
26. top - Monitor system processes in real me.
o top - Live view of processes.
o Example: top
27. htop - Enhanced process viewer (requires
htop).
o htop - Interac ve process viewer.
o Example: htop
28. kill - Terminate a process by ID.
o kill 1234 - Ends process with PID 1234.
o Example: kill 1234
29. killall - Kill processes by name.
o killall firefox - Kills all "firefox" processes.
o Example: killall nginx
30. pkill - Kill processes by pa ern.
o pkill -u user - Kills all processes for "user".
 o Example: pkill -u john

Networking
31. ping - Check network connec vity. o ping
google.com - Sends ping requests. o Example:
ping -c 4 google.com
32. ifconfig - Display network configura on
(deprecated). o ifconfig - Shows network
interfaces.
o Example: ifconfig
33. traceroute - Track packet route to des na on.
o traceroute google.com - Shows route to
"google.com". o Example: traceroute
google.com
34. nslookup - Query DNS records.
o nslookup google.com - DNS lookup for
"google.com". o Example: nslookup
example.com

35. netstat - Network connec ons, rou ng tables.

o netstat -tuln - Lists open ports.
o Example: netstat -an
Compression and Archiving
37. tar - Archive mul ple files.
o tar -cvf archive.tar Directory - Creates a tar
archive. o Example: tar -xvf
archive.tar
38. zip - Compress files into a zip archive.
o zip archive.zip file1 file2 - Creates
"archive.zip". o Example: zip -r archive.zip
Directory
39. unzip - Extract files from a zip archive.
o unzip archive.zip - Extracts "archive.zip".
o Example: unzip archive.zip
40. gzip - Compress a file. o gzip file - Compresses
"file" as "file.gz".
o Example: gzip -d file.gz
41. bzip2 - Compress with bzip2. o bzip2 file -
Compresses "file". o Example: bzip2 -d
file.bz2
System Informa on
42. uname - Display system informa on.
o uname -a - Full system details.
o Example: uname -r
43. up me - Show system up me.
o up me - Outputs how long system has been
up.
o Example: up me
44. free - Memory usage.
o free -h - Shows memory in human-readable
form. o
Example: free
45. dmesg - Print or control kernel messages.
o dmesg | less - Shows boot logs. o Example:
dmesg | grep error
46. df - Disk space usage of filesystems.
o df -h - Human-readable format.
o Example: df /home
User Management
47. useradd - Create a new user. o useradd
username - Adds "username".
o Example: useradd admin
48. usermod - Modify user accounts.
o usermod -aG sudo user - Adds "user" to
"sudo" group. o Example: usermod -aG docker
user
49. passwd - Change user password.
o passwd user - Changes password for "user".
o Example: passwd root
50. whoami - Display the current logged-in user.
o whoami - Shows username.
o Example: whoami

Data Manipula on
51. awk - Pa ern scanning and processing.
o awk '{print $1}' file - Prints first column.
 o Example: awk '{print $2}' file
52. sed - Stream editor for modifying files. o sed
's/old/new/' file - Replace text. o Example: sed
-i 's/foo/bar/g' file
53. sort - Sort file content. o sort file - Sorts file
lines.
o Example: sort file
54. uniq - Report or omit repeated lines.
o uniq file - Removes duplicates.
o Example: uniq -c file
55. grep - Search within files.
o grep "pa ern" file - Searches for "pa ern". o
Example: grep -i error file

File and Directory Management (Con nued)

56. wc - Count lines, words, and characters in a
file.
• Usage: wc file - Displays line, word, and character
counts for "file".
• Example: wc -l file - Counts lines in "file".
57. ln - Create links between files.
 • Usage: ln file link_name - Creates a hard link.
• ln -s file link_name - Creates a symbolic (so ) link.
• Example: ln -s /path/to/file symlink_name
58. alias - Create command shortcuts.
• Usage: alias ll='ls -la' - Creates an alias for ls -la.
• Example: alias dir='ls -d */'
59. unalias - Remove an alias.
• Usage: unalias ll - Removes the alias "ll".
• Example: unalias dir
60. rename - Rename mul ple files.
• Usage: rename 's/old/new/' *.txt - Renames files
by replacing "old" with "new" in .txt files.
• Example: rename 's/2023/2024/' *.log

Process Management (Con nued)

61. bg - Run a job in the background.
• Usage: bg - Resumes a paused job in the
background.
• Example: bg %1 - Backgrounds job number 1.
62. fg - Bring a job to the foreground.
 Usage: fg %1 - Brings job number 1 to the
foreground.
Example: fg %2
63. jobs - List all ac ve jobs.
• Usage: jobs - Displays ac ve jobs with their
statuses.
• Example: jobs -l
64. nice - Run a command with adjusted priority.
• Usage: nice -n 10 command - Runs a command
with priority 10.
• Example: nice -n 15 ./script.sh
65. renice - Change the priority of a running
process.
• Usage: renice -n 5 -p PID - Changes the priority of
process "PID".
• Example: renice -n 10 -p 1234
66. nohup - Run a command immune to hangups.
• nohup command & - Executes command, ignoring
hangups.
• Example: nohup ./script.sh &
67. pgrep - Find processes by name.
• Usage: pgrep process_name - Finds process IDs
with the specified name.
• Example: pgrep nginx
68. pmap - Display memory map of a process.
• Usage: pmap PID - Shows memory details of
process "PID".
• Example: pmap 1234
69. up me - Display system up me and load.
• Usage: up me - Shows system up me and average
load.
• Example: up me
 Usage:
Networking (Con nued)
70. curl - Transfer data to/from a server.
Usage: curl URL - Fetches data from URL.
Example: curl -O h ps://example.com/file.txt
71. wget - Download files from the internet.
• Usage: wget URL - Downloads file from the
specified URL.
• Example: wget h ps://example.com/file.zip 72. scp
- Securely copy files between hosts.
• Usage: scp source_file user@remote:/path - Copies
file to a remote server.
• Example: scp file.txt
user@remoteserver:/home/user
73. rsync - Synchronize files and directories.
• Usage: rsync -av source/ des na on/ - Syncs source
to des na on.
• Example: rsync -avz Directory
user@remote:/backup/
74. telnet - Connect to remote servers (insecure).
• telnet host port - Connects to a specified host and
port.
• Example: telnet localhost 80
75. netcat (nc) - Network u lity for debugging.
• Usage: nc -zv host port - Checks if port is open on
the host.
• Example: nc -zv google.com 443
76. ip route - Display or manipulate IP rou ng
table.
• Usage: ip route show - Shows the rou ng table.
• Example: ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0
77. dig - DNS lookup tool.
• Usage: dig domain.com - Fetches DNS records for
a domain.
• Example: dig +short google.com
78. arp - Display or manipulate ARP cache.
• Usage: arp -a - Lists the ARP table.
• Example: arp -d IP_ADDRESS
 Usage:

Text Processing
79. echo - Display a line of text.
• Usage: echo "Hello World" - Outputs text to the
screen.
• Example: echo $PATH
80. tr - Translate characters.
• Usage: echo "text" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' - Converts
lowercase to uppercase.
• Example: echo "hello" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
81. cut - Remove sec ons from lines.
• Usage: cut -d ' ' -f 1 file - Displays the first field
from each line.
• Example: cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd
82. paste - Merge lines of files.
• Usage: paste file1 file2 - Joins lines from two files.
• Example: paste file1 file2
83. xargs - Execute commands from standard
input.
• Usage: cat file | xargs echo - Passes arguments to
echo.
• Example: find . -name "*.log" | xargs rm
84. nl - Number lines in a file.
• nl file - Numbers each line.
• Example: nl file
85. sort - Sort lines in a file.
• Usage: sort file - Sorts lines alphabe cally.
• Example: sort -n file (numerical sort)
86. uniq - Filter out repeated lines.
• Usage: uniq file - Removes duplicate lines.
• Example: sort file | uniq
87. tee - Read from input and write to files.
• Usage: command | tee file - Writes output to file
and displays it.
• Example: ls | tee file
 Usage:

Scheduling and Automa on

88. cron - Schedule regular tasks.
• Usage: crontab -e - Opens the cron editor.
• Example: 0 5 * * * /path/to/script.sh (Runs script
daily at 5 AM)
89. at - Schedule one- me tasks.
• Usage: echo "command" | at me - Executes
command at specified me.
• Example: echo "backup.sh" | at 2:00 AM
System Monitoring and Informa on
90. vmstat - Reports virtual memory sta s cs.
Usage: vmstat - Shows memory usage.
Example: vmstat 5 (updates every 5 seconds)
91. iostat - Reports CPU and I/O sta s cs.
• Usage: iostat - Shows CPU and disk I/O stats.
• Example: iostat -d 2
92. lsof - List open files.
• Usage: lsof - Shows open files and processes.
• Example: lsof | grep file
93. ss - Display socket sta s cs.
Usage: ss -tuln - Shows listening ports and connec
ons.
Example: ss -s
94. free - Show memory usage.
Usage: free -h - Memory stats in human-readable
format.
Example: free
95. mpstat - Display CPU usage.
• Usage: mpstat - Shows per-processor CPU usage.
• Example: mpstat -P ALL 1
96. sar - Collect and report system ac vity.
• Usage: sar -u 1 5 - CPU usage every second for 5
mes.
• Example: sar -r (memory stats)
Security and Access Control
97. iptables - Set up firewall rules.
• Usage: iptables -L - Lists rules.
• Example: iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j
ACCEPT
98. chmod - Change file permissions.
• Usage: chmod 755 file - Sets permissions.
• Example: chmod +x script.sh
99. chown - Change file ownership.
• Usage: chown user:group file - Changes ownership.
• Example: chown user file
100. passwd - Change user password. - Usage:
passwd user - Sets a password for "user". -
Example: passwd (for current user)
Happy Learning