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Unit -1
Vijayanagar and
Bahmani Kingdoms

Learning Objectives

™™To know the circumstances that led to the rise and expansion of
Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms

™™To familiarise ourselves with the administration, military organisation

and the economic life during the time of their reign

™™To know the contribution of Vijayanagar and Bahmani rulers to

literature art and architecture

Introduction 200 years. Ultimately Vijayanagar’s wealth

and prosperity induced the Muslim Deccan
The political condition of India in the
kingdoms to launch a combined war against
fourteenth century provided great opportunities
it. In 1565, the battle of Talikota, finally they
for the rise of new kingdoms in the south. The
could succeed in crushing Vijayanagar Empire.
repressive measures of the temperamental
Muslim king Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq led to Foundation of Vijayanagar Empire
the rise of many new independent states. In the
Vijayanagara, the ‘city of victory’, was
south, Vijayanagar and Gulbarga or Bahmani
established in southern Karnataka by two
emerged as two great kingdoms. The Bahmani
brothers named Harihara and Bukka. According
kingdom spread all over the Maharashtra
to one tradition, Vidyaranya, head of the Saivite
region and partly over Karnataka. Ruled by 18
Sringeri mutt, instructed them to abandon their
monarchs, it lasted for nearly 180 years. Early
service to the Tughluqs and rescue the country
in the sixteenth century, it collapsed and split
from Muslim authority. The new kingdom was
into five sultanates – Bijapur, Ahmednagar,
called Vidyanagara for a time in honour of the
Golconda, Bidar and Berar. The state of
spiritual teacher Vidyaranya, before it came to
Vijayanagar continued to flourish for nearly
be called Vijayanagara. Four dynasties, namely

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Sangama (1336–1485), Saluva (1485–1505), End of Sangama Dynasty

Tuluva (1505–1570) and Aravidu (1570–1646),
When King Bukka died, he had left
ruled this kingdom.
behind a large territory to his son Harihara II
to rule. Harihara II’s impressive achievement
was securing Belgaum and Goa from the
Bahmani kingdom. Harihara’s son Devaraya I
defeated Gajapati kings of Odisha. His
successor Devaraya II was the greatest ruler of
the Sangama dynasty. He began the practice of
recruiting Muslim fighters to serve him and to
train him in the new methods of warfare.

Rise of Saluva Dynasty

After Devaraya II, the Vijayanagar Empire
went through a crisis. The able commander
of the Vijayanagar army, Saluva Narasimha,
making use of the situation declared himself
the emperor, after murdering the last ruler of
Harihara and Bukka Sangama dynasty, Virupaksha Raya II. But the
Saluva dynasty founded by Saluva Narasimha
The fertile regions between the rivers
came to an end with his death. When Naras
Krishna and Tungabhadra and the Krishna-
Nayaka, his able general, seized power, it
Godavari delta were the zones of conflict among
ushered in the Tuluva dynasty.
the rulers of Vijayanagar, Bahmani and Odisha.
The valour of the first two brothers, Harihara Krishnadevaraya
and Bukka, of the Sangama dynasty protected
Krishnadevaraya who reigned for 20
the new kingdom from the superior forces
years was the most illustrious rulers of the
of the Bahmani sultanate, which had been
Tuluva dynasty. His first step after ascending
established about a decade after the foundation
the throne was to bring under control the
of Vijayanagara.
independent chieftains in the Tungabhadra
river basin. After succeeding in this effort, his
Bukka I’s son Kumara Kampana ended
next main target was Gulbarga. The Bahmani
the sultanate in Madurai and succeeded
sultan, Mahmud Shah, had been overthrown
in establishing Nayak kingdom there.
and kept in imprisonment by his minister.
The conquest of the Madurai Sultanate
Krishnadevaraya freed the sultan and restored
by the Vijayanagara empire is described
him to the throne. Similarly, he forced a war
in detail in the poem Madura Vijayam
on Prataparudra, the Gajapati ruler of Odisha.
composed by Kumara Kamapana’s wife
Prataparudra negotiated for peace and offered
Gangadevi.
to marry off his daughter to him. Accepting

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the offer, Krishnadevaraya returned the He recruited a large army and built many
territory he had conquered from Prataparudra. strong forts. He imported large number of horses
Krishnadevaraya, with the assistance of the from Arabia and Iran, which came in ships to
Portuguese gunners, could easily defeat the Vijayanagar ports on the west coast. He had
Sultan of Golconda and subsequently take over good friendly relationship with the Portuguese
Raichur from the ruler of Bijapur. and Arabian traders, which increased the
Empire’s income through customs.

Patron of Literature, Art and

Architecture
Krishnadevaraya patronised art and
literature. Eight eminent luminaries in literature
known as astadiggajas adorned his court.
Alasani Peddana was the greatest of them all.
Another notable figure was Tenali Ramakrishna.

Battle of Talikota and the Decline of

Vijayanagar
Krishnadevaraya
Krishnadevaraya was succeeded by his
A Great Builder younger brother Achtyuda Deva Raya. After the
Krishnadevaraya built huge irrigation uneventful reigns of Achtyuda Deva Raya and
tanks and reservoirs for harvesting rainwater. his successor Venkata I, Sadasiva Raya, a minor,
He built the famous temples of Krishnaswamy, ascended the throne. His regent Rama Raya,
Hazara Ramaswamy and Vithalaswamy in the the able general of the kingdom, continued
capital city of Hampi. He distributed the wealth as a de facto ruler, even after Sadashiva Raya
he gained in wars to all major temples of South attained the age for becoming the king. He
India for the purpose of constructing temple relegated Sadasiva Raya to a nominal king. In
gateways (gopura), called ‘Rayagopuram,’ in his the meantime, the sultans of Deccan kingdoms
honour. succeeded in forming a league to fight the
Vijayanagar Empire. The combined forces of the
enemies met at Talikota in 1565. In the ensuing
battle, known as Rakasa Tangadi (Battle of
Talikota), Vijayanagar was defeated. There was
terrible human slaughter and pillaging the
capital city of Hampi. All the buildings, palaces
and temples were destroyed. The beautiful
carvings and sculptures were desecrated. The
glorious Vijayanagar Empire had ceased to exist.
Vithalaswamy Temple

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instances of usurpation. Saluva Narasimha

usurped the throne and it led to the replacement
of Sangama dynasty with Saluva dynasty. The
practice of appointing a regent to look after the
administration, when a minor succeeded the
throne, was also prevalent.
Structure of Governance
Hampi Virupaksha Temple
The empire was divided into different
mandalams (provinces), nadus (districts),
The site of the city of Vijayanagar on
sthalas (taluks) and finally into gramas (villages).
the bank of the river Tungabhadra in
Each province was administered by a governor
eastern Karnataka is now called Hampi.
called Mandalesvara. The lowest unit of the
Hampi is in ruins and the UNESCO has
administration was the village. Each village had
declared it a heritage site.
a grama sabha. Gauda, village headman, looked
after the affairs of the village.
Aravidu Dynasty The army consisted of the infantry, cavalry
Rama Raya was killed on the battlefield and elephant corps. The army was modernised
and his brother Tirumaladeva Raya managed and Vijayanagar army began using firearms.
to escape along with the king Sadasiva Raya. The combination of firearm and cavalry made
Tirumaladeva Raya moved to Chandragiri them one of the most feared armies in India.
carrying all the treasures and wealth that could Economic Condition
be salvaged. There he began the rule of Aravidu
The Vijayanagar Empire was one of the
dynasty.
richest states then known to the world. Several
The Aravidu dynasty built a new capital foreign travellers, who visited the empire during
at Penukonda and kept the empire intact for a the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries, left
time. Internal dissensions and the intrigues of behind glowing accounts of its splendour and
the sultans of Bijapur and Golconda, however, wealth.The emperors issued a large number of
led to the final collapse of the empire about gold coins called Varahas.
1646.

Vijayanagar Administration
State
Kingship was hereditary,
based on the principle of
primo geniture. But in some
instances, the reigning
rulers, in order to ensure peaceful succession,
nominated their successors. There were also Gold Coins of Vijayanagar Empire
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Agriculture Ramakrishna authored Pandurangamahatyam.

Scholars like Srinatha, Pothana, Jakkama and
It was the policy of its rulers to encourage
Duggana translated Sanskrit and Prakrit works
agriculture in different parts of the empire by
into Telugu.
following a wise irrigation policy. Apart from
the state, there were wealthy landholders and
temples that invested in irrigation to promote Amuktamalyada is considered a
agriculture. Abdur Razzaq, the visiting Persian masterpiece in Telugu literature. It
emissary to Krishnadevaraya’s Court, records relates the story of the daughter of
the huge tank built with the help of Portuguese Periazhvar, Goda Devi (Andal), who
masons. Channels were constructed to supply used to wear the garlands intended
water from the tank to different parts of the for Lord Ranganatha before they were
city. The city was well stocked with a variety of offered to the deity, and hence the name
agricultural goods. Amuktamalyada who wears and gives
away garlands.
Cottage Industries
Vijayanagar’s agricultural production was Contribution to Architecture
supplemented by numerous cottage-scale
The temple building activity of the
industries. The most important of them were
Vijayanagar rulers produced a new style called
textile, mining and metallurgy. Crafts and
the Vijayanagara style. Prominence of pillars
industries were regulated by guilds. Abdur
and piers, in large numbers, and the manner
Razzaq, the makes a reference to separate guild
in which they were sculptured are hallmarks
for each group of tradesmen and craftsmen.
of the Vijayanagara style. Horse was the most
Trade common animal to be depicted on the pillars.
The structures have a mandapam (open
During the Vijayanagar Empire, inland,
pavilion) with a raised platform, generally
coastal and overseas trade flourished in goods
meant for seating the deity on special occasions.
such as silks from China, spices from the
These temples also have a marriage hall with
Malabar region and precious stones from
elaborately carved pillars.
Burma (Myanmar). Vijayanagar traded with
Persia, South Africa, Portugal, Arabia, China, Bahmani Kingdom
Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka.
 oundation and Consolidation of the
F
Contribution to Literature Bahmani Kingdom
Under the patronage of Vijayanagar rulers, Ala-ud-din Hasan, also known as Hasan
religious as well as secular books were written Gangu, seized Daulatabad and declared himself
in different languages such as Sanskrit, Telugu, sultan under the title of Bahman Shah in 1347.
Kannada and Tamil. Krishnadeva Raya wrote In his effort, this Turkish officer of Daulatabad
Amuktamalyada, an epic in Telugu and also a (Devagiri) was supported by other military
Sanskrit drama Jambavati Kalyanam. Tenali leaders in rebellion against the sultan of Delhi,

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N
Bahmani kingdom
W E
Vijayanagar kingdom

Surat
Burhanpur
Diu
Devagiri Berar
Ahmadnagar Go
da
Bidar v
Warangal ari BAY
ARABIAN Gulbarga
Golconda
SEA Bijapur OF
Raichur Doab Krishna
Goa Talikota
BENGAL
Penukonda
Hampi Thirupathi
Udipi Sringeri
Halebid nda A

Kanchi
m
L a ks h a d w e e p i s l a

Calicut
a n

Srirangam Tanjavur
an d ni c o b a r
(I N DI A )

(I N DI A )

Madurai
i sl
ds n

an
ds

Not to Scale
I N D I A N O C E A N

Muhammad bin Tughluq. In two years, Ala- Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah
ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah shifted his capital (1347–1358)
to Gulbarga. His successors found it difficult Ala-ud-din Hasan ruled for 11 years.
to organise a stable kingdom even around His attempt to exact an annual tribute from
Gulbarga. So the capital was again shifted to the state of Warangal, the Reddi kingdoms of
Bidar in 1429. There were 18 monarchs of the Rajahmundry and Kondavidu, led to frequent
Bahmani dynasty. wars. Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah divided the

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kingdom into four territorial divisions called mosques at Gulbarga. One, the great mosque,
tarafs. A governor was appointed for each completed in 1367, measures 216 by 16 feet and
province. He commanded an army, was solely has a roofed courtyard. A large number of Arabs,
responsible for its administration and for the Turks and notably Persians began to immigrate
collection of the revenue. The system worked to the Deccan, many of them at the invitation
well under a powerful king, but its dangers of Sultan Muhammad I and there they had a
became apparent during the reign of a weak strong influence on the development of Muslim
ruler. culture during subsequent generations.

Golconda Fort

The Golconda Fort is located about 11

Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah
kilometres from Hyderabad on a hill 120
Muhammad Shah I (1358–1375) meters height. The fort is popular for its
acoustic architecture. The highest point
Muhammad shah I succeeded Bahman
of the fort is Bala Hissar. It is believed
Shah. He waged two wars with Vijayanagar but
that there is a secret underground
couldn’t gain from it. But his attack on Warangal
tunnel, which leads from the Durbar
in 1363 earned him a large property and wealth,
Hall to one of the palaces at the foot of
including the important fortress of Golconda
the hills.
and his treasured turquoise throne, which
thereafter became the throne of the Bahmani
kings.

Turquoise is a semi-precious stone sky

blue in colour. Turquoise throne is one
of the bejewelled royal seats of Persian
kings described in Firdausi’s Shah
Nama.
Gulbarga Mosque
Muhammad Shah laid a solid foundation
Successors of Muhammad Shah I
for the kingdom. His system of government
continued even after the Bahmani kingdom Mujahid, the son of Muhammad shah,
disintegrated into five sultanates. He built two ascended the throne. However, on his return

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to Gulbarga from the expedition against and Mathematics. He was also a poet and a
Vijayanagar, he was assassinated and the prose writer. The Bahmani king Ala-ud-din
nephew of the conspirator, Daud, the uncle Hasan Bahman Shah greatly impressed by his
of Muhammad, was enthroned in 1378 as wisdom and military genius, recruited him.
Muhammad II. Muhammad II’s reign was He served with great distinction as the Prime
peaceful, and the sultan spent much of his time Minister under Muhammad III and contributed
building his court as a centre of culture and extensively to the development of the Bahmani
learning. kingdom.

There were constant wars between the Gawan was known for his military
Bahmani and Vijayanagar rulers over the fertile campaigns as well as administrative reforms.
Tungabhadra–Krishna region. The threat also He used Persian chemists to teach the Bahmani
came from the north, especially from Malwa and army about the preparation and the use of
Gujarat. The noteworthy ruler after eight and a gunpowder. In his war against the Vijayanagar
half decades (1377 to 1463) was Muhammad kings in Belgaum, he used gunpowder. In
III (1463–1482). Muhammad III reigned for 19 order to tighten the administration and to curb
years. For most of these years, the lieutenant of the power of provincial governors, who often
the kingdom was Mahmud Gawan, the most functioned as virtual kings, Gawan divided
notable personality of the time. the existing four provinces of the Bahmani
Sultanate into eight provinces so as to limit
Eight ministers of the Bahmani state: the area under the rule of each governor and
1. Vakil-us-saltana or lieutenant of to make the provincial administration more
the kingdom, who was the immediate manageable.
subordinate authority of the sovereign.
He also placed some districts in
2. Peshwa who was associated with
the provinces directly under the central
the lieutenant of the kingdom; 3.
administration. Gawan sought to curtail the
Waziri-kull who supervised the work
military powers of the governors by allowing
of all other ministers; 4. Amir-i-jumla,
them to occupy only one fort in their territory.
minister of finance; 5. Nazir, assistant
The sultan kept the other forts under his direct
minister for finance; 6. Wasir-i-ashraf,
control. The royal officers who were given land
minister of foreign affairs; 7. Kotwal or
assignments as pay were made accountable to
chief of police and city magistrate in
the sultan for their income and expenditure.
the capital; and 8. Sadr-i-jahan or chief
justice and minister of religious affairs The administrative reforms introduced
and endowments. by Gawan improved the efficiency of the
government, but curtailed the powers of the
Mahmud Gawan provincial chiefs, who were mostly Deccanis.
So the already existing rivalry among nobles
A Persian by birth, Mahmud Gawan
such as Deccanis and Pradesis (foreigners)
was well-versed in Islamic theory, Persian
further intensified and conflicts broke out.

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Gawan became a victim of this tussle for power. care in founding a school to educate his sons.
The Deccani nobles grew jealous of his success His son Muhammad I was a patron of learning.
and considered him as an obstacle to their He opened institutions for the purpose of
rise. They manipulated by forging a letter to educating the children of noble families in
implicate Gawan in a conspiracy against the the art of soldiery. Sultan Firoz, the eighth
sultan. Sultan, who himself was not happy with Bahmani king was a linguist and a poet. Later
Gawan’s dominance, ordered his execution. his successors founded schools in Gulbarga,
Bidar, Daulatabad and Kandahar. Boarding and
Decline of Bahmani Kingdom
lodging at the king’s expenses were provided in
Gawan’s execution prompted several these schools. Mahmud Gawan’s world famous
of the foreign nobles who were considered madrasa in Bidar, with a large library, containing
the backbone of the state to leave for their a collection of 3000 manuscripts, is illustrative
provinces. After Sultan Muhammad III’s death, of the importance given to scholarship and
Mahmud or Shihab-ud-din Mahmud reigned education by Gawan.
as the sultan until his death in 1518. His long
rule is noted for the beginnings of the process of
disintegration. After him, four of his successors
on the throne were kings only in name. During
this period, the Sultanate gradually broke up
into five independent Deccan kingdoms: Bidar,
Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Berar and Golconda.
Mahumad Gawan Madrasa
Contribution of Bahmani Sultans
Architecture Summary

The contribution of ™™The foundation of Vijayanagar kingdom by

Bahmani kings to architecture two brothers Harihara and Bukka and its
is evident in Gulbarga. consolidation by their successors notably
Archaeological excavations Devaraya II are described.
done in the site of the ™™The most illustrious ruler Krishnadeva Raya’s
kingdom has helped to unearth palaces, halls career and achievements are highlighted.
of public audience, ambassadors’ residences,
arches, domes, walls and citadels. These finds ™™Defeat of Vijayanagar at the hands of
are illustrative of their architectural skill. combined forces of Deccan Sultanates is
narrated.
Education
™™Vijayanagar’s system of governance and
The founder of the Bahmani kingdom Ala-
economy are explored.
ud-din Hasan Shah was educated at Multan at
the initiative of Zabar Khan, a general of Ala- ™™Contributions of Vijayanagar to literature,
ud-din Khalji. On his accession, he took special art and architecture are also dealt with.

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™™Establishment of Bahmani kingdom by Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah and its consolidation by
his able successor Muhammad I are detailed.

™™The administrative system introduced by Bahman Shah and measures adopted by Muhammad I
and later by Mahmud Gawan during the kingship of Muhammad III are analysed.

™™Bahmani kings’ contribution to architecture and education are also examined.

Glossary
1. conflict a serious disagreement முரண்பாடு / ம�ோதல்
2. ascending leading upwards ஏறுவரிசையில்
3. subsequently after a particular thing நிகழ்ச்சிக்குப்பிறகு

4. adorned decorated அலங்கரிக்கப்பட்ட

5. pillaging robbing, using violence, especially in wartime க�ொள்ளையடிப்பு

6. intrigue conspire, plot சதிதிட்டம் / சூழ்ச்சி
7. primogeniture the right of succession belonging to the first child முதல் குழந்தைக்கு
வாரிசுரிமை
8. splendour magnificent கம்பீரம் /
சிறப்புவாய்ந்த
9. flourishing growing successfully செழிக்கும்
10. prominence the state of being important முக்கியத்துவம்

11. indemnity guarantee, surety உத்திரவாதம்

Evaluation 2. Which was the most common animal

depicted on the pillars of Vijayanagara
style?
I. 
Choose the correct a) Elephant b) Horse
answer c) Cow d) Deer
3. Who was the last ruler of the Sangama
1. Who was the greatest
Dynasty?
ruler of Sangama
Dynasty? a) Rama Raya b) Tirumaladeva Raya
c) Devaraya II d) Virupaksha Raya II
a) Bukka
4. Who ended the Sultanate in Madurai?
b) Devaraya II
a) Saluva Narasimha b) Devaraya II
c) Harihara II
c) Kumara Kampana d) Tirumaladeva
d) Krishna Devaraya
Raya
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5. Name the Bahmani King who was a linguist c) Precious stone - Burma
and a poet. d) Madurai Vijayam - Gangadevi
a) Ala-ud-din Hasan Shah 3. Find the odd one out
b) Muhammad I Harihara II, Muhammad I Krishnadeva

c) Sultan Firoz Raya, Devaraya I.
d) Mujahid 4. Consider the following statements and find
out which is/are correct
II. Fill in the Blanks I. Turquoise throne is one of the bejewelled royal
1. _________was the capital of Aravidu seats of Persian kings described in Firdausi’s
dynasty. Shah Nama.
2. Vijayanagar emperors issued a large II. The fertile regions between the rivers Krishna
number of gold coins called___________. and Tungabhadra and Krishna–Godavari
3. Mahmud Gawan used________ chemists delta were the zones of conflict among the
to teach the preparation and use of rulers of Vijayanagar, and Bahmani.
gunpowder. III. Muhammad I was educated at Multan.
4. In Vijayanagara administration _________ IV. 
Mahmud Gawan served with great
looked after the affairs of villages. distinction as the Prime Minister under
Muhammad III.
III. Match the following
a). i), ii), are correct
1. Vijayanagara - Ruler of Odisha b). i), ii), iii) are correct
2. Prataparudra - Astadiggajas c). ii), iii), iv) are correct
3. Krishna Devaraya - Pandurangamahatyam d). iii), iv), are correct
4. Abdur Razzaq - City of victory
V. True or False
5. Tenali Ramakrishna - Persian emissary
1. Harihara and Bukka were the founder of
IV. 1. Assertion (A): The Vijayanagar Bahmani kingdom.
army was considered one of the 2. Krishnadeva Raya, who reigned for 20 years,
feared armies in India. was the most illustrious rulers of Sangama
Reason (R):-Vijayanagar armies used both dynasty.
firearm and cavalry. 3. Alasani Peddana was the greatest of all
a) R is not the correct explanation of A Astadiggajas.
b) R is correct explanation of A 4. Kingship of Vijayanagar administration was
hereditary, based on the principle of primo
c) A is correct and R is wrong
geniture.
d) (A) and (R) are Correct
5. There were 18 monarchs of the Bahmani
2. Find out the wrong pair dynasty.
a) Silk - China
b) Spices - Arabia

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VI. Answer in one or two sentences of art and architecture. Also read the stories of
Tenali Ramakrishna in the classroom.
1. The four dynasties of Vijayanagara kingdom
References
with reference to prominent rulers of each
dynasty. 1. J.L. Mehta, Advanced Study in the history
2. Battle of Talikota. of Medieval India: Mughal Empire, Vol. II,
3. The structure of governance in Vijayanagar 1526-1707, Sterling Publishers, 2011.
kingdom. 2. Burton Stein, Vijayanagara, The New
4. The five independent kingdoms of Deccan Cambridge History of India, 1989.
Sultanate. 3. Abraham Eraly, The Emperors of Peacock
Throne, Penguin, 2007.
5. The educational reforms of Ala-ud-din
Hasan Shah
VII. Answer in detail
1. Discuss the career and achievements of
Krishna Devaraya.
VIII. HOTs
Discuss the causes for the decline of Vijayanagar
rule. To what extent the Bahmani sultans
contributed to it?
IX. Map
1. Highlight the boundaries of Vijayanagar
Empire and Bahmani kingdom.
X. Answer Grid
1. Name the kingdom 2. Name the
ruled by 18 monarchs Bahmani Sultan
which lasted for nearly who was restored
180 years. to the throne by
Krishna Devaraya
3. Name the 4. Where did
book written by Hasan Bahman
Krishnadevaraya in Shah shift his
Sanskrit. capital.
XI. Student Activity
Collect information about temples in Tamil
Nadu with the influence of Vijayanagara style

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7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 01.indd 107 20-07-2019 1.51.33 PM