ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

ON LIGHT CHEMICAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING

FACTORY

PROMOTER: HM GENERAL TRADING PLC

Location: - Dukem sub-city dministration, Bishoftu city administration

Consultant: -
Bright star management and environmental consultancy plc

Contact person: TESFAYE DEGEFA

Phone Number: 251922156248
Email:[email protected]

SUBMITTED TO: - BISHOFTU CITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY

oct 10, 2024

Bishoftu, Oromia
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... vi
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1
2. APPROACH TO THE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 1
2.1. Objectives of ESIA study .............................................................................................. 1
2.2. Methodology of the study .............................................................................................. 1
2.2.1 Review of Data and Information ............................................................................ 2
2.2.2 Field observation ................................................................................................... 2
2.2.3. Consultation with the public and relevant organizations ........................................ 2
2.2.4. Impact identification /analysis .............................................................................. 2
2.2.5. Description of the characteristics of impacts ......................................................... 2
2.3. Environmental Scoping ................................................................................................. 2
2.3.1. Limit of the Study Area ........................................................................................ 3
2.3.2. Valued Ecosystem within the Study Area to be impacted ...................................... 3
3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ...................................................... 3
3.1. Policy and Legislative Framework ................................................................................ 3
3.1.1. National Policy & strategy .................................................................................... 3
3.2. Proclamation and Regulations ....................................................................................... 5
3.2.1 The Investment Proclamation No. 769/2002 .......................................................... 5
3.2.2. Public health-proclamation (proc. No 200/2000) ................................................... 5
3.2.3. Proclamation 494/2006: the Labor law................................................................ 5
3.2.4. Proclamation No 455, to provide for the expropriation of land holdings for public
purpose and payment of compensation ........................................................................... 6
3.2.5. Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135 /2007) on the Payment of Compensation for
property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes ................................ 6
3.2.6. The Proclamation for the Development, Conservation and Utilization of Forests
Proclamation No. 542/2007).......................................................................................... 6
3.2.7. Proclamation No 197/2000, Ethiopian Water Resources Management .................. 6
3.2.8. Regulation No 270/2012 Investment incentive and investment areas reserved for
domestic investors .......................................................................................................... 7
3.2.9. Environmental Proclamation Laws and Regulations ............................................. 7
3.2.10 Regulations Pertaining to the Standards ............................................................... 8
3.3. Institutional and Administrative Framework ................................................................ 10
3.3.1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) ................ 10
3.3.2. Environment, Forest and Climate change Commission ....................................... 11

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 3.3.3. Oromia Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No 176/2012
.................................................................................................................................... 11
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT & ITS ALTERNATIVE ...................................................... 11
4.1. Project Description ...................................................................................................... 11
4.1.1. Project Location, Site Condition ......................................................................... 11
4.1.2. Project Objectives............................................................................................... 11
4.1.3. The raw materials used to produce personal, home care and pharmaceutical products
manufacturing plant ..................................................................................................... 12
4.1.4. Utilities .............................................................................................................. 13
4.1.5. Machinery & Equipment .................................................................................... 14
4.1.6 Production Capacity ............................................................................................ 16
4.1.7. Production Process of Light chemicalproducts manufacturing ............................. 16
4.1.8. Waste characterization, waste byproducts and disposal methods ......................... 21
4.2. ANALYSES OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES........................................................... 22
4.2.1. No project alternative ......................................................................................... 22
4.2.2. Site Relocation Option ........................................................................................ 22
4.2.3. Carrying on With the Proposed Development Alternative ................................... 22
4.2.4. Analysis of Alternative Construction Materials and Technology ......................... 22
4.2.5. Alternative to waste management ....................................................................... 23
4.2.6. Alternative to Utilities ........................................................................................ 23
5. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT AREA ............................................................ 25
5.1. Biological and physical base line information.............................................................. 25
5.1.1. Climate ............................................................................................................... 25
5.1.2. Water resources .................................................................................................. 25
5.1.3. Soils ................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.4. Topography and landscape ................................................................................. 26
5.2. Socio-Economic baseline information ......................................................................... 26
5.2.1. Population .......................................................................................................... 26
5.2.2. Health facilities .................................................................................................. 26
5.2.3. Schools ............................................................................................................... 27
5.2.4. Infrastructures and services................................................................................. 27
5.2.5. Historical, cultural, religious and archeological .................................................. 27
5.2.6 Gender issues ...................................................................................................... 27
5.2.7. Public Attitude and perception ............................................................................ 27
6. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS .......................................... 28
6.1 Description of the Existing and Anticipated Impacts .................................................... 28
6.1.1 Existing impacts .................................................................................................. 28
6.1.2 Anticipated impacts ............................................................................................. 28
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 6.2. Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation ............................................................ 29
7. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION
MEASURES ....................................................................................................................................... 30
7.1. Beneficial Impacts of the Project ................................................................................. 30
7.1.1. Employment opportunities .................................................................................. 30
7.1.2. Employment Opportunities for women and Youth .............................................. 30
7.1.3. Socio - economic benefits ................................................................................... 30
7.2. ADVERSE IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION & ANALYSIS......................................... 31
7.2.1 Pre-construction phase adverse impact................................................................. 31
7.2.2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE ADVERSE IMPACTS ............................................ 32
7.2.3. OPERATIONAL PHASE ADVERSE IMPACT IDENTIFICATION ................. 38
7.2.4. Decommissioning Phase Impacts and Its Mitigation Measures............................ 41
7.2.5. Cumulative of impacts on environment ............................................................... 42
8. ENVIRONMENTAL& SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .......................................................... 43
8.1. Overview .................................................................................................................... 43
8.2. Community Engagement ............................................................................................. 44
8.3. Capacity Building /Training ........................................................................................ 44
8.4. Management and coordination..................................................................................... 45
8.5. Revision of Environmental Management Plan ............................................................. 45
9. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN & AUDITING PROGRAM ................. 52
9.1. Environmental audit, reporting, Records management, and corrective actions ............. 52
9.1. 1. Environmental Audit ......................................................................................... 52
9. 1.2. Environmental reporting and corrective actions ................................................. 53
9.1.3. Records management .......................................................................................... 54
10. Budget summary for management and monitoring plan ............................................................... 58
11. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................ 59
11.1. Conclusions............................................................................................................... 59
11.2. Recommendation: ..................................................................................................... 61
References ........................................................................................................................................ 62

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Limit Values for Discharges to Water sources -----------------------------------------------------------14

Table 2: Limit Values for Noise level -------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

Table 3: Limit Values for Emissions to Air ------------------------------------------------------------------------15

Table 4: Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation matrix -------------------------------------------------33

Table 5: Environmental & Social Management Plan --------------------------------------------------------------65

Table 8: Environmental Monitoring plan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------73

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure1: Location -Map of the project area------------------------------------------------------------ 19
Figure 2: Light chemicalproducts manufacturing flow chart ----------------------------------------- 21

Figure 3: Diagram of the Environmental Management Plan ---------------------------------------- 64

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LIST OF ACRONYMS
ASL Above Sea level
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
dB(A) A-weighted decibels
DGs Diesel Generators
EA Environmental Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EISR Environmental Impact Study Report
ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
EMB Environmental Management Branch
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPC Environmental Protection Council
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ESMP Environmental & Social Management Plan
ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
HSE Health, Safety and Environmental
IEC Information Education and Communication
IFC International Financing Corporation
IV Intrinsic Viscosity
NGO Non-governmental Organization
ORSEIA Oromia Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment
ORSEA Oromia Regional State Environmental, Authority
PLC Private Limited Company
WB World Bank

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Environmental and social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study of light chemical products
manufacturing factory located at Oromia Regional State, Bishoftu city administration, Dukem Sub
city, administration promoted by HM general trading PLC has been conducted by Bright star
management and environment consulting PLC. The proposed project is supposed to be
established on a 20000 m 2 of land. The project will require total investment cost of the project is
estimated to be birr 180 million. The job creating requirement for operating the factory for 304 by
seasonal and permanent workers. Additional job opportunity will also be created for more than 100
temporary workers during the construction phase and during the project implementation in sales and
distribution activities.
The basic raw materials required for the production of light chemical manufacturing machines are
machine, vending machine, skin care machine, needle free injection system, professional skin care
machines, digital therapy machine hair care machine., Raw materials for light chemical products
manufacturing Chemicals are produced from these raw materials-principally minerals, metals and
hydrocarbons-in a series of processing steps. Further treatment, such as mixing and blending, is often
required to convert them into end-products (e.g., paints, adhesives, medicines and cosmetics). Thus
the chemical industry covers a much wider field than what is usually called “chemicals” since it also
includes such products as artificial fibres, resins, soaps, paints, photographic films and more.
Chemicals fall into two main classes: organic and inorganic. Organic chemicals have a basic structure
of carbon atoms, combined with hydrogen and other elements. Oil and gas are today the source of
90% of world organic chemical production, having largely replaced coal and vegetable and animal
matter, the earlier raw materials. Inorganic chemicals are derived chiefly from mineral sources.
Examples are sulphur, which is mined as such or extracted from ores, and chlorine, which is made
from common salt.

The products of the chemical industry can be broadly divided into three groups, which correspond to
the principal steps in manufacture: base chemicals (organic and inorganic) are normally manufactured
on a large scale and are normally converted to other chemicals; intermediates are derived from base
chemicals. Most intermediates require further processing in the chemical industry, but some, such as
solvents, are used as they are; finished chemical products are made by further chemical processing.
Some of these (drugs, cosmetics, soaps) are consumed as such; others, such as fibres, plastics, dyes
and pigments, are processed still further

The purpose of the assessment is to identify sensitive environmental components likely to be affected
by the project and evaluate the potential impacts associated with project implementation and
subsequent operation, and prepare plans and recommendations regarding measures that will
minimize adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts.
The environmental and social impact assessments made here are in conformity with the requirements
of Ethiopian Environmental Protection act No.299/2002, as well as Oromia Regional State
Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No 176/2012. Laws, Policies and institutions were
considered for the dual purposes of identifying potential project constraints, and establishing
background for realistic, sensitive recommendations.
The methodology used follows the conventional pattern for industrial development project ESIA study
and meets the requirements of EPA’s Environmental Impact Assessment guideline.
An initial environmental examination and environmental scoping exercise has been carried out,

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The major positive impacts of the proposed project are mainly socio – economic, at the national,
regional and local as well as technology and capacity building for the citizens, while the major
adverse impacts are mainly results from noise and vibration, Scraps of light chemical waste, change
in land integrity , dusts, occupational health and safety etc…
Special consideration should be given to enhancement of positive effects of the project. To address
the management of the identified environmental issues associated with the project as well the team
allocated a budget of ETB 793,000.00 to implement Environmental management and monitoring
plan, in consent with the project proponent.

Consequently, the environmental and social impact assessment study report contains major findings
carried out as integral part of the safeguards instrument for facilitating the consideration of
environmental issues and submitted to the Bishoftu city environmental protection Authority for legal
approval based on environmental and social impact assessment guidelines.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
The HM general trading PLC has been interesting to manufacturing light chemical and construction
world light chemicals or simple chemicals are very important in shaping and
strengthen the construction they undertaking. From the identified light chemicals
Paints, Varnishes, Adhesives and other Construction chemicals are categorized under
light chemicals. Paints are substances that have the task of creating protective or
decorative coatings on the surface of various objects. The owner has been successful all
through his business years of experience and business insight developed in the business world should be
a good spring board for proposed factory project. Being the current economic growth and development
strategy of the country is comprehensive, mostly manufacturing industries and infrastructural facilities
that enable to attract potential worldwide investors that reduce unemployment through engagement on
various development and growth schemes. Thus it is clear that such manufacturing factory plans
demand huge supplies of various products. However currently to fulfill this higher demand, price
increments has not reduced the demand. But to get the existing business opportunities and the existing
producing firms are increasing in its capacity of production Worldwide. Therefore the promoter is also
planned to participate and contribute to the development of the area and the surrounding in creating job
opportunity and technology transformation. These opportunities attracted/initiated the promoter to invest
in manufacturing sector (which is government’s priority area), particularly in steel Manufacturing plant.
The purpose of the ESIA was to assess the likely environmental impacts of the proposed development of
the light chemical products manufacturing plant, and to determine suitable measures to be incorporated
into the design, construction and operation of the scheme to mitigate any adverse impacts to a level that
is considered to be acceptable and in compliance with statutory controls. It is also expected to provide a
means whereby the overall environmental performance of this project can be enhanced.
As per the requirement of ESIA study, the assigned team of experts carried out ESIA for the project
under consideration. The report contains findings of ESIA carried out as integral part of the assignment
and it is submitted to the Bishoftu city Environmental Protection Authority.
2. APPROACH TO THE STUDY
2.1. Objectives of ESIA study
General objective: The overall objective of ESIA is to identify positive and negative effects of the
project and to enhance positive impacts, while alleviating negative impacts or mitigating them in order
to reduce or avoid the danger of the proposed development can cause
Specific objectives
 Assess the baseline environmental & social condition of the proposed project area.
 Predicting and evaluating impacts associated with the implementation and subsequent operation
of Light chemical products manufacturing
 Reviewing the measures set by the project and formulation of plans and recommendations
regarding measures to be taken to minimize adverse impacts and encourage beneficial impacts.
2.2. Methodology of the study
The methodology follows the conventional pattern for light chemical products manufacturing project
environmental & social impact assessment and meets the requirements for environmental impact
assessment procedural guideline as well as Oromia Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation No 176/2012. The ESIA which included establishing baseline data of the project area,
project impact assessment, mitigation measures and environment management plan was carried out
covering the following typical issues:

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2.2.1 Review of Data and Information
Review of relevant documents and reports on existing physical, biological environment, government
policy and regulations have been done. Furthermore, project’s feasibility is reviewed and used as
secondary source of relevant data regarding production process. Data and information collected from
this source include:-
 Line type and type of production
 Production process, methods, and steps
 Waste product type, methods of disposal and handling
 Project innovative aspect
 Technology applied in manufacturing of processed Light chemical products manufacturing
2.2.2 Field observation
The site visit was made to assess the baseline environmental & social conditions of the proposed project,
to identify sensitive environmental components that are likely to be significantly affected by the
proposed project. During the field investigation, information on physical and biological resources,
socio-economic as well as socio-cultural profile data has been collected.
2.2.3. Consultation with the public and relevant organizations
Despite, the environmental impact assessment proclamation No. 299/2002, article 15, sub article 1 and
2, of Ethiopia addresses public participation. As part of the environmental and social impact assessment
(ESIA) for the proposed development project, to catch background information significant to impact
assessment and environment management and to identify any areas of specific concern which need to be
addressed by the owners. Consultations made aimed at providing relevant information about the
company; discussion on the possible adverse and beneficial effects of the project to the community and
to collect recommendation on ways of tackling the perceived adverse effects and maximizing the
benefits of the project.
2.2.4. Impact identification /analysis
The checklists, matrices, have been used to identify and analyze the main impacts as well rating and
evaluating the significance of the impacts.
2.2.5. Description of the characteristics of impacts
Description of the characteristics of impacts in terms of: nature, magnitude, extent, location timing,
duration, reversibility/irreversibility, livelihood and significance.
2.3. Environmental Scoping
The process of identifying the main issues that need to be covered in an ESIA is referred as scoping.
Scoping focuses on the most important issues, while making sure those indirect, secondary and
cumulative effects are not overlooked. It also delineates both the geographical study areas and the topics
to be studied. The consulting team has carried out an initial environmental examination and scoping, by
defining the limits of the study area of the project by describing a list of the activities and its
environmental & social impacts to be studied during the assessment. The local consulting team
employed different tools and techniques relevant to the proposed project like using environmental
scoping checklists; hence, the scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main objectives:
 To define the limits of the study area
 To define list of valued ecosystem components within the study area;
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  To define lists of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project; and
 To define list of impacts to be studied.
In order to carry out the above tasks, the consulting team employed different tools and techniques
relevant to the proposed project.
2.3.1. Limit of the Study Area
The Environmental & social Impact Assessment study has been conducted in the areas which is directly
affected by the envisage project and buffer zone which is indirectly impacted by the proposed project.
Direct project impacted areas covers 20000 m2 of lands, and indirect project site refers to those areas
immediately surrounding the project, which indirectly affected by project operations. The project study
is, therefore, limited to those areas, which are directly or indirectly affected by the project.
2.3.2. Valued Ecosystem within the Study Area to be impacted
The proposed Project is supposed to be established on the land already delineated for industrial area,
which was cultivated by the land owners. Therefore, there are significant impacts on crops and
subsequent livelihood of the farmers/ land owners. Furthermore, the assessment result reveled that,
there will not be impact of the project as a result of sitting and buffer zone on institutions (Schools,
hospitals etc.), special area for protecting biodiversity, wet land ponds streams/rivers

3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

This section presents the national policy and regulations applicable to the project under the assessment.
3.1. Policy and Legislative Framework
The ESIA study for the project is carried out within the framework of the local and national
environmental regulation and guidelines. Ethiopia adopted its Constitution in 1995, which provides the
basic and comprehensive principles and guidelines for environmental protection, and management in the
country. The FDRE consists of the Federal State and Regional States. Proclamations 33/ 1992, 41/1993
and 4/ 1995 defined the duties and responsibilities of the Regional States which include planning,
directing and developing social and economic development programs as well as protection of natural
resources. Accordingly the legislative frameworks applicable to the proposed project are relevant
proclamations, national environmental guidelines and regulations issued by the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and Oromia regional state Environment, Forest & Climate Change
Authority are outlined below.
3.1.1. National Policy & strategy
3.1.1.1. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997)
This policy provides a number of guiding principles that indicate and require a strong adherence to
sustainable development, and a high commitment to, among other things, the need:
 To ensure that environmental impact assessments consider not only physical and biological
impacts but also address social, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions;
 To ensure that public and private sector development programs and projects recognize any
environmental impacts early and incorporate their containment into the development design
process;
 To recognize that public consultation is an integral part of EIA and ensure that EIA procedures
make provision for both an independent review and public comment before consideration by
decision makers; and
 To ensure that an environmental impact statement always includes mitigation plan for
environmental management problems and contingency plans in case of accidents.

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This policy sets the scene for developments and projects within Ethiopia, particularly those of national
significance. The policy underpins the regulatory requirements for EIA and pollution control and
requires developers to aspire to the highest international standards of environmental and social
management for project development.
3.1.1.2. Public Health Policy
Ethiopia in general, has a low level of health, even in comparison with other Sub-Saharan countries.
This is largely related to low levels of income and widespread poverty, low levels of education,
nutritional deficiencies, poor environmental conditions, and inadequate access to health services. The
government has therefore assigned a very high priority to significantly improving health care and, in
1998, issued a health policy based on the following main principles:
 Democratization and decentralization of the health care system.
 Promotion of disease preventive components.
 Ensuring accessibility to health care for the whole population.
 Development of appropriate capacity based on needs assessment.
 Promotion of private sector and NGO participation in the provision of health care.
 Promotion and strengthening of inter-sectorial activities through a national self-reliance program.
3.1.1.3. Policy on HIV/AIDS of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Government Institution, Non-Government Organizations, religious organizations bilateral and
multilateral agencies, and private sectors, community based Institutions and the community at large shall
be mobilized to support people living with HIV/AIDS and affected family members. Special attention
shall be given to people who are abandoned and helpless. The right of HIV/AIDS individuals for
confidentially in HIV serologic testing and diagnosis shall be respected. Furthermore, access to
employment, education, public facilities and the right to live wherever they want shall be respected.
3.1.1.4. National Policy on Women
This Policy was issued in March 1993 emphasizing that all economic and social programs and activities
should ensure equal access of men and women to the Country’s resources and in the decision making
process so that they can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the Federal and Regional
Institutions.
The Policy objectives are:
 Laws, regulations, systems, policies and policies and development plans that are issued by the
Government should ensure the equality of men and women, special emphasis should be given to the
participation of rural women.
 Economic, social and political policies and programs, as well as cultural and traditional practices and
activities, should ensure equal access of men and women to the country’s resources and the decision
making process.
 The central government and regional administrations should ensure that women participate in and
benefit fully from all activities carried out by central and regional institutions.
 Development institutions, programs and projects should ensure women’s access to and involvement
in all interventions and activities.
3.1.1.5. Conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)
The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) was launched in 1989. Its aim was, as its name suggests,
to study the natural resources, environmental imperatives and development demands in the country and
to harmonize them. The harmonization process was to be activated through the formulation of an
appropriate environmental policy, which was it to be translated into action through the development of
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laws and the setting of standards on the one hand, and through the development of action plans and their
implementation on the other, as well as through environmental education and awareness-raising. The
Environmental Policy, which impinges on all sectors of development and all sections of society, was
approved in 1997, the laws are being drafted and the standards are being set. All this was started when
the country was at the height of a long civil war, and the project faced many challenges and has had to
adapt its workings to the rapidly-changing political and administrative conditions. It also faced a serious
threat of being derailed by well-meaning but inappropriate external intervention in the form of
aggressive "aid". Regardless of these pressures, far from being destructive helped to formulate an
appropriate Environmental Policy.
3.2. Proclamation and Regulations
3.2.1 The Investment Proclamation No. 769/2002
This proclamation encourages and expansion of investment, especially in the manufacturing sector has
become necessary so as to strengthen the domestic production capacity and there by accelerate the
economic development of the country and improve the living standards of its peoples;, it has become
necessary to enhance and promote the equitable distribution of investments among regions and benefit
the society by ensuring competitiveness among investments made by investors; it has become essential
to put in place a system of supervision to ensure that permits and incentives granted to investors are used
for the intended purposes; the system of administration of investment needs to be transparent and
efficient:, it has been considered that the establishment of industrial development zones helps by
creating enabling and competitive condition, to interrelate manufacturing sectors based on value
interrelate manufacturing sectors based on value creation as well as to attract and expand investment; to
these ends, it has become necessary to revise the existing law on investment; ,in accordance with Article
55(1)of the constitution of the federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia, has issued proclamation on :
 Investment objectives and areas of investment
 Forms of investment and capital requirements for foreign investors
 Investment permit
 Registration of technology transfer and collaboration agreements with domestic investors
 Investment incentives, guarantee and protection
 Investment administration
 Industrial development zones: Establishment of industrials development zones ,administration of
industrial development zones, regulations Related to industrial development zones
 Loans and utilization of foreign currency
 Employment of Expatriates
3.2.2. Public health-proclamation (proc. No 200/2000)
In addition to the occupational health and safety measures and precautions indicated in the labor laws,
this public health proclamation underscores the need for avoiding machineries or instruments that can
generate excessive noise or minimizing the effects by the use of noise reducing apparatus or instrument.
In addition, the proclamation prohibits:
 The discharge of untreated liquid waste generated from septic tanks, seepage pits and industries
into water bodies, or water convergences.
 The disposal of solid, liquid or any waste in a manner, which contaminates the environmental or
affects the health of the society.
3.2.3. Proclamation 494/2006: the Labor law
The Labor Proclamation (which was revised in 2006) provides ‘the basic principles which govern labor
conditions taking into account the political, economic and social policies of the Government, and in
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conformity with the international conventions and other legal commitments to which Ethiopia is a party
with a view to translating into practice the objectives referred to above’. In Part Seven, Chapter One,
Article 92 of this proclamation (Occupational Safety, Health and Working Environment, Prevention
Measures and Obligations of the Employers), the requirements in terms of the protection of workforce
health and safety is clearly stipulated. The proclamation requires an employer to take the necessary
measures to adequately safeguard the health and safety of the workers. Workforce health and safety is an
important aspect considered for identifying the potential environmental, health and safety issues that can
arise from the project.
3.2.4. Proclamation No 455, to provide for the expropriation of land holdings for public purpose
and payment of compensation
The proclamation states the expropriation of rural land for development purpose and the proper
compensation of individuals whose landholding has been expropriated. The proclamation clearly
describes the basics and amount of compensation in determining the compensation for the land
expropriated from individuals. Valuation of expropriated property and roles and responsibilities in
executing the expropriation and compensation processes by federal affairs ministry and woreda
administrations is also delineated in the proclamation.
3.2.5. Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135 /2007) on the Payment of Compensation for
property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes
These Regulations are issued by the Council of Ministers pursuant to Article 5 of the Definition of
Powers and Duties of the Executive Organs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Proclamation No. 471/2005 and Article 14(1) of the Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes
and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005 with a purpose of not only paying
compensation but also to assist displaced persons to restore their livelihood.
3.2.6. The Proclamation for the Development, Conservation and Utilization of Forests
Proclamation No. 542/2007)
The proclamation states that the development and conservation and sustainable utilization of forests
plays a decisive role in satisfying the needs of the society for forest products and plays significant roles
in the enhancement of national economy in general.
It also states that investment opportunities and incentives shall be provided to investors engaging in the
forest industry. Regarding production and movement of forest products the proclamation states that no
person shall harvest forest products from government forest without permission from appropriate local
body. With respect to private forest developers a private forest owner should notify and obtain forest
product movement permit prior to harvesting and transporting the product from place to place. Private
forest owners have the duty in general to comply with directive issued on the safety of the environment,
conservation of catchment, biodiversity and unique natural trees and wildlife.
3.2.7. Proclamation No 197/2000, Ethiopian Water Resources Management
Article 11 of this proclamation states that without prejudice to the exceptions specified under Article 16
of this Proclamation, no person shall perform the following activities without having obtained a permit
from the Supervising body (Ministry of water and Energy or delegated bodies): construct waterworks;
supply water, whether for his own use or for others; transfer water which he/she abstracted from a water
resource or received from another supplier; and release or discharge waste into water resources unless
otherwise provided for in the regulations to be issued for the implementation of this Proclamation. Any
person shall be required to discuss his/her proposal with the supervising body prior to applying\ for a
permit for the purposes specified in Sub-Article (I) of this Article. Article 16 states any person shall
utilize water resources for the following purposes without holding a permit issued by the Supervising
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body: dig water wells by hand or use water from hand-dug wells; use water for traditional irrigation,
artisanal and for traditional animal rearing, as well as for water mills.
3.2.8. Regulation No 270/2012 Investment incentive and investment areas reserved for domestic
investors
The regulation specifically delineated areas of investment allowed for domestic investors. Some of these
are lied bank and insurance, broadcasting service , attorney and legal consultancy service, and air
transport service up to 50 passengers. In addition to that, the regulation states about tax exemption for
three consecutive years with 30 percent tax deduction for local investors who invest in emerging
regional states like Benishagul Gumuz, Somali and Gambela regions. There is also an advantage to be
free from capital goods and construction and other materials from custom duties. In its attached annex,
however, the regulation describes clearly the investments areas and corresponding tax incentives. The
regulation indicates here that there will be no tax incentive in areas of real estates and other building
construction activities in Addis Ababa administration, Oromia including other regions.
3.2.9. Environmental Proclamation Laws and Regulations
The proclamation establishes a system that enables coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among
environmental protection agencies at Federal and Regional levels. The proclamation stipulates the need
for the establishment of Sectorial and Regional Environmental Units and Agencies. The principal
organization responsible for environmental protection is the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA),
which operates at both Federal and Regional levels.
3.2.9.1 Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)
This law clarifies the institutional mandate and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA) and aims to integrate environmental considerations into the policies and decision-
making of sectorial agencies through such means as the establishment of environmental units in these
agencies at the federal level and the creation of independent environmental agencies at the regional
level. This law also re-established the Environmental Protection Council, a cross-sectional co-
coordinating body that advises the federal EPA and supervises its activities. The mandate of the Council
includes: (i) reviewing environmental policies, strategies and laws proposed by the EPA and issuing
recommendations to government; (ii) providing appropriate advice on the implementation of the
Environmental Protection Policy of Ethiopia; and (iii) reviewing and approving directives, guidelines,
and environmental standards prepared by the EPA.
3.2.9.2. Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002)
This Proclamation aims primarily at making the EIA mandatory for categories of projects specified
under a directive issued by the EPA. The law specifies projects and activities that will require an
environmental impact & social assessment (ESIA). The proponent of the project must prepare the EIA
following the format specified in the legislation. The EPA will then review the ESIA and either approve
the project (with or without conditions) or reject it. Under this legislation, the EPA has to prepare
procedures, regulations, environmental guidelines and standards for the EIA. Environmental guidelines
are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental issues and principles of
sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals. This Proclamation requires,
among other things: Specified categories of projects to be subjected to an EIA and receive an
authorization from the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency prior to commencing
implementation of the project; Licensing agencies to ensure that the requisite authorization has been
duly received prior to issuing an investment permit, a trade or operating license or a work permit to a
business organization; The relevant regional environmental agencies may issue an exemption from
carrying out an EIA in projects with an insignificant environmental impact; A licensing agency may
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suspend or cancel a licence that has already been issued where the EPA or the relevant regional
environmental agency suspends or cancels environmental authorization; Procedures that need to be
followed in the process of conducting an environmental impact assessment are described in the
Proclamation. Thus a project developer is expected to act as follows: Undertake a timely environmental
impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse impacts, incorporating the means of their prevention,
and submitting the environmental impact study report accompanied by the necessary documents to the
EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency. Ensure that an environmental impact assessment is
conducted and an environmental& social impact study report is prepared by an expert who meets the
requirements set forth by the directive issued by the EPA. Submit an environmental impact study report
to the EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency for review.
3.2.9.3. Oromia Regional State Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 177/2012
This Proclamation states "No Person or establishment shall pollute or cause any other person to pollute
the environment by violating the relevant environmental standards.” Environmental standards specified
in the proclamation include: Standards for the discharge of effluents into water bodies and sewage
systems; Air quality standards that specify the ambient air quality and give the allowable amounts of
emission for both stationary and mobile air pollution sources; Standards for the types and amounts of
substances that can be applied to the soil or be disposed of on or in it; Standards for noise providing for
the maximum allowable noise level taking into account the settlement patterns and the availability of
scientific and technological capacity in the county; and Waste management standards specifying the
levels allowed and the methods to be used in the generation, handling, storage, treatment, transport and
disposal of the various types of waste.
3.2.9.4. Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007
The solid waste management proclamation stipulates, among others, that each region or administration
unit shall set its own schedule, and based on that, prepare its solid waste management plan and report
implementation. It further spells out that each administration unit shall ensure that measures are taken to
prevent pollution from mishandling of solid wastes. Similarly, existing institutional arrangements
overseeing the environmental performance of the industry were summarized. A waste management plan
will be prepared during the detailed design stage of the project to mitigate the impacts through reduction
in the use of consumable items, recycling of materials, and disposal of hazardous wastes at certified
locations.

3.2.10 Regulations Pertaining to the Standards

3.2.10.1 Effluent Standards
Ethiopia has no national standards governing effluent discharges from industries. However, since 2003
Ethiopia has had draft regulations governing the quality of the effluent discharged from facilities to
public sewers and surface water systems (EPA, 2003). These draft guidelines require the facility to meet
certain basic water quality standards for trade effluent including sewage.
Table 1: Limit Values for Discharges to Water sources
Parameter Limit Value
PH 6–9
BOD5 at 200C 25 mg/l
COD 150 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 5 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
Mineral oils at the oil trap or interceptor 20 mg/l

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During the detailed design stage of the project, facility requirements will be finalized and will require
use of sewage systems that conform to international standards and criteria for the protection of potable
water sources downstream.
3.2.10.2 Noise Standards
Ethiopia has no national legislation for noise as well, but World Bank guidelines have been adopted by
EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft National Noise Standards that are
being prepared. The guideline for daytime perimeter noise is 65 decibels (DBA). Table 2 provides noise
standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia.

Table 2: Limit Values for Noise level

Limits in DBA
Area Code Category of area
Day time1 Night time2
A Industrial area 75 70
B Commercial area 65 55
C Residential area 55 45

1. Day time reckoned to be between 6.00 am to 9.00 pm

2 Night time reckoned to be between 9.00 pm to 6.00 am
3.2.10.3 Ambient Air quality Standards
Although, Ethiopia has no national legislation for air quality so far, the World Bank guidelines have
been adopted by the EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft National air
quality Standards that are in preparation by the EPA. Table 3 provides the provisional air quality
standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia as well the WB/IFC guidelines values.

Table 3: Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Pollutant Units Guideline values
Ethiopian standard WB standard
3
Particulate Matter PM2.5 µg/Nm None 30a
3
Particulate Matter10 µg/Nm 150 100
Sulfur dioxide (as SO2) µg/Nm3 1000 400
3
Nitrous oxide (as NO2) µg/Nm 2000 600
3.2.10.4. Relevant International Conventions
3.2.10.4.1. International Environmental Conventions & Protocols Ratified by Ethiopia
Ethiopia has ratified the following international conventions on natural resources and environmental
management:
 the convention on biological diversity;
 the Basel convention on the control of trans boundary movements of hazardous wastes and their
disposal and Basel ban amendment;
 the Bamako convention on the ban of the import into Africa and the control of trans boundary
movement and management of hazardous
 wastes within Africa;
 the international treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture;
 the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora;
 the united nations framework convention on climate change and its kyoto protocol;

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 the united nations convention to combat desertification in those countries experiencing serious
drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa;
 the Cartagena protocol on biosafety to the convention on biological diversity;
 the convention on migratory species and the African-Eurasian water bird agreement;
 the Vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer and the montreal protocol on substances
that deplete the ozone layer;
3.2.10.4.2. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, world leaders agreed on a comprehensive strategy for"
sustainable development": meeting our needs while ensuring that we leave healthy and viable world for
future generations. In ratifying the Convention, the Parties have committed themselves to under taking
national and international measures aimed at its achieving three objectives: the conservation of
biological diversity; the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits
arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. Ethiopia has signed the convention on 10 June 1992
and ratified on 5 April 1994 by ratification (Proclamation No. 98/1986). Since the adoption of the
Convention, the country has taken steps to translate.
3.3. Institutional and Administrative Framework
3.3.1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE)
Legal Frameworks: As a supreme law of Ethiopia, all national policies, laws and regulations as well as
institutional frameworks of the country must comply with the constitutional provisions. The constitution
of FDRE, proclamation 1/1995 contains a number of articles, which are relevant to environmental
matters in connection with development objectives as well as to the Environment in general.
Regarding the right to development Article 43 of the FDRE constitution states that
 The peoples of Ethiopia as a whole and each Nation, Nationality and people in Ethiopia in particular
have the right to improve living standards and to sustainable development.
 Nations have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with
respect to policies and projects affecting their community
 All international Agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the state shall
protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development.
 All international Agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the state shall
protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development.
 The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of citizens for development
and to meet basic needs.
Article 44 states about Environmental right,

 All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.
 All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a
result of state programs have the right to compensation, including relocation with adequate state
assistance.
Article 92 of FDRE also includes the following Environmental objectives
 Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment
 The design and implementation of programs and development shall not damage or destroy the
environment.
 People have the right to full consultation and the expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly
 Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment

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In general, the constitution has laid down the policy and legal bases regarding environmental
management to harmonize and integrating environmental considerations into a decision making process
in a manner that promotes sustainable development
3.3.2. Environment, Forest and Climate change Commission
The new Environment, Forest & Climate Change Commission (EFCCC) the former Ministry of
Environmental of Forest and climate change is established under proclamation No.803/2013. It has a
broad mandate covering environmental matters at federal level. Some of the powers and duties are;
 Coordinate measures to ensure that environmental objectives provided under the constitution and the
principles set out in environmental policy are realized’
 Establish a system for environmental impact assessment of public and private projects, as well as
social and economic development policies, strategies, laws and regulation
 Establish a system to evaluate environmental impact assessment submitted by their respective
proponent, by the concerned licensing organ, or the concerned regional organ prior to granting
permission for implementation in accordance with environmental impact assessment proclamation

3.3.3. Oromia Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No 176/2012

The Oromia regional state EPA has also promulgated regulations that include “Oromia Regional State
Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No 176/2012”. The Proclamation requires regional
states to establish or designate their own regional environmental agencies. Relating to ESIA specifically,
Proclamation 299/2002 gives regional environmental agencies the responsibility to evaluate ESIA
reports of projects that are licensed, executed or supervised by regional states and that are not likely to
generate inter-regional impacts. Regional environmental agencies are also responsible for monitoring,
auditing and regulating implementation of such projects.
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT & ITS ALTERNATIVE
4.1. Project Description
4.1.1. Project Location, Site Condition
The proposed project is intended to be established at Dukem Sub city, Bishoftu city administration.
Bishoftu city is with a total planning area more than 9,068.35 hectares. It is located at 47kms in east
direction on the Addis Ababa- Adama highway. The current boundary of Dukem Sub city in the
southeast is made by artificial boundary formed at the junction of Ethio-Djibouti rail way and Addis
Ababa-Adama high way.

4.1.2. Project Objectives

The main objective of the project is to generate profit over invested capital by producing and availing
quality chemical products to market.
The specific objectives are:-
 To serve as the source of government revenue through business income tax.
 To serve as a role model for other investors who wants to invest in similar businesses.
 To contribute to the governments objectives of reducing the problem of un-employment through
creating employment opportunities to the citizens,
 To bridge the demand gap of construction materials in the country

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  To contribute some to the area of self sufficiency
 To Generate hard currency by exporting 30% of its products
 To substitute import and then save hard currency requirement.
4.1.3. The raw materials used to produce light chemical products manufacturing plant
 The major raw material required for the manufacturing of light chemical products manufacturing are
for chemical products manufacturing are aluminum profit, Raw materials for light chemical products
manufacturing are;-
 As it is explained in previous sections, the main inputs required for the production
operation are? Paint typically consists of pigment, resin, solvent and additives:

Pigment - to provide colour, hiding and control gloss. Pigments are usually divided into two groups. One
called ‘Prime Pigments’ includes pigments such as Titanium Dioxide (white), Chrome Green Oxide,
Yellow and Red Iron Oxides, etc. The other group of pigments is called ‘Extender Pigments’ and
includes Calcite (Calcium Carbonate), Talc (Magnesium Silicate), Mica, Barytes (Barium Sulphate), etc.

Resin – the binder to hold the pigment particles together and provide adhesion to the surface painted.
Waterborne paints most often use acrylic emulsion polymers as binders. These come in a wide variety of
types and combinations. Common acrylic polymer types are based on monomers such as methyl
methacrylate and butyl methacrylate. Traditionally, lower cost paints have been formulated on PVA
(Poly Vinyl Acetate) binders.

Solvent based resins come in a very wide range of types. The most common solvent based resins are
termed ‘alkyd resins’ that are normally used in enamel paints. Urethane alkyds often used in clear
varnishes. Protective coating resins include types such as Epoxy, Urethane, Polysiloxane and Moisture
Cured Urethane. Solvent – to act as a carrier for the pigments and resin – the solvent may be organic
(such as Mineral Turps) or water. Additives – to enhance certain properties such as ease of brushing,
mould resistance, scuff resistance, drying

Solvents

Mix a pigment and a binder and you get a thick gloopy substance that's difficult to spread. Ever tried
painting a wall with treacle? That's what using a pigment and a binder is like. It's the reason why paints
have a third major chemical component called the solvent. As its name suggests, a solvent is something
that dissolves something else. The solvent's job is to make the pigment and binder into a thinner and less
viscous (more easily flowing) liquid that will spread evenly (that's why paint solvents are sometimes
called thinners). Once the paint has spread out, the solvent evaporates into the air, leaving the paint
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evenly applied and dry beneath it. When you apply a really nasty paint and there's a smell lingering for
days while it dries, that's the solvent evaporating into the air.

Water is the best-known and most versatile solvent we have and it's widely used in water-based paints,
including emulsions (for walls) and watercolor paints (for paintings). When you paint a picture with
watercolors, you're using water as a solvent to dissolve some pigment on your brush that you can easily
spread on the paper. One big advantage of water-based paints is that they're relatively easy to clean up if
you spill them (and generally they wash out of clothes).

Other paints (including oil and gloss paints) use solvents made from strong organic (carbon-based)
chemicals extracted from petroleum, such as naptha. If you leave paints sitting in tins and jars, gravity
gradually separates them into their different chemical components. Typically you find the solvent sitting
on top as a reasonably clear, thin fluid with the binder and pigment making up a thick, opaque sludge
underneath. That's why it's always important to stir tins of paint before you use them. Oil-based paints
are harder to clean up if you spill them on things like clothes or carpet. (Water won't be much use; you'll
need an organic solvent to dissolve them, such as white spirit.)

Additives

Apart from the pigment, binder, and solvent, most paints also have chemical additives of various kinds.
For example, ceramic substances can be added to paints to improve their strength and
durability. Fluorescent pigments added to paints make them glow in the dark. Additives in paint
designed for outdoor use can help to make things waterproof and rustproof, protect against frost or
sunlight, and keep them free of mold and mildew.

 Raw materials are divided into three major groups, namely, pigments (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide
etc.), solvents (mineral turpentine) and resins and additives. Pigments are finely ground solids of
different shades to give colour, durability, consistency and other properties to paint
 Acids: citric acid and lactic acid are multifunctional components that can be used efficiently as
exfoliates, pH balancers, and preservatives in cosmetics.
Source of raw materials: Some of the materials are available from local sources, while most of the raw
materials are expected to be imported from abroad.
4.1.4. Utilities
The two important utilities required are electric power and water
Electricity: electric line and generator

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Water: 1. Ground water and
2. Line water

4.1.5. Technology and Engineering

The size of calcium carbide shall first be reduced to fine powder by pulverizer. The pulverized
carbide is then added though a gas tight hopper-valve arrangement to the acetylene gas generator in
which the quantity of water used is sufficient to discharge the calcium hydroxide as lime slurry

containing 85-90% water. The temperature is kept below 90oc and 2 atm. the gas generator.

The impure acetylene (C2H2) from the generator is scrubbed with water. The continuous supply of
cooling water in to the scrubber is also used as a source of water for the reaction with carbide.
After the scrubber, the gas is purified and dried with iron-oxide and silica gel. The production
process is environmental friendly. The byproduct slaked lime is used for construction purpose and PH
adjustment in industry. The idea of adding low contents of ethanol or methanol to gasoline is not new,
extending back at least to the 1970s, when oil supplies were reduced and a search for alternative
energy carriers began in order to replace gasoline and diesel fuel. Initially, methanol was considered
the most attractive alcohol to be added to gasoline. Since methanol can be produced from natural gas
at no great cost, and is quite easy to blend with gasoline, this alcohol was seen as an attractive
additive. However, when using methanol in practice it became clear that precautions had to be taken
when handling it and that methanol is aggressive to some materials, such as plastic components and
even metals in the fuel system. A lesson learned was that new, more resistant materials had to be used
in the fuel system of the vehicles as well as in the distribution system. These experiences were also of
great value when ethanol came to be more commonly used as an alternative to the commercial fuels,
since even ethanol can be characterized as an aggressive fluid, albeit somewhat less so than methanol.
The interest in producing an alternative fuel based on biomass has also been a major factor in the early
choice between methanol and ethanol.

The use of E85, a mixture of 85 % ethanol and 15 % gasoline, for FFVs has become common. Blends
with other percentages of ethanol in gasoline are commonly used in various countries around the world,
especially Australia (officially 10 %), Brazil (up to 25 %), Canada (10 %), Sweden (5 %) and the USA
(up to 10 %). There is still debate about whether, how and to what extent ethanol in gasoline may affect
the materials in the vehicle and cause excessive wear of parts in the fuel system and the engine.
However, in the USA, car manufacturers have agreed that use of gasoline with up to 10 % ethanol will

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not affect the warranties of their vehicles (Science Fair Projects Encyclopaedia, 2004; Launder,
2001). In his MSc thesis Launder described the development of the use of fuel alcohol, especially the
use of ethanol in the USA. Amongst other salient facts noted by Launder “Minnesota has also passed
legislation requiring the use of 10% ethanol in all gasoline”.

Since both methanol and ethanol have considerably lower energy contents (15.7 MJ/l and 21.4 MJ/l,
respectively) compared with gasoline (approximately 35 MJ/l) use of an alcohol- containing blend
may affect the power output of the engine to varying degrees, depending on its design. In section 6 the
calculated effects on the energy content of the fuel of blending ethanol with a specific gasoline are
presented. According to these calculations, adding ethanol to a final volume of 10 % to a gasoline with
an energy content of 32.3 MJ/litre will decrease that value by 3.4%

Blending alcohol in gasoline will affect, inter alia, the vapor pressure of the fuel and, as shown in
section 8, the increase in vapor pressure is considerably larger when blending methanol than when
blending ethanol. The alcohol is commonly added to gasoline when filling the tank of the vehicle that
will deliver the fuel to the gas stations. More sophisticated blending technologies such as Ratio
Blending, Side stream Blending and Wild stream Blending are described and discussed in a paper by
Top tech (2004). Of these “Ratio Blending” is designed for use when up to six components are to be
blended. “Sequential Blending” of ethanol in gasoline means that the two components are pumped to the
delivery truck in sequence. Even if it is computer controlled there are some uncertainties about whether
the resulting mixtures will fulfill their specifications. “Side stream Blending” is similar to ratio blending
and is used when two or more components are to be mixed together and “Wild stream Blending” can be
used when blending ethanol with gasoline’s of many different qualities simultaneously.

An Excel spreadsheet-based economic model incorporating the results of the LP modeling and
refinery/depot expenditure analysis has been constructed. A scenario-based approach to the economic
modeling has been taken to allow for permutations of low, high, most likely capital costs, and bio-
ethanol blend dilutions of 2%; 5% and 10% in petrol.

The depot blending design is based on receiving and blending ethanol in two grades of petrol/blend
stock for oxygenate blending (BOB) either in existing petrol tanks or by side-stream gantry blending at
the load rack.

The refinery blending design is similar to the depot blending design for in-tank blending, except that the
ethanol tanks and pumps are larger.

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The designs were used to calculate a very rough order of magnitude (VROOM) estimate of the
cost of the facilities. The direct costs for depot blending are an average of the direct blending and side-
stream gantry blending designs. Allowance was made for larger ethanol tanks and reduced pipeline
diameter for the depots designs in the direct costs. The indirect costs include bulk earthworks, civil
works, electrical works, structures, mechanical installation, quality assurance and control, procurement
costs and other indirect costs.

Three scenarios were constructed in order to estimate of the total cost of investment to allow ethanol
blending up to 10% by volume. They may be termed as low-cost, high-cost and most-likely scenarios,
and are described below:

The generic designs for the depot and refinery modifications are representative of the requirements for
bio-ethanol blending.

4.1.6 Production Capacity

Production capacity: the production capacity of the plant has been calculated based on the assessment
of market potential and machinery and envisaged by the project program. The project expected to
product 80% at the first year & 90% & 100% at the second & third years respectively. Based on the plan
prepared the factory decide to produce light chemicals like paints, Adhesives, Varnishes and several
similar products. Accordingly, 150,000 ton of different paints, 50,000 ton of Adhesives and varnishes
per annum the plant provides at full capacity.

4.1.7. Production Process of light chemical products manufacturing

Description of the production technique: among light chemicals Paints are
substances that have the task of creating protective or decorative coatings on the
surface of various objects. They are usually in liquid form. The paints consist of a
coloring substance (pigment) and a number of additives, such as binders, thinners,
dispersing agents, preservatives and many others.
The production systems to be applied are the in-line (ratio) blending method. In ratio-
blending method each component of the final blend flows through its own individual
meter and is controlled by a dedicated flow control valve. The two components are
blended in-stream as the mixed fuel is delivered to a tanker truck. This is the
preferred method of blending for established distribution systems because of better
quality control and fewer combination errors. This method is widely practiced in
Brazil, the leading country in the world in developing blending energy. Our plan is
also to use Brazil’s technology together with their technical expertise support.

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. Quality Control

3.4.1 at manufacturer’s location

a) Binders and film-forming substances – these are ingredients that are found in all types of paints,
varnishes and emulsions. They create a thin film-forming coating on the surface of the painted element
and are designed to give the paint appropriate properties such as gloss, durability, adhesion, resistance to
weather conditions, strength and flexibility. Substances that can act as binders in paints are synthetic or
natural resins, such as, polyurethanes, polyesters, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), silages, epoxy resins or
oils,
b) Thinners – they are used to dissolve the polymer and reduce the viscosity of the binder. They are
characterized by high volatility, thanks to which they evaporate easily when drying and do not become
part of the paint. An additional task for thinners is to control flow properties and applications. They can
also affect the stability of liquid paint. The main diluent for water-borne paints is, as the name suggests,
water. Oil paints (otherwise known as solvent) usually contain combinations of various organic solvents,
such as aromatic compounds (toluene or other xylene derivatives), alcohols or ketones. The PCC Group
has in its offer Dichloropropane, which can successfully replace organic solvents such as toluene,
xylene and acetone. Dichloropropane is a highly effective solvent for resins, greases and fats, therefore
it is used as a base component in the remover of varnish coatings drying at ambient temperature. Due to
its chemical properties, it can also be successfully used in the production of paints and varnishes, as well
as printing inks,

c) pigments – designed to give the paint the right colour. They appear in the form of granular solids.
They can be divided into natural or synthetic pigments. The most popular natural pigments are various
clays, silicas, calcium carbonate and talcs, whereas among synthetics there are calcined clays, barium
sulphate (so-called blanc fixe), precipitated calcium carbonate or phylogenic silica’s. A special type of
pigment is fillers. These are granular solids, which are designed to increase the volume of paint,
strengthen its structure, or reduce the cost of paint production, due to the fact that they are relatively
cheap. Examples of widely used paint fillers are diatomaceous earth, talc, lime, barite and clay,
d) Modifying additives – these are ingredients added in small quantities that modify the properties of
paints. They can, among others, change the surface tension, improve flow properties and pigment
stability, control foaming, prevent freezing. The PCC Group in its offer has a number of modifying
additives that significantly improve the quality of the obtained coatings. The products ROKAdis

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900 and ROKAdis 905 are perfectly suited as dispersing and wetting additives. They also reduce the
viscosity of the formulation and provide very good stabilization of inorganic pigment concentrates.
The ROKAdis product range, included in the PCC Group’s offer, ensures very high efficiency at very
low concentrations in the formulation (1-5%). On the other hand, EXOdis PC950, in addition to its
dispersing properties, can also be used as a non-ionic wetting agent in the manufacture of paints. Due to
the fact that EXOdis PC950 does not contain alkylphenols and volatile organic compounds (VOC), it
can be a component of modern and ecological paints and coatings. On the contrary, ROKAnol K14 can
be used as a dispersant of dyes and pigments. In addition, it is also used as a latex dispersing agent in
dye formulations.
Another very important group of additives for paints and coatings are emulsifiers. They help to create a
permanent, uniform emulsion, which directly translates into easier application of paint on any surface.
The PCC Group offers a wide range of emulsifiers that can act as additives in the production of paints,
e.g. products from the ROKAnol or ROKwin series. Particularly noteworthy are the POLIkols , which
can be characterized by a wide range of application uses. Due to their structure, polyoxyethylene glycols
have very good softening and solubilizing properties, low viscosity and freezing point as well as very
good solubility in the aqueous environment. Due to its high hydrophilicity and specific
construction ROKAmer 1010/50 can also be characterized by very good emulsifying abilities.
Emulsion products made with its use can be used in the paint and varnish industry.

Paints – their types and application

In general, paints can be divided depending on their properties and application:

a) Emulsion paints, also known as dispersion paints. They can be divided depending on the type of
adhesive used:

● Acrylic paints – their binder is water dispersion of acrylic resin. They are characterized by very good
flexibility and adhesion to the substrate. Acrylic paints have a wide range of applications and can be
used to cover, for example, wood, concrete, plastics, plasters and many other surfaces. They have high
abrasion resistance and allow water vapor, however, the surfaces painted are susceptible to various types
of damage,

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● Latex paints – the binder of this type of paint is rubber. Latex paints are extremely resistant to
moisture and cleaning. Their advantage is a very easy application on various surfaces. The disadvantage
is usually the high price. An example of the most modern latex paints is ceramic paints. They contain
ceramic particles that form the so-called stain resistant coating. Thanks to this, the walls painted with
them do not absorb dirt and dust,

● Acrylic-latex paints – have the characteristics of acrylic paints, i.e. good air permeability and scrub
resistance, and flexibility of latex paints,

● Vinyl paints – the binder of these paints is polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl chloride. They are used
mainly in utility rooms, and their greatest advantage is easy wash ability. Unfortunately, they also make
it difficult for the walls to breathe due to the low vapor permeability.

b) Lime paint – the binder of these paints is lime putty diluted with water. They are cheap, but not
durable. In order to increase the durability, admixtures of other water-borne adhesives (e.g. glue) or the
addition of polyvinyl acetate are used. Lime paints are used for painting fresh concrete substrates, lime
plasters and walls previously painted with lime paints. Currently, the use of these paints is very rare.
This is due to their very low durability, dustiness and tendency to create cracks,

c) Distempers – these are durable and breathable paints with excellent solubility in water. Plant or
animal glues are their binder. Distempers are not very resistant to dirt, they cannot be washed and they
absorb moisture from the environment. They are mainly suitable for painting lime and cement-lime
plasters. Distempers are practically no longer used because they have been replaced by more modern
paints,
d) Silicate paints – their binder is potassium water glass. These paints are durable, non-flammable, and
resistant to moisture and have high mechanical resistance. They can be applied on brick, concrete and
wooden substrates. When drying, they cure under the influence of CO 2 contained in the air,

e) Silicone paints – create a durable and weather-resistant coating. They are produced based on a
silicone resin. They are suitable for painting concrete, wooden, brick and plaster substrates. These paints
have the ability to self-clean,
f) Epoxy paints – these are two-component paints, consisting of an epoxy resin and a hardener. Before
applying, both components are mixed together. Epoxy paints show high resistance to mechanical
damage and chemicals. They are used, for example, for painting concrete floors. For their production,
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additives based on phosphate esters from the Roflam series (F5, B7, P) can be used. These products
provide high fire resistance to the materials to which they are added. Thanks to that, they can be used in
passive fire protection systems, recommended in the protection of steel structural elements against the
effects of hydrocarbon and jet fire. The products of the Roflam series can be used as components while
creating formulations of in tumescent paints, that are used on a large scale in public places (e.g. airports,
halls, car parks, etc.). In addition, Roflam products have also very wide usage in the petrochemical,
energy, oil and gas industries,

g) Chlorinated rubber based paints – a binder for this type of paint is obtained by chlorination of the
rubber with addition of softening agents. Chlorinated rubber based paints formed in this way are
resistant to water, acids and alkalis, but are very sensitive to all organic solvents (except alcohol). They
can be used as protective paints for gates and fences,

h) Vinyl paints – they are resistant to water and various chemical compounds. Polyvinyl chloride is most
often used as a binder. Vinyl paints are mainly used as coatings for materials made of galvanized steel,
such as gutters and window sills,

i) Polyurethane paints – are produced based on polyurethane resins. There are two types of these paints:
one and two components. One-component paints are cured under the influence of moisture, while two-
component paints require the addition of a hardener. Polyurethane paints create hard and abrasion
resistant coatings. They are used for painting wooden, metal and plastic surfaces. They are characterized
by very high toxicity,

j) Structural paints – this is a special type of paint that is applied to the surface with a thick layer, and
then after drying it gives them a suitable pattern (structure). Thanks to these types of paints, you are able
to achieve a variety of decorative wall textures. Structural paints are suitable for covering concrete,
wooden, gypsum plasterboards, plasters and many others,
k) Spray and powder paints – they are used to obtain special visual effects on surfaces. They are applied
to various surfaces using a gun. Thanks to these types of paints, it is possible to obtain coatings resistant
to all kinds of cracks and splinters. Products of the PCC Group from the Rostabil series (TNF, TPP,
DPDP, DDPP) can be successfully used for the production of powder coatings in thermal processing. It
is a group of antioxidants with a structure based on organic phosphates. Products from

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the Rostabil series can also be used as effective thermal and processing stabilizers. Thanks to their
unique properties, they provide color control during machining and curing cycles.

4.1.8. Waste characterization, waste byproducts and disposal methods

4.1.8. 1. Waste characterization, waste byproducts
Solid Waste by products
 Construction Wastes by products: constructions wastes are a big issue in most of the construction
activities. One of the biggest headaches that construction wastes cause is the big volume dumped
over a short period of time. Types of waste generated during construction work are:-soil & stone,
asphalt paving (asphaltic concrete), concrete, green waste, wood, metal and steel, glass, packaging
(cardboard, plastic), plastic container and administrative waste.
 Operational solid wastes/by products: The operational solid wastes/by products are Domestic
waste and Process waste by products
o Domestic waste: General office waste (paper, plastic, glass, metal, textile and organic wastes)
and Packaging or left over food
o Process waste by products: The industrial solid wastes by products are, from machine cooling
o Demolishing solid wastes by products: wastes generated from demolition work are: - concrete,
metal and steel, wood, brick, gypsum board, carpet, roofing, (asphalt composition, metal roofing,
tile roofing) and glass.
Liquid waste by products: Industrial waste water from de-scaling during tube milling, for cooling and
for emulsions which is mainly generated from the high-pressure water de-scaling of the hot light
chemical
Gaseous waste by products: The main recognized sources of air pollution are categorized as
combustible and non-combustible pollutants. Due to the nature of the project, the following types of
pollutants will be expected: dust, sewerage, emissions from solvents, paints, sprays and fumes are
expected from engines, incomplete incinerations, charcoal and open air burning of wastes, etc.
4.1.8. 2. Disposal methods of waste by products
Soil debris: soil from land clearing and excavation will be used as a fill material. The excess soil debris
will be dumped to the land fill prepared by the municipal.
Organic wastes: organic wastes like open field compound grass need to be collected on a daily basis
and shall be composted by the project itself or sold/ donate.
Oil and fuel: leakage and wastes from maintenance are the main source of oil and fuel wastes. Waste
generated during project activities shall be stored in designated waste collection tanks away from
water ways and all of fuel storage has to be banded to prevent hydrocarbon pollution of surface water.
Plastic waste: Packing material, plastic bags and other plastics from office, field workers etc. are also
sources of plastic wastes. Separate place will be prepared to collect and dispose all waste plastics until
it’s collected by recycling companies.
Process solid wastes: scraps & chips generated from the proposed project will be sold to the sintering
plant or electric arc furnace in iron and light chemical production
Process liquid wastes: wastewaters from process cooling will be recycled to the process.
Domestic liquid Wastes: Domestic Wastes will be managed by septic tank.

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Other wastes: Employees and cafeterias are source of these wastes. These are worn-out cloths and
shoes, paper, vegetables etc… which will be stored separately until they are properly disposed after
getting segregated.

4.2. ANALYSES OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

4.2.1. No project alternative
The No Project option in respect to the proposed project implies that the statuesque is maintained. This
option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental perspective as it ensures non-
interference with the existing conditions. This option will however, involve several losses to the project
proponent. The no project option is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly
environmental perspective due to the following factors:
 The economic status of the local people would remain unchanged.
 Loss of employment opportunities for the local community working in the project area.
 Increased urban poverty and crime in the town.
 No development shall be provided to alleviate a critical shortage.
 Discouragement for investors
 Development of infrastructural facilities (roads, electrical etc.) will not be undertaken.
From the above analysis, it is apparent that, the No project alternative is not a good option to the local
people, for the citizens and the government of Ethiopia.
4.2.2. Site Relocation Option
Relocation option to a different site is an option available for the project implementation. Nevertheless,
at present the project proponent does not have an alternative site. This means the proponent has to lease
alternative land which may take a couple of years; even there is no guarantee that the land would be
available. Even if the land is obtained, more time will be spend on design and approvals, since design
and planning has to be according to site conditions and will cost a large sum of money. Hence, the time
to be wasted on these deliberations would cause delays that the proponent and our economy can ill
afford. This would also lead to a situation like no project alternative option. The other consequence of
this is that, it would be a discouragement for private/local investors especially in the industrial
development sector. In consideration of the above concerns relocation of the project is not a viable
option.
4.2.3. Carrying on With the Proposed Development Alternative
Under the proposed project alternative, the Proponent would be issued with an EIA License. In issuing
the license, Oromia Regional State, Environmental Protection, Forest and Climate Change Authority
would approve the Proponent’s proposed development, provided all the environmental measures are
complied with during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. This alternative consists
of the applicant’s final proposal with the inclusion of the ORSEFCCA regulations and procedures as
stipulated in the environmental impacts assessment to the maximum extent practicable. This is the most
suitable option.

4.2.4. Analysis of Alternative Construction Materials and Technology

The Shade will be constructed using modern, locally and internationally accepted materials to achieve
public health, safety, security and environmental aesthetic requirements
 Equipment and materials that save energy and water needs to be given first priority without
compromising on cost or availability factors.
 The concrete pillars and walls will be made using locally sourced stones, cement, sand, metal bars

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 and fittings that meet the Ethiopian construction standards and requirements.
Alternative for the materials that will be used in the project involve:
 1st option is using locally procured materials with the exception of not using timber
 2nd option involves primarily importing materials and
 3rd option is using timber
The former alternative is preferred option since it will ensure the project contributes to the national
economy by creating business opportunities for the suppliers of these materials while conserving the
environment by ensuring the most environmentally friendly suppliers are contracted. The 3 rd option is to
use timber; Heavy use of timber during construction is discouraged because of destruction of forests.
Nevertheless, the exotic species would be preferred to indigenous species in the construction where need
arises.
Regarding roofing, beautiful and durable clay tiles will be used because they are good in heat insulation
as compared to the iron sheet roofs. This will ensure that the rainwater harvested will be used in
gardening and other purposes.
4.2.5. Alternative to waste management
4.2.5.1 Domestic Wastewater Management Alternatives
Three suitable technologies are discussed below:
Alternative one: Use of septic tanks; this involves the construction of underground concrete-made
tanks to store the sludge with soak pits. It is not expensive to construct however regular empting in large
discharge points like the large scale industry development is required. Given the kind of liquid waste
emanating from the proposed project this option is preferred.
Alternative two: Connection to the sewer system: Connection to an existing main sewer line will
solve the waste water management issue at a very minimal cost and in an environmental efficient
manner. Currently this option is not available; there for the proposed project cannot use this option right
away.
4.2.5.2. Solid Waste Management Alternatives
A lot of solid wastes will be generated from the proposed project. An integrated solid waste
management system is recommendable.
 First, the proponent needs to give priority to reduction of materials at source. This option demands
solid waste management awareness works to project staff.
 Secondly, recycling, reuse and composting of the waste will be the second alternative in priority.
This will call for a source separation programmed to be put in place. The waste will be sold to
waste buyers within the surrounding area or be collected by a private waste management company.
 The third priority in the hierarchy of options is combustion of the waste that is not recyclable.
Finally, sanitary land filling will be the last option for the Proponent.
4.2.6. Alternative to Utilities
4.2.6.1. Electricity Utilities
The proposed project has various options for its sources of electric power and these are reviewed in
contrast to the preferred options. These options are:
Alternative 1: Using ELPA power line
Alternative 2: Installation of diesel generator
Alternative 3: Installing the renewable energy
The project utilizes the public electric power line from. It is also expected that a generator(s) will be
installed within the development once complete. The necessary guidelines and precautionary measures
relating to the use of electricity shall be adhered to.

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4.2.6.2. Water utility
The main options that exist for water use are:
 Alternative 1. using public water supply main line,
 Alternative 2. Developing borehole
 Alternative 3. Rainwater harvesting
The former option has the advantages of ensuring consistent supply while placing pressure on public
water demand, the second and third options are preferred options as it promotes wise use of water
that ensures effective usage and conservation of water.

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5. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT AREA
5.1. Biological and physical base line information
5.1.1. Climate
Bishoftu, a town located in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, enjoys a temperate climate that is relatively
mild compared to other parts of the country. Nestled at an elevation of around 1,900 meters (6,200 feet)
above sea level, Bishoftu benefits from cooler temperatures year-round, making it a pleasant escape
from the heat of the lowlands. The town experiences two main seasons: a rainy season from June to
September and a dry season from October to May. During the rainy season, Bishoftu is lush and green,
with frequent showers that nourish the landscape. In contrast, the dry season brings clear skies and
warm, sunny days, though temperatures remain comfortable, rarely reaching extremes. This balanced
climate, coupled with the town's picturesque lakes and rolling hills, makes Bishoftu an inviting destination for
both residents and visitor

The climate of the city in general belongs to woina dega (Agro climatic zone). The Maximum annual
temperature is 29.8 0c and the Minimum is 4.9. Annual average rainfall of the city is 797.2 mm. April is
the hottest month of the year (29.30C), December is the coldest month (4.9 0C) and July is the rainy
month (225.3 mm) of the year (Bishoftu city of Lakes,2019). The highest wind speed is registered in
May (2.91m/s) and the most common wind direction seen in the city is easterlies (Bishoftu city of
Lakes,2019).

Rainfall: The average annual rainfall of the town has 700-800 mm.
Air Quality: Air quality record is none existent and is not common practice nationwide, hence there is
no information regarding the air quality of the project area. In the view of the presence high traffic flow
in the area, it is assumed that vehicles exhaust gas caused air quality disturbance is the major local air
pollution problem.
Ambient Noise quality: The sound or noise could be generated from various sources but with respect to
this project the main source identified is the project machinery. The Project noise generated from the
machineries is the major problem to be mitigated
5.1.2. Water resources
The major sources of drinking water are come from fresh water, which largely consists of surface water
such as rivers, none salty lakes and underground water, Tap water, springs and ponds are the major
sources of drinking water for Bishoftu town. Hora, Chalalaka, Kuruftu and Babogaya lakes are found in
the town.

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Major surface water source is the Wadeecha River and its tributaries coming from the steep flanks of
Mt. Sokoru and Mt. Yerer. Other major surface water source is the crater lakes and seasonal ponds
surrounding the city. These include; Bushoftu Lake, Babo Gay Lake, Arsedi Lake and Hidha Lake.
Seasonal ponds like Cheleleka, Chafe Anan and small surface water storages are also considered as
water source potential of the area.

Most of these surface sources fall within the city catchments and receive runoff from the surrounding
hills and from the urban centers as well. Hence, they are prone for pollution impacts generating from the
urban areas. Lakes Bushoftu, Arsedi, Babo Gaya and Chaleleka pond are found in the settled urban areas
while Hodha Lake is at about 7km from the center city.

These lakes have social, economic and cultural significance both at national level and for the
surrounding community in particular. They serve as recreational and tourist attraction sites, as fishing
ground. Moreove, Lake Arsedi has cultural significance and is a place where Iretcha celebration takes
place. Lots of visitors and worshipers come to Bushoftu during the Iretcha celebration for prayer and as
visitors.

5.1.3. Soils
The major soil types in Bishoftu city are: Chromic and Pellic Vertisols which has water holding
characteristics and heaviness for plowing during rainy seasons due to high Clay content.
5.1.4. Topography and landscape
The natural topography of Bishoftu city with buffer zones has been characterized in the north and east
by flat land, which is broken by the swampy, express road, rail way and lakes. In the south by
undulating land that is dominated by hills, in general, the topography of the city is undulating, that is
dominated by hills. It is very important to note here that the city is part of the rift valley

5.2. Socio-Economic baseline information

5.2.1. Population
According to the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency CSA (2007) report the total population of Bishoftu
is 168,000. Males account for 57 percent whereas female account for 43 percent of the total population.
5.2.2. Health facilities
In 2004 Bishoftu city has one governmental health center, six clinics (which four were under private and
two were under organizational ownership), and four governmental Health post.
The health problem and disease causes among the city population are mainly communicable diseases
water and/or air born diseases. Major factor contributing to these diseases is the poor waste management
and pollution impacts of both the air and water resources of the area. Health facilities in the city include
2-Hospitals, 2- health center, 18 – Private clinics, 5-facory owned clinics, 26-farmacies.

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5.2.3. Schools
In 2004 there are 11 kindergartens, 3 first cycle (1-4), 3 second cycle (5-8) and 1 senior secondary
school (9-10) in the town

5.2.4. Infrastructures and services

Roads: The proposed project has high access of road & railway, the country’s main asphalt road and
railway line that stretched from Finfinne to Djibouti passes through Bishoftu city.
Energy: Dukem sub city have got electricity through the recent rural electrification programmed
5.2.5. Historical, cultural, religious and archeological
There is no reported historical or archeological resource in the project area. During the field visit the
Consultant do not encountered site of historical, cultural, religious and archeological importance located
near to the project area. Enquiries to residents in the area have indicated that there are no known sites of
historical or archeological significance in the vicinity of the proposed project site.
5.2.6 Gender issues
There is no gender inequality and equity as expect at project area as it is also the case in most part of
Ethiopia. Women manage the bulk of household affairs in the area, including food preparation and
caring children etc.... Women efficiency and commitment in carrying out their assignment qualify them
to be employed in the envisaged project. This gender specific opportunity will address the historical
disproportionate burden of unemployment on woman. Consideration to be given for keeping the above
beneficial opportunity the project provider to women and actions to avoid work area problems women
can face. The actions to be taken include:
o Strict rule on work area regarding sexual harassments;
o Job security for women; and
o Equal payment standard with men engaged on equivalent work load
5.2.7. Public Attitude and perception
The environmental impact assessment proclamation No. 299/2002, article 15, sub article 1 and 2,
addresses public participation.
Accordingly, Public Consultation was undertaken, to identify issues during scoping and impact study.
The public/stakeholder consultation have been conducted to inform interested group and individuals
about the plan, to create opportunity for timely and meaningful input, to consider the concerns and
values of the public particularly those interested and affected parties( I&APs) by the project.
Public participation is basically concerned with involving, informing and consulting the public in
planning, management and other decision-making activities for the project. Public participation ensures
that due consideration is given to public values, concerns and preferences when decisions are made. It
encompasses the public actively, sharing in the decisions that government and other agencies make in
their search for solutions to issues of public interest. Public consultation in this project was done with
the following aims:
 To inform the neighbors and other stakeholders about the proposed project and its objectives.
 To seek views, concerns and opinions of local community and other people around the area
concerning the project.
 To establish if the local people foresee any positive or negative environmental effects from the
proposed project and if so, how they would wish the perceived impacts to be addressed.

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Regarding ESIA of proposed project under the study , public/stakeholder consultation have been
conducted to inform interested group and individuals about the plan, to create opportunity for timely and
meaningful input, to consider the concerns and values of the public particularly those affected by the
project.
A consultation program was held on June 17, 2023, on which the consulting firm performed the
consultation meeting and visit to the proposed area. During the visit meeting with impacted and
affected local community members was held in order to understand the perception of the project by the
communities to evaluate the problems and to indicate mitigation measure.
The discussion was held by informing and disclosing about the project and explaining on identified
major social and environmental problems likely to be caused by the proposed project. Indeed, the
participants have got clear understanding of the project and subsequently expressed their views and
concerns in such a way that: The objective of the project to create job opportunities for the jobless
youth in the project area was highly appreciated. Succeeding the explanation given by the study team
and regulatory authority concerning advantages and disadvantages of the project on the socio
economic and environment of the project area, the adverse impacts which are minor and manageable as
far as properly managed by the project/ client and its advantages in creating job opportunity for the
needy jobless youth as well as its impact on technology transfer & earning foreign currency outweighs
its disadvantages.
Finally, they concluded that, they have positive views towards the project as they benefit from it, and
appreciated the company for contribution to the jobless youth by creating job opportunity, helping
them to change their life and become active participants on the social economic environment.
Furthermore, they expressed the need to execute the project in full participation and collaboration with
the local community and regulatory authority in all project cycle management so that the sense of
ownership being developed and will be sustainable.

6. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS

6.1 Description of the Existing and Anticipated Impacts
6.1.1 Existing impacts
During field study, it has been observed that there have no existing impacts on the project area which it
is aroused from anthropogenic or natural phenomenon. Regarding, the baseline Environmental condition
pertaining to the project, it has both bio-physical and socio-cultural aspects.
6.1.2 Anticipated impacts
The proposed project may impact negatively on environment, workers, neighbors, and society at large.
The impacts may be positive or negative. This report proposes mitigation measures for negative
impacts and identifies the desirable social and economic benefits. The following impacts have been
identified as likely to arise from the proposed project and which this report seeks to address: These
impacts include the following and will need mitigation. The assessment team revealed the following
anticipated positive and negative impacts of the proposed project.
Anticipated Positive Environmental & social impacts
 Employment opportunities for women and youth
 Contribution to the local, regional & national economic growth
 Improved aesthetics and optimal use of land
 Improvement of skills among those involved as casual workers, the project could, therefore, act
as training and capacity building and therefore a transitional stage from unskilled to semi-
skilled labor.


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Anticipated Negative Environmental & social impacts
 Alteration of landscape integrity and loss of vegetation
 Change in Land use and drainage pattern
 Impact due to inadequate solid and liquid waste disposal arrangements
 Air Pollution
 Impact on public utilities
 Increased noise and vibration levels
 Impacts on occupational safety and health of the workers
6.2. Impact Identification, Prediction & Evaluation
The anticipated impacts of the proposed project on the environmental & social elements are both
positive and negative. The magnitude of each impact is described in terms of being significant, minor or
permanent, short-term or long term, specific (localized) or widespread, reversible or irreversibl

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7. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION
MEASURES
7.1. Beneficial Impacts of the Project
Several potential positive impacts will arise during construction, operational and demolishing phases of
the project which are primarily socioeconomic in nature and it is summarized as follows: The following
positive impacts have been identified during scoping.
7.1.1. Employment opportunities
Impact origin and characteristics: The construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the
proposed project are supposed to provide direct and indirect employment to a number of workers. The
project requires different types of skilled, semi-skilled and other human resource to create job
opportunities permanently for a total of the manpower requirement for operating the factory job
creating for 500 based on seasonal and permanent workers. By increasing the number of shifts
(working hours) to two or three shifts, it is possible to increase benefits and create additional job
opportunity. Additional job opportunity will also be created for more than 304 temporary workers
during the construction phase and during the project implementation in sales and distribution activities.
Benefit Enhancement Measures. Hiring the local professionals and service providers at all levels
where possible enhances the national benefit. There is also a need to recruit local available labor for
positions that do not demand special skills. This enhances the benefits of local communities. This
measure not only maximizes the distribution of the benefit but also promotes the projects social
acceptability. In addition to the above proposed measures that can enhance the direct employment
benefits, procuring supplier and services from local sources to the maximum extent possible benefits at
each stage of the project and enhances the indirect employment opportunity.
7.1.2. Employment Opportunities for women and Youth
Impact origin and characteristics: It is evident that, Women are efficient in carrying out and handling
the assignment given to them properly and seriously. As a result of such commitment, they are usually
preferred by many companies. This gender specific behavior creates equal, even better employment
opportunity for local woman and youths.
Benefit Enhancement Measures: Consideration to be given for keeping the above beneficial
opportunities the project creates to women and actions to avoid work area problems women can face.
The actions include: Strict rule on work area sexual harassments, job security, appropriate payment
(equal payment standard with men engaged in equivalent work load).
7.1.3. Socio - economic benefits
7.1.3.1. Local Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement
Impact origin and characteristics: The employment opportunity to be created by the project will have
social benefit beside the expected economic benefit. The employment income from the project will
have a substantial role for social livelihood improvement in the project area. This local income
generation related social benefit will have long term as well as cumulative benefits such as:
Poverty reduction: As a result of creation of jobs for the local communities, the project will have a
meaningful impact on poverty reduction as the project area is inhabited by largely unemployed and
marginal communities. The employment priorities should focus on the households subsisting below the
poverty line;

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Education opportunity: The increased income from the employment in the project will substantially
improves the living standard of the community in the project impact area. As a result, families can
afford to send their children to schools and supply them with school materials adequately, where youth
girls are the frontline beneficiaries.
Benefit Enhancement Measures: Utilization of the available labor force in the project area enhances
the benefits at local level. Outsourcing commercial activities, like cafeteria services from local
competitive service providers will maximizes the social benefit of the project
7.1.3.2. Contribution to the National Economic Growth
Impact origin and characteristics: The use of locally available materials during the construction
phase of the project including cement, concrete and ceramic tiles, timber, sand, ballast electrical cables
etc, will contribute towards growth of the economy by contributing to the gross domestic product. The
consumption of these materials including fuel oil and others will attract taxes including VAT which
will be payable to the government, which increases government revenue while the cost of these raw
materials will be payable directly to the producers.
Benefit Enhancement Measures: There is a need to comply with public and private requirements of
operating at low costs, so that benefits from the investment will be maximized. This requires the effort
of external institution and governmental bodies to facilitate the investment process and credit facilities,
to get the required benefits.
7.1.3.3. Improved Aesthetics and Optimal Use of Land
Change in land use from idle land to land on which a modern commercial building blocks stand will
optimize land use. There is no doubt once the project is completed will change the outlook of the area.
It will have an indirect boost of construction activities around it.
7.2. ADVERSE IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION & ANALYSIS
7.2.1 Pre-construction phase adverse impact
Impact origin and characteristics
Prior to the construction and installation of facilities of the project, environmental & social
management needs to consider the following five principles:
 Ensuring that all government and concerned agency requirements and procedures related to ESIA
are completed,
 Implementation of land acquisition procedures required by the relevant government bodies.
 Selection of technologies that minimizes adverse impacts and enhances beneficial impacts,
 Preparation of detail designs of the project layout, which incorporate specific features aimed at
minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts.
 Preparation of contract document which contains appropriate clause to allow control of impacts
arising from the implementation processes.
Proposed Mitigation measure
 The project promote should be responsible to handle the above issues before the
commencement of the construction.
 The company should hire appropriate persons, environmentalist and site engineer that facilitate
planned project implementation and environmental management during construction and
operation
 The concerned authorities at all level should be responsible to ensure that environmental
requirements are fully met and included in the ESIA statement report.

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7.2.2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE ADVERSE IMPACTS
The construction phase of the project involves the clearing, land leveling, transportation of construction
materials and storage can have adverse impacts on: terrestrial flora and fauna, air quality, nuisance
noise, workforce and water quality.
7.2.2.1. Soil Erosion and Water Logging of Cleared Areas
Impact origin and characteristics: Vegetation clearance and excavation works related to construction
of the project will expose soils to erosion by surface run-off and create the threat of water turbidity and
sediment deposition in drains. The flat topography of the site and the pervious nature of the soils would
help to reduce erosive. Surface flows and the potential situation should exist only for the duration of the
construction works before landscaping and drainage. Apparently, there are no significant surface
features such as gullies, streams or rivers in close proximity to the site, which could be affected by soil
erosion.
Proposed Mitigation measure
 Where possible, phase the site clearance exercise so as to reduce the amount of exposed soil at any
given time.
 Deliberately re-cover exposed soils with grass and other appropriate species as soon as possible.
 Temporarily bund exposed soil and redirect flows from heavy runoff areas that threaten to erode or
result in substantial surface runoff to adjacent area.
 Monitor areas of exposed soil during periods of heavy rainfall throughout the construction phase of
the project.
 Terracing, leveling and ripping off compacted areas of the project site to reduce run-off velocity
and increase infiltration of storm water into the soil
 Proper planning of site excavation works in such a way that, a section is completed and
rehabilitated before another section begins
 Ensuring that construction vehicles are restricted to existing graded roads to avoid soil compaction
within the project site
 Surface runoff and roof water shall be harvested and stored in underground reservoir for reuse.
7.2.2.2. Extraction and Use of Building Materials
Impact origin and characteristics: Building materials such as hard core, ballast, cement, rough stone
and sand required for the construction of the proposed project will be obtained from quarries, sand
harvesters etc. Since substantial quantities of these materials will be required for construction of the
proposed project, the availability and sustainability of such resources at the extraction sites will be
negatively affected-as they are not renewable in the short term.
Proposed Mitigation measure: to reduce the negative impacts on availability and sustainability of the
materials, the Proponent should:
 Procure construction materials from legally registered and certified local suppliers.
 Order for what will be required through accurate budgeting and estimation of actual construction
requirements. This will ensure that materials are not extracted or purchased in excessive quantities
 Ensure that wastage, damage or loss (through run-off, wind, etc…) of materials at the construction
site is kept minimal through proper material management, as these would lead to additional demand
for and extraction or purchase of materials
 Consider reuse of building materials and use of recycled building materials where applicable. This
will lead to reduction in the amount of raw materials extracted from natural resources as well as
reducing impacts at the extraction sites

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7.2.2.3. Noise Pollution and Vibration
Impact origin and characteristics: Significant increases in noise and vibration levels may be expected
during construction of the proposed project. Such noise and vibrations may be generated from
excavators, movement; loaders; concrete mixer trucks; concrete pumps; concrete vibrators; dump
trucks; hammering; vibrators; compactors, diesel generators (DGs); water pumps and even construction
workers. The impact of noise and vibrations on the surrounding community depends upon:
 Characteristics of the noise and vibrations source (instantaneous, Intermittent, or continuous in
nature);
 Time of day at which noise and vibrations occur; and
 Location of noise and vibrations source with respect to sensitive receptor.
Though the level of discomfort caused by noise and vibrations is subjective, the most commonly
reported impacts of increased noise levels are interference in oral communication, hearing loss, anxiety
and disturbance of sleep. Vibration impacts may include the cracking of nearby existing structures such
as foundations, walls and swimming pools. Noise and vibrations may also have an impact on the
workers in the proposed project. Nonetheless, all the noise and vibrations generating activities shall be
undertaken during day hours and appropriate measures shall be instituted to counter the said pollution.
Proposed Mitigation measure: The Contractor of the proposed project shall put in place several
measures that will mitigate noise and vibration pollution arising during the construction phase. The
proponent shall ensure that he complies with all relevant requirements of the countries as well as
international standards.
 Prescribe noise reduction measures if appropriate e.g. restricted working hours and transport hours
and noise buffering;
 Install portable barriers to shield compressors and other small stationary equipment where
necessary and locate stationary noise sources as far from existing sensitive receptors as possible;
 Use machineries & equipment designed with noise control elements such as mufflers;
 Co-ordinate with relevant agencies regarding all construction activities in the project site;
 Limit trucks and other small equipment to minimize idling time and observe a common-sense
approach to vehicle use such as shutting up idle engines whenever possible; and
 Ensure use of well serviced and maintained vehicles and equipment.
7.2.2.4. Impact on Air Quality
Impact origin and characteristics: Potential impacts on the air quality during the construction stage
will be due to the fugitive dust and the exhaust gases generated in and around the construction site.
Fugitive dust (depending on the timing of construction) and vehicular emissions are the major
components of air pollution. The following construction related activities are generally associated with
these emissions:
 Site clearance, excavation and use of heavy vehicles and machinery/equipment at construction site;
 Transportation of construction materials such as sand, cement, metal and steel, masonry stone to the
construction site; and
 Operation of construction machinery and equipment
During the period of maximum construction activity, the fuel consumption is expected to rise
significantly and the background concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), repairable
particulate matter (RPM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and both carbon monoxide
(CO) and lead (Pb). These emissions if not appropriately mitigated can have significant respiratory and
cardio-pulmonary effects on the local population, the health effects may range from subtle biochemical
and physiological changes to difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing
respiratory and cardiac conditions. The impacts of such emissions can be greater in areas where the
Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 33
materials are sourced and at the construction site as a result of frequent gunning of vehicle engines,
activities associated with site clearance, excavations, spreading of the topsoil during construction,
frequent and fast vehicle movement in the loading and offloading areas. Because large quantities of
building materials are required, some of which are sourced outside far from the project site, such
emissions can be enormous and may affect a wider geographical area.
Proposed mitigation measures to manage Impact on Air Quality: Controlling dust during
construction is useful in minimizing nuisance conditions and consequently health (respiratory and eye)
complications. It is recommended that a standard set of feasible dust control measures be implemented
for all construction activities. Emissions of other contaminants (Nitrogen oxides, Carbon dioxide,
Sulfur oxides, and diesel related Particulate Matter PM10) that would occur in the exhaust from heavy
equipment are also included.

The Proponent shall be committed to implement measures that shall reduce air quality impacts
associated with construction. Dust emissions will be controlled by the following measures:-

 Provision of 2.4 meter high hoarding along site boundary

 Provide effective dust screen, sheeting or netting where a scaffolding is erected around the
perimeter of a building under construction from the ground floor level of the building, or if a
canopy is provided at the first floor level, from the first floor level, up to the highest level of the
scaffolding;
 Any skip hoist for material transport shall be totally enclosed by impervious sheeting;
 Watering all active construction areas when necessary;
 Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials or require all trucks to maintain at least
two feet of freeboard;
 Pave, apply water when necessary, or apply (non-toxic) soil stabilizers on all unpaved access roads,
parking areas and staging areas at construction site;
 All personnel working on the proposed project will be trained prior to starting construction on
methods for minimizing air quality impacts during construction.
Inanition, the following measures shall be implemented during construction:-
 The engine size of the construction equipment shall be the minimum practical size;
 The number of construction equipment operating simultaneously shall be minimized through
efficient management practices;
 To ensure that the smallest practical number is operating at any one time;
 Construction equipment shall be maintained in tune per the manufactures specifications;
 Idling of heavy duty diesel trucks during loading and unloading shall be minimized; and
 Alternatively fuelled construction equipment shall be used where feasible.

7.2.2.5. Disposal of solid waste

Impact origin and characteristics: Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction
work would include vegetation clearance and typical construction waste (e.g. wasted concrete, metal
and steel, wooden scaffolding and forms, bags, waste earth materials, etc.). This waste would
negatively impact the site and surrounding environment if not properly managed and ultimately
disposed of at an approved dumpsite. Cleared vegetation, if burnt onsite, would generate smoke,
negatively impacting ambient air quality (with reciprocal negative impacts upon human health).
Vegetation and solid waste, if allowed to accumulate in sensitive areas, may cause localized ponding
and flooding. Furthermore, the ponding of water would create conditions conducive to the breeding of
nuisance and health-threatening pests such as mosquitos.

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Proposed Mitigation Measures
 A site waste management plan should be prepared prior to project commencement. This should
include designation of appropriate waste storage areas, collection and removal schedule,
identification of approved disposal site, and system for supervision and monitoring.
 Preparation and implementation of the plan must be made, and it is the responsibility of the
building manager with the system being monitored independently.
 Special attention should be given to minimize and reduce the quantities of solid waste produced
during site preparation and construction.
 To reduce organic waste, softer vegetation may be composted onsite and used for soil amendment
during landscaping.
 Vegetation and combustible waste must not be burned on the site.
 Reusable inorganic waste (e.g. excavated sand) should be stockpiled away from drainage features
and used for in-filling where necessary.
 Unusable construction wastes such as damaged pipes, formwork and other construction material
must be disposed of at an approved dumpsite
7.2.2.6. Impact on Landscape Integration and Protection of Natural Resources
Impact origin and characteristics: The growth of industrial areas and its aesthetic requirements
have direct impacts on soil, landscape and on the surrounding ecosystems. Intensive construction
practices are harmful to the environment, especially when the building materials used are not in
harmony with traditional architecture. Such construction not only robs the landscape of its natural
characteristics but also detracts from its identity.

Proposed Mitigation Measures


Lay out green areas and gardens to make the site more pleasant (preferably using indigenous
plants) 20% of the total area of land has been allotted for green area
 To rationalize the aforementioned recommendations the project has a plan to plant various
indigenous and exotic species around the premises
 Promote landscape integration and environmental protection
 Give attention to environmental recommendations in laying out the building
 Aim for visual continuity with the architectural style of the surroundings
 Whenever possible, uses us attainable materials produced locally
 Place the parking lot in an inconspicuous area of the building
7.2.2.7. Surface and Ground Water Hydrology and Water Quality Degradation
Impact origin and characteristics: construction activities for the proposed development can have
impacts on hydrology and ground water quality of the area. Changes in surface hydrology can occur
due to landscaping; construction of impervious surfaces such as parking lots, roads and buildings
(buildings increase the volume and rate of runoff, resulting in habitat destruction, increased pollutant
loads, and flooding); blockage of existing drainages can also influence groundwater hydrology (i.e.
recharge rates, flow, conditions).
Potential sources of impacts on hydrology and ground water quality during the construction phases are
as follows:
 Soil run-off from the site leading to off-site contamination- particularly during rainy season: The
excavated area, if linear, could act as a conduit to extend groundwater contamination to new areas.
 Improper disposal of construction debris leading to offsite contamination of water resources or
blocking of drainages leading to flooding.
 Spillage of oil and grease from the vehicles and wastewater stream generated from onsite activities.

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 35

Proposed Mitigation Measures: Several measures shall be put in place to mitigate the impacts that are
likely to lead to surface and ground water quality degradation, the Proponent has to prepare:

 Proper disposal of construction debris leading to offsite contamination of water resources or

blocking of drainages leading to flooding.
 A hazardous substance control systems and emergency response plans that will include preparations
for quick and safe cleanup of accidental spills.
 hazardous-materials handling procedures has to be prescribed to reduce the potential for a spill
during construction, and an emergency response programmed to ensure quick and safe cleanup of
accidental spills.
 Identify areas where refueling and vehicle maintenance activities and storage of hazardous
materials, if any, will be permitted.
7.2.2.8. Increased Water Demand
Impact origin and characteristics: during the construction phase, both the construction works and the
construction workers will create additional demand for water in addition to the existing local demand.
Water will mostly be used in the creation of concrete for construction works and for wetting surfaces or
cleaning completed structures. It will also be used by the construction workers for washing and
drinking.
Proposed Mitigation Measures
 A combination of water saving appliances and water management measures needs to be planned in
the proposed project.
 Developing own water source.
7.2.2.9. Energy consumption
Impact origin and characteristics: the proposed project will consume fossil fuels for construction
machines (mainly Concrete mixers, heavy and light trucks; concrete pumps; concrete vibrators; dump
trucks; compactors, diesel generators; water pumps) to run. Fossil energy is non-renewable and its
excessive use may have serious environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability.
The proposed project will also use electricity supplied by Ethiopian electric Authority. Electricity in
Ethiopia is generated mainly through natural resources, namely, water and geothermal resources. In this
regard, there will be need to use electricity sparingly since high consumption of electricity negatively
impacts on these natural resources and their sustainability.

Proposed Mitigation Measures

 Sensitization of staff to conserve electricity by switching off electrical equipment or appliances
when they are not being used.
 Proper planning of transportation of materials will ensure that fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not
consumed in excessive amounts.
 Monitor energy use during construction and set targets for reduction of energy use.
 Using renewable energy and energy saving bulbs.
7.2.2.10. Increased Insecurity
Impact origin and characteristics: the proposed project may cause an increase in insecurity during
the construction phase due to the increased number of transient workers and suppliers within and
around the project site. Construction sites are known to attract large numbers of semi-skilled and un-
skilled labor searching for job openings and may also use the opportunity to scout for potential robbery
or terror targets.

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Proposed Mitigation Measures: the Proponent shall be committed to implementing measures that
shall reduce security threats by the following measures:-
 The proposed project plot has to be accessed through a designated entry/exit point during the
transportation of all raw materials in and out the construction phase of the project.
 Security shall be enhanced by ensuring security guards are always posted within and around the
project site and strategic placement of security lights around the site.
 A roster of all construction workers shall be kept while measures shall be put in place to ensure that
loitering by itinerant workers is discouraged.
 Unattended public access to the construction site shall be restricted and only one entry/exit point
shall be used.
7.2.2.11. Increased Traffic
Impact origin and characteristics: Obstruction by construction transport vehicles and construction
activities adjacent to the nearby roads during the construction phase may lead to the increase in traffic
along the road. This may be exacerbated if these activities time/schedule coincide with peak traffic
hours.
Proposed Mitigation Measures: the following measures shall be put in place so as to manage traffic
along surrounding roads during construction:-
 Ensure that the Entry/Exit to the project site is located where it will cause minimal traffic along the
main Road
 Ensure all construction vehicles to and from the construction site use the designated Entry/Exit to
the project site
 All transportation of construction raw materials and excavated materials are to be conducted at
traffic off peak hours only
 Sensitize truck drivers to avoid unnecessary road obstruction
 Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials to avoid spillage and dust emissions
that may interfere with smooth motoring
 Access to driveways has to be maintained at all times unless other arrangements are made
7.2.2.12. Workers accidents and public safety
Impact origin and characteristics: in any civil works, public as well as construction staff safety risks
can arise from various construction activities such as:-
 Deep excavations;
 Operation and movement of heavy equipment and vehicles;
 Injuries from falling objects; and Injuries from hand tools.

Because of the duration and complexity of the construction phase of the proposed project, such
activities need to be controlled and consequently the associated risks will be reduced. Proper
supervision, high workmanship performance, and provision of adequate safety measures will suppress
the likelihood of such impacts on the public and ensure enhanced occupational safety.

Proposed Mitigation Measures: to reduce the construction workers accidents and hazards during the
construction phase of the proposed project, the Proponent shall be committed to adherence to the
occupational health and safety rules and regulations stipulated in the Labor law Proclamation. In this
regard, the Proponent shall be committed to provision of appropriate personal protective equipment, as
well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for construction workers as outlined in the EMP.
More over the project need to have first aid kit and emergency response plan (Alarm
System/Procedures, Evacuation Routes/Procedures, Emergency Medical Treatment Procedures, fire or
Explosion) (Unconfined) and materials, like Proper PPE, granular absorbent/sand Fire Blankets.
Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 37
7.2.3. OPERATIONAL PHASE ADVERSE IMPACT IDENTIFICATION
This phase is the main consideration of environmental & social issue of the project. Hence, in
assessing the adverse impacts, an approach that provides realistic background information on the
environmental assessment process has been adopted. The approach considered; the environmental
aspects, the environmental impacts and application of environmentally, friendly and economically
viable mitigation measures. Accordingly, the following methodology has been employed.
 Identification of the environmental & social aspects of the personal, home care and pharmaceutical
products manufacturing plant
 Cause and effect analysis between the environmental aspect and sustainable impact mitigation
measures.
 Environmental & social aspect Identification: The environmental aspects of the production process:
 Natural resource consumption, generation of liquid and solid waste
The cause and effect analysis made by the study team indicates that: Environmental pollution (air, soil,
and water); employees’ health hazard;, natural resource depletion, generation of solid wastes and
impacts on socio-cultural and socio-economic factors are the main environmental & social impacts
identified to occur during the construction and implementation phases of the project

7.2.3.1. Solid wastes

7.2.3.1.1. Industrial solid wastes
Impact origin & Characteristics: Light chemical products manufacturing generates from mill scale,
trimming, cutting scrap and downgrades from metallurgical & geometrical defects. More over solid
wastes of the Light chemical products manufacturing includes also: Scrap metal, Oily turnings, Oxide
dust, Wet sludge from water treatment systems and spent lubricating emulsions improper disposal of
waste may have pose a nuisance to surrounding residences & other adverse environmental & social
effects. Process wastes include parts of the light chemical such as scraps, chips and etc…Improper
handling of these wastes poses increasing disposal and potentially severe pollution problems on soil,
air and water within the vicinity.
Proposed Mitigation Measures: Since the proposed project will be generating a substantial amount of
wastes, an integrated solid waste management system is recommended, such as:
 Waste bins need to be provided in all areas of the facility for the disposal of the various types of
wastes generated by the project. These bins will be clearly marked to facilitate segregation of waste,
for collection, transportation and disposal.
 Separation of domestic and hazardous waste at the source shall be strictly enforced.
 Where possible, wastes should be re-used or recycled.
 Burning of waste will not be permitted
 All personnel will be trained in the appropriate management of waste
 Implementation and monitoring of effective waste management system
 Designation of temporary waste storage sites prior to final disposal
 Provision of PPE for site workers and ensure use
 Regular cleaning of drainage channel, disposal bins and/or disposal site
 Regular internal environmental audit
 Check that solid waste storage equipment is in a good condition
 waste storage areas are clear of debris and that skips are covered to prevent waste escaping, for
example,
o Check that waste containers have lids or are stored in an area with a roof;
o Check for distressed flora/vegetation zones near storage site

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The most significant solid waste in the Light chemical products manufacturing is waste raw materials
and other wastes produced at factory. However waste can normally be collected and sold to the
sintering plant or electric arc furnace in
7.2.3.1.2. Domestic solid wastes caused impacts
Impact origin and characteristics: Most of the solid wastes that will be generated through the daily
work can be divided into 3 main categories:
 The ordinary production room wastes that the workers and the staff generate all-day around; papers,
personal unneeded articles,
 factory residues; e.g. cardboard, strings, scraps
 Paper residues and plastic materials used for packing.
Such wastes can be injurious to the environment through blockage of drainage systems, choking of
water bodies and negative impacts on health. Where solid wastes are not well managed offensive odors
may be generated and seepage may result in the contamination of soil and water resources.
Proposed mitigation measures
 Sorting and segregation of waste streams into combustible (paper, food, cardboard, wood) and non-
combustible waste and recyclables; and
 Separate containers for glass, paper, metals and plastics shall be provided
 Organic waste, particularly screened waste material, should be composted in an appropriate manner
and reused either for soil fertility maintenance under the supervision of the staff from ministry.
7.2.3.2. Waste water Generation Adverse Impact
7.2.3.2.1. Industrial Wastewater Generation Adverse Impact
Impact origin and characteristics: Major waste water will be produced from Light chemical products
manufacturing has uses large amounts of water for de-scaling during tube milling, for cooling and for
emulsions which is mainly generated from the high-pressure water de-scaling of the materials of
personal and home care products and other wastes which consists of suspended solids oil and grease
Proposed Mitigation measures:-
 Prevent contamination of ground, and storm water runoff by bounding all oil storage tanks,
 Segregate process water, rainwater and indirect cooling water streams to reduce the hydraulic
loading to sewers
 Collection of all waste water from all utilities and properly recycling the water used for machine &
light chemical cooling.
7.2.3.2.2. Domestic Wastewater Generation Adverse Impact
Impact origin & Characteristics: The mixed sanitary and domestic wastewater will be generated
from the camp site operation during project. Improper disposal of generated wastewater could result in
groundwater contamination with chemical as well as biological contaminants. Also, secondary impacts
from mixed wastewater discharge and storage can include odor generation, and attraction of flies and
incidence of associated vector diseases. If no mitigation and control measures are in place, the potential
effects of the small volume of discharge are anticipated to be significant.
Proposed Mitigation Measures: As part of proposed waste management Plan, septic tanks should be
designed to handle wastewater generated from the existing facilities. Therefore, no untreated sanitary
wastes or wastewaters will be discharged to the land or to the permanent surface water bodies from the
different sources. Additionally, storage of mixed wastewater shall be done in closed lined septic tank
excavated on site. With the proper application on the wastewater management plant, impact on

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groundwater quality from wastewater storage in septic tanks is expected to be minor and its occurrence
low and the proper application of the above listed mitigation measures.
7.2.3.3. Emission to Air
Impact origin & Characteristics: The major sources for air pollution that is likely to be generated
from the manufacturing process that can cause the environmental impact are: light chemical gases
from different machines, kitchen and emissions from different mechanical and electric appliances.
Proposed Mitigation Measures
 Installation of a dust collector for a grinding station
 use of wet de-dusting systems, appropriate ventilation with filters, gas balancing systems, cyclones,
filters, and wet or alkali scrubbers;
 Minimization of the escape of dust from the process equipment or the ventilation systems through:
o Inspecting dust residues in open and hidden areas at regular intervals.
o Provision of access to all hidden areas to permit inspection.
o Location of relief valves away from dust deposits.
 Proper assessment on maintaining ambient air quality standards
 Implementation of green belt around air polluting industries and planting trees either side of the
roads
 Improving engine technology/ the use natural gas engines
 Using low emission fuel and engine alternatives
 Using better gas and particle capture technology
 Dust minimization measures shall be implemented
7.2.3.4. Increased Storm Water Flow
Impact origin & Characteristics: The building roofs and pavements will lead to increased volume
and velocity of storm water around the project site. This will lead to increased amounts of storm water
entering the peripheral storm water drains.

Proposed Mitigation Measures

 Drainage channels shall be installed in all areas that generate or receive surface water. The channels
will be covered with gratings or other suitably approved materials to prevent occurrence of
accidents and dirt entry that may compromise flow of run-off.
 The channels shall be designed with regard to speak volumes.
 Paving of the sidewalks, parking and other open areas shall be done using pervious materials i.e
.concrete blocks to encourage water percolation thus reducing run-off volume
 Rain water harvesting can serve as a solution to the water problem by capturing the run off.
Rainwater harvesting will help in utilizing the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from
going into sewer or storm drains.
7.2.3.5. Noise pollution
Impact origin & characteristics: the operation of the Light chemical products manufacturing machines
may impact on baseline noise conditions also there will be an increased noise pollution due to Powerful
motors and fans, Movement of light chemical over personal care Product movement in stockyards,
loading vehicles and vehicle movements.
Proposed mitigation measures: monitor the variations in noise levels in the noisy areas, reduce noise
at its source relocate noisy machines to an isolated area or away from the building and its surrounding,
inform the staff of the long-term health effects linked to noise pollution and provide the employees who
are exposed to high noise levels with individual ear protection. Disturbance should be minimized as
much as possible during transportation of equipment to the site.

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7.2.3.6. Increased Traffic
Impact origin & characteristics: It is expected that, the number of vehicles around the project site
increase from time to time, hence leading to increase in traffic conjunction. This will be dependent on
the location of the buildings car park entry/exit, traffic control measures in place, number of
tenants/visitors to the building, the nature of businesses within the building amongst other factors.
Proposed mitigation measures
The following measures shall be put in place so as to manage traffic along surrounding roads during
operational phase of the project:-
 Train or aware the drivers and workers about traffic rules and regulation
 Put in different traffic signage on the appropriate place
 Set Plan and Schedule time for entrance and exit vehicles, trucks and workers
 Participating in local road maintenance and supervision

7.2.3.7. Increased Electricity/energy Consumption

Impact origin & characteristics: Electricity is used for the operation of machinery (cutting, punching
and etc…), refrigeration, ventilation and lighting.
Proposed mitigation measures
 Implement switch-off programs and installing sensors to turn off or power down lights and
equipment when not in use;
 Improve insulation on heating or cooling systems and pipe work;
 Favor more energy-efficient equipment;
 Improve maintenance to optimize energy efficiency of equipment;
 Maintain optimal combustion efficiencies on steam and hot water boilers;
 Eliminate steam leaks;
 Capture low-grade energy for use elsewhere in the operation.
7.2.3.8. Occupational Health and Safety
Impact origin & characteristics: Some aspects of the project operation process present potential risks
for the health and safety of workers on site. The handling of dangerous substances and the operation of
the equipment of the plant for instance present risks that should be prevented and managed adequately
in order to ensure the health and safety of workers on site. Storage, transport and handling of the
various substances used should be done in accordance with applicable instructions (material safety data
sheets).
Employees’ health hazard is minimal if protective gears are provided to them. Noise pollution during
machine operation could cause hearing problem to employee’s additionally mechanical harms and
electrical shocks are also common impacts. The impacts that can make workers handicap will have a
cumulative socio-economic impact.
Proposed mitigation measures: To ensure the health and safety of factory workers, the proponent has
to equip his workers with the necessary personal protective first aid medication facilities. Therefore the
following actions need to be taken to mitigate the impact:
o Availing heath facility, having the following duties and responsibilities
 Giving 1st Aid before formal treatment
 Supply workers with protective equipment;
 Regular workers health check-up or examination in every service years.
 Maintaining safe workplaces, plant and work systems;
 Providing information, instruction and training enabling employees to work without hazards;
Consulting with employee-elected health and safety representatives and/ or other employees
7.2.4. Decommissioning Phase Impacts and Its Mitigation Measures

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The negative impacts and mitigation measures discussed below are associated with the proposed
project during decommissioning phase.
Impacts mitigation measures: The negative impacts mitigation measures discussed below are
associated with the proposed project during decommissioning phase.

7.2.4.1. Noise and Vibration

Impact origin and characteristics: The demolition works will lead to significant deterioration of the
acoustic environment within the proposed project site and the surrounding areas. This will be as a result
of the noise and vibrations that will be experienced during demolition.
Proposed mitigation measures: The noise and vibrations that will be experienced during demolition
works will be minimized as described under operational phases.
7.2.4.2. Air Pollution
Impact origin and characteristics: Dust will be generated during demolition works of the proposed
project from the demolition activities. This will mainly affect demolition workers. In addition, soil will
be used in rehabilitation and re-instatement to pre-project status, this will add to the amount of dust that
will be generated during rehabilitation. However, it will be minimal. Exhaust emission will also be
experienced during decommissioning from the trucks that will be transporting the demolished objects
to the disposal sites and storage areas. Large quantities of dust will be generated during demolition
works, which affects both demolition staff as well as the neighboring establishments.
Proposed mitigation measures: High levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or
dismantling works will be minimized as described under operational phases

7.2.4.3 Solid waste generation

Impact origin and characteristics: Demolition of the proposed project will result in large quantities of
solid waste. Although demolition waste is generally considered as less harmful to the environment
since they are composed of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste
may lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the environment. In addition, the non-toxic
chemicals such as chloride, sodium, sulfate and ammonia which may be released as a result of leaching
of demolition wastes are known to lead to degradation of groundwater quality.
Proposed mitigation measures: Solid waste resulting from demolition or dismantling works will be
managed as described under operational phases.
7.2.4.4. Health and safety
Impact origin and characteristics: Risk of accidents and ill health as a result of the demolition
activities is likely to be experienced. This could be as a result of accidents involving from construction
equipment.
Proposed mitigation measures
 Risk of accidents and ill health as a result of the demolition activities is likely to be experienced.
This could be as a result of accidents involving from construction equipment.
 Risk of accidents and ill health as a result of demolition activities shall be mitigated by ensuring
that appropriate health and safety measures are applied in all activities; fencing all unsafe and
dangerous areas; and continuous monitoring of environmental health (air quality, water quality,
vegetation, noise) at all main receptor points around the site until site handover.
7.2.5. Cumulative of impacts on environment
The proposed undertaking may have direct and indirect cumulative beneficial and adverse impacts on
the physical environment. Socio economic impacts of the proposed undertaking should also be
considered in terms of change in demographic characteristics, social network and employment of the

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impacted community .The proposed processed Light chemical products manufacturing site is situated
in Oromia Regional State, Bishoftu city administration, Dukem Sub city, and administration. The
Project is expected to have synergistic impact on the industrial production system and would contribute
positively to the processed Light chemical products manufacturing plant by reducing the gap between
existing supply and demand that was long overdue. The cumulative impacts of establishment of the
project will be positive contribution to sustainable development and promotion of the quality of
microenvironment as well as macro environment and improvement in quality of the socioeconomic-
environment. The cumulative environmental & social impacts likely to occur as a result of the proposed
development could be on:-
 Socio economic `
 Natural resource
 Ecology
 Air quality
 Noise and vibration
 Community health and safety:
 Traffic
8. ENVIRONMENTAL& SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.1. Overview
Environmental management plan is generally used as the basis for establishing the environmental
behavior that the project requires during construction, operational & demolition stages. It identifies all
measures considered to the institute in the handling of Light chemical products manufacturing plant
project generated environmental impacts. These include:
 A mitigation program with mechanisms and actions to minimize negative environmental impacts
during operational & decommission stage.
 A compensation program with measures for designing activities to restore the environment;
 A risk- and accident prevention program linked to the project
 A contingency program in response to risk manifestations;
 A monitoring program to complement and verify environmental behavior of the project;
 A public-participation program that involves stakeholders; and
 A training program to adequately meet human-resource needs.

Figure 3: Diagram of the Environmental Management Plan

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 43

The project has to incorporate environmental management system in its daily operations and, its EMP
is implemented, maintained and updated in a manner that is consistent with a nationally recognized
standard. The Environmental management issues outlined in this EMP will be used to manage all
environmental aspects of the operations activities over which the project has to control or which its
activities can reasonably influence.
8.2. Community Engagement
Good relations with the community should be promoted by implementing an action plan that aims to
provide timely response to any enquiries, concerns or complaints about operation of the company. The
company should have a role in the consultation and disclosure process during operation particularly
regarding disclosure of information related to effluents, public health and safety; and reporting results
of environmental monitoring. The company should continue to remain in contact with company
stakeholders during the period of operation, for as long as it is an effective two-way channel for
communication. In time, as a long-term presence in the region, the company has to develop additional
formal contacts. With time, the company promoter may develop other local relationships and channels
of communication that could benefit the local area. Ongoing stakeholder consultation will allow the
company to receive and respond to community concerns on an ongoing basis. The Community
Engagement Plan (CEP) should be designed on the following principles:

 A Community Liaison Officer needs to be appointed.

 The Community Liaison Officer should initiate the CEP through consultation with key
stakeholders identified during community consultation;
 A formal CEP needs to be produced and documented in consultation with all key stakeholders and
the support of a specialized socio-economic consultant;
 The development of a communication strategy for the CEP with the support of a public relations
firm or the support of a specialized socio-economic consultant;
 The CEP has to be monitored and evaluated by independent consultants alongside specified
milestones;
 Professional monitoring and evaluation will contribute to maintaining the CEP as a dynamic and
community-based engagement plan, and will ensure it is reviewed and amended as the company
evolves through its cycle.
 Through the Community Liaison Officer, the company has to implement a community grievance
mechanism allowing community members to raise their concerns about any environmental or social
concerns that they may have with regard to the company.
 It is likely that, the company promoter should take responsibility for the implementation of the
ongoing CEP.
8.3. Capacity Building /Training
Environmental training and awareness for all staffs of the institution is important, since virtually all
aspects of the company operations can have environmental implications. To help ensure continual
improvement in environmental performance, it also recommended that all staffs play a role, not just
those staff specifically responsible for environmental aspects of an operation. Site-specific procedures
should be developed and implemented to identify environmental training needs and ensure that all
personnel receive environmental training. It should incorporate
 General awareness training for employees and service providers, where the training includes but is
not limited to:
 The organization's environmental program, including the environmental policy and relevant
environmental practices;

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 44

 Regulatory obligations; and
 Environmental emergencies procedures, including spill prevention, reporting, response and
evacuation procedures;
 Benefits associated with environmental training and awareness programs, includes:
 Ownership of and commitment to environmental management at all levels of the workforce;
 a sustained, measurable improvement in environmental performance in both the individual and
business unit level;
 An improved capacity to manage future environmental issues and to minimize environmental risk;
 improved understanding on the part of management and employees of how specific activities affect
the environment;
 The development of management and employee skills resulting in cost-effective environmental
solutions;
 Management attention that is focused on the areas of greatest environmental impact and risk, and
action on those areas;
 A responsible image presented to employees and the community; and
 A reduced potential of an environmental incident.
8.4. Management and coordination
Although the company has shown is keen interest in environmental management practices and have
certain plans to adopt preventive measures from the environmental point of view, it can be said that any
weakness in organizational structure, management, communication, leak in information and
coordination may lead to environment risk. Therefore, to tackle those probable challenges /problems,
following are some of the guiding principles:
 Ensure that management authorities have access to high quality, up-to-date and relevant data for
decision making.
 Ensure that staff associated with the company its environmental unit must have access to the
relevant data for the implementation of EMP.
 Promote involvement of all associated groups, management authorities and associated staff in the
management plan process.
 Ensure highest level possible of liaison and co-ordination between the company and stake holders
 Ensure all the monitoring details should be received by the relevant regulatory authority
accordingly for their review and feedback.
8.5. Revision of Environmental Management Plan
The company representative and environmental coordinator will review this EMP to ensure it is
appropriate and is being implemented effectively. Changes may arise from a change of scope, the
institution internal audits, and comments or from opportunities for improvement. the plan will then to
be updated to reflect any changes which have occurred. The revised document and the input which led
to the revisions to be reviewed by the company representative, approved by him/her and then forwarded
to the company headquarter for record. Controlled copies of this plan should be updated. The planned
target dates (or frequencies) at which the EMP will be subject to formal review and the personnel who
will participate in the review has to be documented and maintained maintain as a record.

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 45

Table 5. Environmental & social Management Plan
5.1. Construction phase Environmental & social Management Plan
Description of Impacts Mitigation measures Responsible Time Cost/ETB
Body
30,000.00
Impact on soil erosion and water Project Manager Construction phase
Soil Stabilization, careful movement o f materials, equipment and vehicles, refurbishment
logging &Contractor
works using the soils displaced during the digging of foundations trenches , confining
vehicular movements to specific areas

Extraction and Use of Building Project Manager Construction phase Part of

Source building materials from local suppliers, ordering/utilizing actual construction
Materials &Contractor construction cost
material only and minimizing damage through proper storage.

Noise pollution and vibration Project Manager Construction phase Part of

proper management of construction vehicles and machinery to switch off engines of vehicles
&Contractor construction &
or machinery not being used,
green area
development cost
the Use quiet equipment ,trees plantation to create buffer zone against noise propagation
and Promotion of noise reduction measures

Description of Impacts Mitigation measures Responsible Time Cost

Body
Impacts on air quality Project Manager Construction phase Part of
provision of effective dust screen,
&Contractor construction cost
application of water when necessary

Soil stabilizers on all unpaved access roads, vehicle speed management, proper management
and maintenance of construction equipment and machineries and sensitization of truck
drivers and machine operators to avoid unnecessary racing of engines.
Disposal of Solid Waste Project Manager Construction phase 30,000.00
Use of an integrated solid waste management system i.e. Source reduction, Recycling, & Contractor
Reuse, Combustion and Sanitary land filling.

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Impact on Landscape
Project Manager Construction phase 35,000.00
Integration and Protection of Lay out green areas and gardens to make the site more pleasant (preferably using indigenous
&Contractor (For green area
Natural Resources plants)
development)
Attention to environmental recommendations in laying out the building

Surface and Ground Water Project Manager Construction phase Part of

proper disposal of construction debris
Hydrology and Water Quality &Contractor construction cost
Degradation
hazardous substance control systems and emergency response plans

Description of Impacts Mitigation measures Responsible Time Cost

Body
Energy resource utilization Project One-off Part of
monitor energy use and set targets for efficient energy use management construction cost
Continuous

Increased Insecurity Project One-off Part of

Ensure the general safety and security at all times by providing day and night security guards management construction cost
and adequate lighting within and around the construction site. Continuous

Increased traffic, Project Manager Throughout Part of

Use the designated Entry/Exit to the project site and Site Foreman construction period construction cost
Obstruction /contractor
Cover all trucks hauling soil, sand and other loose materials

Access to driveways will be maintained at all times

Workers accidents and public Project manager operation phases
The Proponent shall be committed to adherence to the occupational health and safety rules
safety
and regulations 35,000.00
5.2. Operational phase Environmental & social Management Plan
Description of Mitigation measures Responsible Time Cost
Impacts Body

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 47

solid wastes  Provision & Labeling of Waste bins to facilitate segregation of waste, for collection, transportation Project manager operation phases 40,000.00
generation adverse and disposal.
impacts  Separation of domestic and hazardous waste at the source shall be strictly enforced.
 Where possible, wastes should be re-used or recycled.
 Burning of waste will not be permitted
 All personnel will be trained in the appropriate management of waste
 Implementation and monitoring of effective waste management system
 Designation of temporary waste storage sites prior to final disposal
 Provision of PPE for site workers and ensure use
 Regular cleaning of drainage channel, disposal bins and/or disposal site
 Regular internal environmental audit

Industrial Waste  Prevent contamination of ground, and storm water runoff by bounding all oil storage tanks, Project manager operation phases/ 30,000.00
water Generation  Segregate process water, rainwater and indirect cooling water streams to reduce the hydraulic once
loading to sewers
 Collection of all waste water from all utilities and properly recycling the water used for machine &
light chemicalcooling.

Domestic Waste septic tank construction Project Construction 30,000.00

Water generation management phases

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Description Mitigation measures Responsible Time Cost
of Impacts Body
Emission to Air  Installation of a dust collector for a grinding station Project Manager Decommission phases 50,000.00
 use of wet de-dusting systems, appropriate ventilation with filters, gas balancing systems, cyclones,
filters, and wet or alkali scrubbers;
 Minimization of the escape of dust from the process equipment or the ventilation
 Proper assessment on maintaining ambient air quality standards
 Implementation of green belt
 Improving engine technology/ the use natural gas engines
 Using low emission fuel and engine alternatives
 Using better gas and particle capture technology
Increased Storm  Drainage channels shall be installed in all areas that generate or receive surface water. Project manager operation phases 50,000.00
Water Flow  The channels will be covered with gratings or other suitably approved materials
 The channels shall be designed with regard to speak volumes.
 Paving of the sidewalks, parking and other open areas shall be done using pervious materials i.e
.concrete blocks to encourage water percolation thus reducing run-off volume
 Rain water harvesting can serve as a solution

Noise pollution  Monitor the variations in noise levels in the noisy areas Project operation phases 20,000.00
 Reduce noise at its source proponent/
 Relocate noisy machines to an isolated area or away from the building and its surrounding Project manager
 Inform the staff of the long-term health effects linked to noise pollution
 Provide the employees who are exposed to high noise levels with individual ear protection.

Increased Traffic  Train or aware the drivers and workers about traffic rules and regulation Building operation phases 8,000.00
 Put in different traffic signage on the appropriate place Management
 Set Plan and Schedule time for entrance and exit vehicles, trucks and workers and
 Participating in local road maintenance and supervision Traffic/Parking
attendant
50,000

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 49

Increased  Implement switch-off programs and installing sensors to turn off or power down lights and equipment Project operation phases Part of
energy when not in use; management investment cost
consumption  Improve insulation on heating or cooling systems and pipe work;
 Favor more energy-efficient equipment;
 Improve maintenance to optimize energy efficiency of equipment;
 Maintain optimal combustion efficiencies on steam and hot water boilers;
 Eliminate steam leaks;

Health Risk of  Equip workers with the necessary personal protective first aid medication facilities. Project operation phases 50,000.00
Workers  Regular workers health check-up management
Safety of  Maintaining safe workplaces, plant and work systems;
Workers  Providing information, instruction and training enabling employees to work without hazards;
 Consulting with employee-elected health and safety representatives and/ or other employees


Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 50

5.3 DECOMMISSIONNIG PHASE
Description of Mitigation measures Responsible Time Cost
Impacts Body

Noise and vibration Carrying out the decommissioning works only during the specified time from Project Manager Decommission phases 20,000.00
,machineries maintenance to reduce noise resulting from friction, provision of workers
with Personal Protective Equipment and shielding the area to reduce noise propagation

Decreased in Air quality Using efficient equipment and machines, using clean fuels and dust screens and removing Project Manager Decommission phases 20,000.00
components with potential of emitting hazardous gases or particulates separately and
under caution to prevent emissions

Solid waste generation . Project Decommission phases 40,000.00

Employing a waste management plan, regulation, reducing, reusing ,recycling Manager
recovering, rethinking and renovation, removing reusable and recyclable material from the
building before demolition to minimize the amount of waste and allocating
responsibilities for waste management and identifying all sources of wastes, and ensuring
wastes are handled
Health and safety Adequate training of workers on the use of the equipment, provision of workers with Project Manager Decommission phases 30,000.00
adequate PPEs , Placing visible and readable signs around where there are risks and under & HSO
taking the riskier demolition activities first and in isolation ,ensuring there is security i n
and around the site to control the movement of people

Total 518,000.00

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 51

9. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN & AUDITING PROGRAM
Environmental monitoring will be used as a systematic measurement of key environmental
indicators over time within particular farm locations that are identified with environmental
sensitivity. Monitoring will focus on the most significant impacts identified. The combination of
three monitoring methods needs to be used for the farm to provide the information required to
ensure that the operations at the farm has the least possible negative environmental impacts on
the people and environment.
Impact Monitoring Plan: The biophysical and socio-economical (including public health)
parameters within the farm area, must be measured during operational phases in order to detect
environmental changes, which may have occurred as a result of project implementation e.g. air
emission, dust, noise, water pollution.
Compliance Monitoring Plan: Internal audit and recording of specific environmental quality
indicators or pollution levels will be used to ensure farm compliance with recommended
environmental protection standards. Monitoring will be regular and performed over a long period
of duration and a combination of these three methods should be used to draw accurate conclusion
concerning project impact. It has to have well established monitoring system such as:

 Self-monitoring and reporting tools and adopted to carry out monitoring as per EIA rules
and regulations.
 Monitoring of all activities required to analyses the impacts of operation on the
environment
 HSE officer coordinate with the compliance manager, who will be the in charge of
monitoring procedures.
9.1. Environmental audit, reporting, Records management, and corrective actions
9.1. 1. Environmental Audit
The environmental audit is a management tool consisting of a systematic, documented, periodic
and objective evaluation of environmental performance, management systems and equipment
with the aim of firstly, facilitating management control of environmental practices and secondly,
assessing compliance with an operation’s or activity's environmental policies, including meeting
regulatory requirements. Examples include:

 internal auditing of systems and procedures for measuring, recording and reporting
performance data;
 independent validation of systems and procedures for measuring, recording, and reporting
performance data;
 Independent evaluations and commentaries by external experts regarding an organization’s
economic, environmental, and social performance and/or management processes.
It is important to establish the purpose of the audit; this will help in deciding when to audit and
what approach to use. An environmental audit can provide valuable information to help the
company to meet the agreed standards of environmental performance (which should be defined
institution policy) and stay ahead of the requirements placed on them by law.
The possible functions and benefits of an environmental audit are:
 Provision of an environmental audit report for use by an organization, or activity in dealings
with environmental groups, government and the mass media.
 Provision of information required by insurance companies, financial institutions,
shareholders and other stakeholders.
Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 52
It is also important to recognize the limitations of the audit process when deciding to conduct an
environmental audit. the following points may be helpful to remember in this respect:
 an audit should not be used as a chance to tell the audited unit how to do their job;
 It is not a technical investigation in itself (although can be used in support).
 It should not be used to provide a public statement of performance (although it may be used
to back up and support any such statements made).
Therefore, the company’s environmental audits needs to follow the company’s quality
management plan based on the checklist. Using the environmental inspection checklist, the
environmental coordinator will carry out monthly checks to ensure the service delivery is
complying with the EMP. in January and June of each year, the environmental coordinator
should use the checklists to prepare a summary of environmental performance for the designated
upper level management who will present it to the health center representative.
9. 1.2. Environmental reporting and corrective actions
Environmental reporting: reporting is a management tool which assists the monitoring and
assessment of the performance of a process or system. The quality, usefulness, and credibility of
reporting can be enhanced by verification and validation. Independent verification, for example
it provides an additional level of assurance in regard to the reliability and completeness of an
external environmental report and enhances the quality, usefulness, and credibility of
information used within the hospital and the underlying management systems and processes.
The environmental coordinator will submit the report to the company representative within the
times shown in the contract management plan:

 a report on each occasion when the site is visited by environment, forest & climate change
commission, purpose and outcome of the visit and of all actions being taken by the company
in response to comments by visiting authorities.
 a report of any incident resulting in failure to meet environmental obligations, the immediate
action taken to alleviate the problem and the proposed measures to prevent the occurrence of
a similar incident
 A summary report of environmental performance evaluations at intervals of six months.
table 8: monitoring and reporting responsibilities
Respective overall environmental performance of the discussions with company
environmental company manager
regulatory
authority
company proponent monitoring the implementation of EMP regular environmental
overall environmental performance of the progress reports to
company stakeholders

company/ site operational methods and materials regular environmental

implementation of mitigating measures for air, progress reports to
manager
water, odor, etc. Respective environmental
environmental management of work sites regulatory authority
develop waste management plan
rehabilitation of abandoned worksites incident reports as and
when required
performance of equipment

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 53

 Accidents ( rock falls, pollution spills, etc.) (Pollution, accidents, etc.) by
local authority
negative social and environmental impacts
environmental performance of maintenance records
equipment
accidents reports
implementation of mitigating measures
mitigating actions
occupational health and safety plan
traffic and worksite accidents report
air quality
local authorities negative social and environmental impacts complaints to company
manager

Corrective actions: the company has to use a formal corrective action process to ensure that
actual or potential compliance issues and ems non-conformities are addressed quickly and
effectively. The management representative assigns responsibility for taking action to correct
each actual or potential compliance issue or non-conformity identified in a compliance
assessment or an internal assessment to an appropriate manager or employee. Together they fill
out the “statement of the problem” using corrective action form. The person responsible then
undertakes the corrective action required, calling upon the management representative, the items
committee, and others for assistance as necessary. The responsible person and the management
representative fill out the “completion of corrective action” part of the corrective action notice
when corrective action is complete. Whenever significant problems in the functioning of the ems
are identified, monitoring will be done primarily through the internal assessment process. the
management representative (environmental coordinator) called out to the incident/accident will
ensure that the incident is documented and the company responds as set down there. Corrective
action has to be recorded using format specified on the form; records have to be maintained by
the environmental coordinator.

9.1.3. Records management

The company has to hold the following records for at least 5 years and has to be accessible to the
company director and to the respective regulatory authority.

 details of qualifications to be held by individuals primarily responsible for environmental

monitoring,
 monitoring/inspection reports,
 internal and external audit reports,
 reports of pollution incidents, other environmental non-conformances, complaints and
follow-up action,
 minutes of EMP management review meetings,
 evidence of action taken as a result of such meetings/events,
 induction and training records, records of monitoring against compliance limits

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 54

Table 8.Environmental Monitoring plan

Parameters Indicator Measuremen Responsible body Means of Time/Frequency Stage Cost / ETB
to be t verification, MOV
monitored

Water Water meter reading Rating of Site Manager / Report / inspection Monthly operational 30,000.00
utility water environmentalist
consumption

Energy Practice of energy saving techniques Rating of Site Manager / Report/ inspection Monthly operational Part of
utility energy environmentalist management
consumption cost

Ambient Regular air Quality monitoring No of Project management & Report/inspection Quarterly Construction, 30,000.00
Air quality complaints Regulatory Authority operation &
No of material spillage on road from / environmentalist/ Decommission
neighbors H&S officer

Raw Amount of Site Manager/ Budget report Throughout Constriction Part of

No of local suppliers sourced, planned
Materials raw material contractor reconstruction/ma management
utilization and Minimal damage of raw Report/inspection
Demand used intenance cost
materials

Parameters Indicator Measuremen Responsible body Means of Time/Frequency Stage Cost / ETB
to be t verification, MOV
monitored

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 55

Noise and Noise Survey Noise Project management & Report/inspection Monthly Construction, 15,000.00
vibration intensity Regulatory Authority / operational &
Audit Report in line with guideline Noise measurement environmentalist/ H&S Decommission
levels measured during demolishing and officer
reconstruction

No of complaints

Provision of PPE

No of Noise complaints

Contract licensed waste handlers waste waste disposal Site inspection Weekly Decommission , 50,000.00
Solid waste
collection contractors / Project Construction &
Waste disposal at designated area/land fill facility management / Waste management operational
area environmentalist plan &
implementation
No of reports of illegal waste dumping report
Equipment availability (bins, signs, PPE
setc.)

Parameters Indicator Measuremen Responsible body Means of Time/Frequency Stage Cost / ETB
to be t verification, MOV
monitored
Soil quality PH, EC, exchange cation capacity, sodium Soil quality Project management & Soil test analysis in Bi annually operational 70,000.00
Absorption ratio, water holding capacity test Regulatory Authority / spill occurrence phase
phosphors, copper, Zinc, iron, calcium, environmentalist areas
magnesium, sodium, potassium, boron,
nitrogen, porosity, permeability,
infiltration capacity, bulk density, organic
content, texture, etc…

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 56

Water Efficient waste water management Water quality Building management Annual audit report Quarterly operational 30,000.00
quality Quarterly effluent test test & waste disposal Water quality
Waste generation segregation contractors / / analysis
environmentalist

Occupation OSH training records Visual Hospital management Report Weekly Decommission , 35,000.00
al Health & Safety and healthy audits observations & HSO Construction &
safety Provision of 1st aid boxes and fie and daily operational
frightening equipment’s hazard/accide
Material safety data sheets nt records
Issuance of
HSE report
External Auditing 60,000.00

Training of employees on EMP & EA 25,000.00

Total 275,000.00

Light chemical Manufacturing Factory Page 57

10. Budget summary for management and monitoring plan
To execute the proposed mitigation measure and to deal with the expected impacts of the project,
the project proponent greed to allocate an estimated annual budget of The total investment cost
of the project is estimated to be birr 170,000,000.00 of as per the prevailing construction cost for
industrial building cost, for land grade and paving and the cost of fencing, electric, and water line
installation, the total cost of building and civil works in general.

Furthermore the company wills also from a unit of an environmentalist (appropriate consultant)
to implement the environmental & social management plan in accordance of the schedule. The
company believes that EMP needs close follow up of mainly the Federal and Regional EPA
offices and other respective District offices. Furthermore, the project proponent will seriously
monitor the proper implementation of the environmental& social management plan. The project
will also report to the respective regulatory authorities, every six month regarding the
implementation of the management plan of the project. The budget breakdown required to
implement the management plan is outlined above.
11. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
11.1. Conclusions
The ESIA Study of establishment Light chemical products manufacturing located in the Oromia
Regional State, Bishoftu city administration, Dukem Sub city administration, has identified the
key environmental& social aspects that need to be attended. Mitigation measures for the likely
impact during construction, operation and decommissioning of the structures have been
suggested. Environmental & social Management Plan that includes environmental Performance
Monitoring has been proposed to ensure that:

 The structures and materials for construction and raw materials as well as machinery,
equipment and accessories required for the production of Light chemical products
manufacturing products conform to recommended standards and follow standard practice of
civil works and industrial operations respectively.
 The Project site is not considered environmentally sensitive and the measures recommended
to adequately mitigate the impact on the environment with careful monitoring on a regular
basis, will ensure no permanent adverse impacts.
 The mitigation measures are deemed adequate for the marginal impacts identified.
 The proposed project, when commissioned, would become an integral part of the
microenvironment of Oromia Regional State, Bishoftu city administration, Dukem Sub city
administration. The environmental & social Management plan proposed in this report would
govern its environmental performance. Additionally, the project proponent has been
committed to the proposed Environmental & social Management & Monitoring Plan by
allocating the budget. Furthermore, the environmental safeguards have to be monitored by
concerned regulatory authorities. Due diligence, with mandatory coordination among various
stakeholders, will further ensure mitigation of any adverse impacts.
Hence, ESIA for the establishment of Light chemical products manufacturing at Oromia
Regional State, Bishoftu city administration, Dukem Sub city, administration, finds that:
 Environmental parameters related to the processes and operations of the project have been
reviewed and found to suggest that the air-shed of the proposed site for Light chemical
products manufacturing project falls in the “unpolluted” category. Addition of a small quality
of air emissions will not degrade the air quality of the air-shed.
 The solid wastes to be reutilized and recycled for different purposes.
Thus the establishment of the Light chemical products manufacturing project would:

 Have only marginal impacts on its own microenvironment

 Environmental & social Management and Monitoring Plan have been proposed besides
defining the Environmental Management responsibility, so that, the environmental
performance conforms to the assertions suggested in this environmental impact
assessment report.
Based on the findings of the environmental & social assessment, it is reasonable to conclude that
the environmental & social impacts of establishment of Light chemicalproducts manufacturing at
Oromia Regional State, Bishoftu city , Dukem Wereda administration will be minor, of low
magnitude, low intensity and low sensitivity; only the change in the land use that has been found
to have high magnitude and long term. Such impacts could be duly mitigated by incorporating
the suggested measures. Implementing the environmental & social management plan (ESMP),

Page 59
which forms an integral part of the ESIA process, should ensure the environmental compliance
of the project. Therefore, it is safe to recommend approval of the findings since the
manufacturing factory meets the provisions of sustainability principles in providing the benefits
of economic gains while sustainably modifying the social and physical environment.

Page 60
11.2. Recommendation:
The following are some of important recommendations forwarded by the consultant:
 The proponent should implement the proposed impact mitigation measures and develop
environmental management system at its company level by realizing the proposed budget
and appointing environmental focal person.
 Light chemicalproducts manufacturing project needs to adopt the most advanced technology
for both process operation and pollution control.
 The process operation needs to be automated and the process control should also be
computerized.
 The proponent should develop environmental management system at its company level and
introduce proper environmental management plan by allocating adequate budget and
appropriate experts.
 Provision of proper personal safety device to his employees for employees’ health
protection, submission of regularly report to the regulatory authority and notification about
the occurrences of unforeseen events, outstanding issues that might arise during the project
implementation, and appropriate measures taken accordingly,
 There is a need to make all the necessary arrangement with regulatory authority for joint
field monitoring of the Environmental & social performance of the project, and undertake
environmental audit, present audit report annually.

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References
1. Hm Generel trading PLC (Light chemicalproducts manufacturing project proposal),
Oromia regional State, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 1/1995.Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
5. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document: Environmental
Assessment and Management; EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
7. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
8. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for reviewing environmental impact study reports (final drafts),
Addis Ababa.
9. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The conservation strategies of Ethiopia, Vlume1. The resource base,
its utilization and planning for sustainability, Addis Ababa.

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