PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MIDTERMS: THIRD QUARTER REVIEWER
HOW THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER RELATE TO THEIR Melting point
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
the temperature at which a solid turn into
Polarity liquid
means having dipoles, a positive and a Boiling point
negative end
the temperature at which a liquid turns
Based on polarity, molecules can be polar
into gas
or nonpolar
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
Polar molecules
ATTRACTION
have dipoles
Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces
Their dipole moments do not add up to
present between molecules. Generally, they are
zero (or do not cancel out)
called van der Waals forces, named after the
Water and carbon monoxide
Dutch scientist Johannes van der Waals.
are examples of polar molecules
London dispersion forces
Nonpolar molecules
present in all molecules
do not have positive or negative ends
caused by fluctuations in the electron
Their dipole moments add up to zero (they
distribution within atoms or molecules
cancel out)
weak type of IMFA
Carbon tetrachloride and methane are
examples of nonpolar molecules Dipole-dipole forces
YOU CAN TELL IF A MOLECULE IS POLAR OR attractive forces between polar molecules
NONPOLAR BASED ON result of the electrical interactions among
dipoles on neighboring molecules
a) its structure or shape
moderately strong type of IMFA
b) the polarity of the individual bonds present in
Hydrogen bonding
the molecule
a special kind of dipole-dipole force
THE PROPERTIES OF A MOLECULE BASED ON ITS
an attractive force between a hydrogen
POLARITY
atom of one molecule and a highly
Solubility (“like dissolves like”) electronegative atom (O, N, or F) of
another molecule
ability of a substance to dissolve in a given
strongest type of IMFA
amount of solvent at a specified
temperature
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MIDTERMS: THIRD QUARTER REVIEWER
PROPERTIES DEPENDENT ON IMFA Alloys
Surface Tension are combinations of one or more metals
held together by metallic bonds
is the tendency of a fluid to acquire the
They contain atoms that have different
least possible surface area
sizes, which distort the regular
Molecules with stronger intermolecular
arrangement of atoms
forces will exert greater cohesive forces
and acquire less surface area (higher Pure metals
surface tension) than those with weaker
can also be used as implants
IMFA
Titanium is used because of its high
Viscosity resistance to corrosion and superior
biocompatibility
is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to
flow Ceramics
Molecules with stronger intermolecular
are nonmetallic, inorganic solids with ionic
forces have greater resistance to flow, and
or covalent bonds
thus, higher viscosity compared to those
They are commonly used in dental
with weaker IMFA
implants, such as crowns, cement, and
Vapor Pressure dentures
They are hard, inert, and durable materials
is the pressure exerted by a vapor in
equilibrium with its liquid phase in a closed Polymers
system
are molecules with a large number of
Molecules with stronger intermolecular
repeating units of covalently bonded chain
forces have less tendency to escape as
of atoms
gas, and thus lower vapor pressure
A common polymer used in implants is
compared to those with weaker IMFA
silicone
MATERIALS USED FOR MEDICAL IMPLANTS
THE IDEAS OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS ON THE ATOM
A medical implant is a chemical substance or a
The Invisible Atom
device used to replace, support, or improve a part
of the human body Democritus of Abdera (460-370 B.C.) and
his teacher Leucippus of Miletus (c.500
Metals
B.C.) were Greek scholars who believed
have particles that are held together by that matter could be divided into tiny
strong metallic bonds particles until such point where it can no
They are strong and durable longer be divided anymore
They are also good conductors of
electricity because of the free-flowing
electrons
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MIDTERMS: THIRD QUARTER REVIEWER
Aristotle’s Opposing View on Atoms Quantum Mechanical Model
He did not believe that matter is a a nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of
collection of atoms electrons called orbitals
Instead, he believed that everything in the
Moseley’s X-ray Spectroscopy
universe is made up of the four elements,
air, fire, water, and earth number, protons the number of in an determines
most of atom, the properties of an element.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
AND ITS SUBATOMIC PARTICLES HOW THE ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE UNIVERSE WERE
FORMED
Joseph John Thomson
Physical science
plum pudding model
His model consisted of negatively charged A branch of natural science that studies
particles (plum) spread evenly throughout non – living systems, in contrast to life
the positively charged material (pudding) science
The small, negatively charged particles are
Cosmology
called electrons
A branch of astronomy that involves the
Ernest Rutherford
origin and evolution of the universe, from
established the planetary model which the Big Bang to today and on into the
described the atom as small, dense, and future
has a positively charged core called the
3 Cosmic stages
nucleus.
Big Bang Stellar Stellar
Inside the nucleus are positively charged
nucleosynthesis formation explosion, or
particles called the protons
and supernova
James Chadwick evolution
proved the existence of the neutron, which
is also situated in the nucleus together with Big Bang Theory
the proton Explains how the elements were initially
Bohr’s Atomic Model formed the formation of different elements
involved many nuclear reactions, including
Opposing that the electrons orbit around fusion, fission and radioactive decay
the nucleus in set energy levels
An electron absorbs energy if it moves STAGES OF THE BIG BANG THEORY
from lower to higher energy level, and it Singularity
emits energy if it returns to the lower
energy level A point in space and/ or a moment in time
where the universe was infinitely hot and
dense
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MIDTERMS: THIRD QUARTER REVIEWER
Inflation
A theory of exponential expansion of space
in the Early universe
Nucleosynthesis
The process that creates new atomic
nuclei from pre-existing nucleons,
Atomic mass (A)
primarily protons and neutrons
Is equal to the sum of the number of
Recombination
protons and neutrons
Refers to the epoch at which charged
Isotope
electrons and protons first became bound
to form electrically neutral hydrogen Refers to atoms with the same atomic
atoms number but different atomic masses
Different number of neutrons
Annihilation
Ions
It is a reaction in which a particle and its
antiparticle collide and disappear, Which are positive or negatively charged
releasing energy particles, have the same number of
protons in different number of electrons
Redshift
Fusion
The displacement of spectral lines toward
longer wavelengths in radiation from combination or to fuse together
distant galaxies and celestial objects
Fission
Cosmic Microwave background (CMB)
separation or splitting of particles
Is electromagnetic radiation left over from
THE NUCLEAR REACTIONS INVOLVED IN THE
an early stage of the universe in Big Bang
SYNTHESIS OF NEW ELEMENTS
cosmology
Transuranium elements
ALL ABOUT ATOM
are elements whose atomic numbers are
The smallest unit of matter that have all
greater than 92
the properties of an element
They are all unstable and undergo
Atomic number (Z) radioactive decay
Indicates the number of protons in an Nuclear decay reaction
atom
also known as radioactive decay, is a
reaction in which the nucleus emits
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MIDTERMS: THIRD QUARTER REVIEWER
radiation and transforms into a new
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
nucleus
The groups in the periodic table are the vertical
FORMATION OF LIGHT AND HEAVY ELEMENTS
columns (1–18). Elements in the same group have
The origin of light elements similar chemical properties because they have
the same number of valence electrons (electrons
1. Big Bang or Primordial nucleosynthesis
in the outermost shell)
Refers to the process of producing the
“light elements” shortly after the Big Bang MAIN GROUPS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
2. Stellar nucleosynthesis
Group 1: Alkali Metals (Li, Na, K, etc.)
The process that creates new atomic
nucleus from preexisting nucleons, which is Highly reactive, especially with water
proton neutrons
1 valence electron
ORIGIN OF HEAVIER ELEMENTS
Soft metals, low melting points
Heavy elements were formed only billions of years
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals (Be, Mg, Ca, etc.)
after the formation of stars
Reactive, but less than Group 1
Stars are hot and dense enough to burn hydrogen
to helium 2 valence electrons
Nuclear synthesis pathways to produce heavy Harder and denser than alkali metals
elements:
Group 3-12: Transition Metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, etc.)
Carbon – nitrogen –oxygen cycle
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Proton – proton fusion
Triple alpha process Often form colorful compounds
Elements heavier than iron cannot be formed Variable oxidation states
through fusion as tremendous amounts of
Group 13: Boron Group (B, Al, Ga, etc.)
energy are needed for the reaction to occur
3 valence electrons
Supernova
Includes metals and metalloids
The explosive death of a star
In supernova, neutron capture reaction Aluminum is the most abundant metal in
takes place, leading to formation of heavy Earth's crust
elements
Group 14: Carbon Group (C, Si, Ge, etc.)
Adding neutrons to a nucleus does not
change an element 4 valence electrons
Contains nonmetals (C), metalloids (Si,
Ge), and metals (Sn, Pb)
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
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Group 15: Nitrogen Group (N, P, As, etc.) Location: Along the "stair-step"
between metals & nonmetals
5 valence electrons
Have both metallic &
Metalloids
Includes gases (N), metalloids (As), and nonmetallic properties
metals (Bi) semi-conductors (used in
electronics)
Group 16: Oxygen Group (O, S, Se, etc.) -
Chalcogens
Location: Middle of the periodic
6 valence electrons table
Good conductors of heat &
Essential for life (oxygen) Transition
electricity
Metals
Group 17: Halogens (F, Cl, Br, etc.) High melting & boiling points
Form colored compounds
7 valence electrons
Have multiple oxidation states
Highly reactive nonmetals
Often form salts with alkali metals
Group 18: Noble Gases (He, Ne, Ar, etc.)
8 valence electrons (except He with 2)
Very stable and unreactive
The periodic table is broadly divided into Metals,
Nonmetals, Metalloids, and Transition Metals
based on their properties
Location: Groups 1-12, and some in
Groups 13-16
Good conductors of heat &
electricity
Metals Malleable (can be hammered into
sheets)
Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
High melting & boiling points
Shiny (lustrous)
Location: Groups 14-18 (plus
Hydrogen in Group 1)
Poor conductors (insulators)
Nonmetals
Brittle if solid
Low melting & boiling points
Dull (not shiny)
