1.

The underlying fault, the Nankai megathrust, is the source of the devastating Nankai megathrust earthqu
A. The area was originally a basin (Shikoku Basin) with active hydrothermal activity during its formation
B. The underlying fault, the Nankai megathrust, is the source of the devastating Nankai megathrust ear
C. Its thermal history is complex due to multiple heating events or property changes.
D. There are indications of an increase in the retention of porosity within the rock.

2. The Nankai Trough (■■■■■, Nankai Torafu, Southern Sea Trough) is a submarine trough located sout
A. Deformation is concentrated in the outermost imbricate zone, with a significant amount of "out of seq
B. The Nankai Trough (■■■■■, Nankai Torafu, Southern Sea Trough) is a submarine trough located s
C. The rupture zone has been subdivided into five areas with respect to seismic modelling (Mitsui et al.
D. Furthermore, the short period seismicity appears to have some degree of dependency on bathymetr

3. In plate tectonics, the Nankai Trough marks a subduction zone that is caused by subduction of the Philip
A. Recent large scale earthquakes resulting from subduction along the Nankai Trough have occurred in
B. The information concerning the gas hydrates in the Nankai Trough was initially published in 2000 by
C. However, a more recent study that included the Philippine Sea plate was based on data from the NU
D. In plate tectonics, the Nankai Trough marks a subduction zone that is caused by subduction of the P

4. The rates of movement have been calculated to be in a range of 3.0 ± 1.8 mm/yr to 11.1 ± 1.7 mm/yr (S
A. These five subdivisions show interesting differences in earthquake behavior: frequency of earthquak
B. Within the Nankai Trough there is a large amount of deformed trench sediments (Ike, 2004), making
C. The rates of movement have been calculated to be in a range of 3.0 ± 1.8 mm/yr to 11.1 ± 1.7 mm/y
D. However, using the Eurasia to North America plate motion, the estimated rate was 2–4 mm/yr (DeM

5. Furthermore, there is a geothermal alteration of the smectite, converting it to illite clay (Steurer et al., 20
A. Based on the work of Operto et al., 2006, several areas of intense tectonic activity in the Nankai Tro
B. This is not in agreement with the REVEL model, seemingly indicating that the NUVEL-1A model ma
C. The Nankai Trough is actively deforming and marks a region of seismic activity.
D. Furthermore, there is a geothermal alteration of the smectite, converting it to illite clay (Steurer et al.

6. Recently there has been an increase in interest in the release of water from illite clays in subducting sed
A. There was also underground fluid flow with the fluids being much hotter than the present-day tempe
B. Along the western area of the Nankai Trough, seismicity appears to be related to irregularities in cru
C. The detrital clays, primarily smectite, display variation over time and location in the Nankai Trough a
D. Recently there has been an increase in interest in the release of water from illite clays in subducting
7. At depth in the ocean bottoms, in some cases water can form an ice-like solid structure that has methan
A. The underlying fault, the Nankai megathrust, is the source of the devastating Nankai megathrust ear
B. Seismically, the high bottom simulating reflectors are considered indicative of gas hydrates (Colwell
C. It has been estimated that convergent margins may contain up to two-thirds of the total gas hydrate
D. At depth in the ocean bottoms, in some cases water can form an ice-like solid structure that has me

8. Historically, the most recent large-scale earthquake to occur in the Nankai Trough was in 1944 off the K
A. Other interesting results of the pressure measurements were the pressure changes that resulted fro
B. The underlying fault, the Nankai megathrust, is the source of the devastating Nankai megathrust ear
C. Rapid sedimentation resulted in a greater retention of heat.
D. Historically, the most recent large-scale earthquake to occur in the Nankai Trough was in 1944 off th

9. There are indications of an increase in the retention of porosity within the rock.
A. Recent large scale earthquakes resulting from subduction along the Nankai Trough have occurred in
B. There are indications of an increase in the retention of porosity within the rock.
C. However, a more recent study that included the Philippine Sea plate was based on data from the NU
D. Methane-rich horizons have been identified as areas of higher attenuation of sonic frequencies (10 t

10. The age determination of the iodine indicated multiple methane sources.
A. The age determination of the iodine indicated multiple methane sources.
B. Methane-rich horizons have been identified as areas of higher attenuation of sonic frequencies (10 t
C. Several thrust faults were identified by Operto et al., 2006, of which the thrust faults closest to the su
D. The data in the news release came from a series of boreholes what were started in the late 1990s.

11. This was concluded by Kanda et al., 2004, through inversion analysis of seismic data.
A. Using recent ocean bottom seismograph studies, it has been determined that most of the seismicity
B. This was concluded by Kanda et al., 2004, through inversion analysis of seismic data.
C. Seismically, the high bottom simulating reflectors are considered indicative of gas hydrates (Colwell
D. The northern part of the trough is known as the Suruga Trough, while to the east is the Sagami Trou

12. The area was originally a basin (Shikoku Basin) with active hydrothermal activity during its formation.
A. This study estimates that subduction in the Nankai Trough is about 43 mm/yr.
B. At depth there is an increase in the smectite clay content in the sediments, inferring that there has b
C. The area was originally a basin (Shikoku Basin) with active hydrothermal activity during its formation
D. Deformation is concentrated in the outermost imbricate zone, with a significant amount of "out of seq
13. Based on the work of Operto et al., 2006, several areas of intense tectonic activity in the Nankai Troug
A. Based on the work of Operto et al., 2006, several areas of intense tectonic activity in the Nankai Tro
B. At depth there is an increase in the smectite clay content in the sediments, inferring that there has b
C. At the targeted site, the geothermal gradient is about four times steeper than elsewhere in the Pacifi
D. The working hypothesis is that pressure changes indicate a change in the elastic strain within the fo

14. At depth there is an increase in the smectite clay content in the sediments, inferring that there has been
A. At depth there is an increase in the smectite clay content in the sediments, inferring that there has b
B. Krason, 1994, estimated that there are 0.42 to 4.2×1012 cubic meters of methane within the gas hyd
C. This was determined by drilling a series of boreholes and measuring the concentration, as well as ra
D. However, there is an anomalous preservation of porosity at depth at drill site 1173.

15. The information concerning the gas hydrates in the Nankai Trough was initially published in 2000 by th
A. There are indications of an increase in the retention of porosity within the rock.
B. Along the western area of the Nankai Trough, seismicity appears to be related to irregularities in cru
C. This plate boundary would be an oceanic trench except for a high flux of sediments that fills the tren
D. The information concerning the gas hydrates in the Nankai Trough was initially published in 2000 by

16. The Nankai Trough has been described as containing a large amount of gas hydrates and is one of the
A. Furthermore, the short period seismicity appears to have some degree of dependency on bathymetr
B. The Nankai Trough has been described as containing a large amount of gas hydrates and is one of
C. The Nankai accretionary complex is an area with high heat flow.
D. Several thrust faults were identified by Operto et al., 2006, of which the thrust faults closest to the su

17. The detrital clays, primarily smectite, display variation over time and location in the Nankai Trough as w
A. Other interesting results of the pressure measurements were the pressure changes that resulted fro
B. The detrital clays, primarily smectite, display variation over time and location in the Nankai Trough a
C. In plate tectonics, the Nankai Trough marks a subduction zone that is caused by subduction of the P
D. There was also underground fluid flow with the fluids being much hotter than the present-day tempe

18. Furthermore, seismic reflection studies have revealed the presence of basement highs that are interpre
A. In plate tectonics, the Nankai Trough marks a subduction zone that is caused by subduction of the P
B. Along the western area of the Nankai Trough, seismicity appears to be related to irregularities in cru
C. It has been estimated that convergent margins may contain up to two-thirds of the total gas hydrate
D. Furthermore, seismic reflection studies have revealed the presence of basement highs that are inter
19. This study estimates that subduction in the Nankai Trough is about 43 mm/yr.
A. In this area, the main sedimentological controls for the accumulation of gas hydrates are the sand-ri
B. At the targeted site, the geothermal gradient is about four times steeper than elsewhere in the Pacifi
C. This study estimates that subduction in the Nankai Trough is about 43 mm/yr.
D. Nevertheless as of 2014 there is no commercial exploitation.

20. IODP Expeditions drilled the accretionary complex of the Nankai Trough and reveal the thermal history
A. IODP Expeditions drilled the accretionary complex of the Nankai Trough and reveal the thermal histo
B. Deformation is concentrated in the outermost imbricate zone, with a significant amount of "out of seq
C. Drill cores from the seaward edge of the Nankai Trough (where the heat flow is one of the highest in
D. The rupture zone has been subdivided into five areas with respect to seismic modelling (Mitsui et al.

21. The northern part of the trough is known as the Suruga Trough, while to the east is the Sagami Trough
A. The northern part of the trough is known as the Suruga Trough, while to the east is the Sagami Trou
B. Rapid sedimentation resulted in a greater retention of heat.
C. At depth in the ocean bottoms, in some cases water can form an ice-like solid structure that has me
D. The working hypothesis is that pressure changes indicate a change in the elastic strain within the fo

22. The upper portion of the upper accretionary prism and the underlying backstop are currently undergoin
A. The data in the news release came from a series of boreholes what were started in the late 1990s.
B. Along the western area of the Nankai Trough, seismicity appears to be related to irregularities in cru
C. At depth in the ocean bottoms, in some cases water can form an ice-like solid structure that has me
D. The upper portion of the upper accretionary prism and the underlying backstop are currently underg

23. This area was not in the original NUVEL models (DeMets et al., 1990).
A. This area was not in the original NUVEL models (DeMets et al., 1990).
B. As mentioned previously, the NUVEL-1A plate motion model does not include the Philippine Sea pla
C. In this area, the main sedimentological controls for the accumulation of gas hydrates are the sand-ri
D. Other interesting results of the pressure measurements were the pressure changes that resulted fro

24. The Nankai Trough is the near-surface extension of a zone of active seismicity that dips beneath SW J
A. Eventually, IODP Expedition 370 reached a temperature of ~120 °C at 1.2 kilometers below the sea
B. Based on the work of Operto et al., 2006, several areas of intense tectonic activity in the Nankai Tro
C. The information concerning the gas hydrates in the Nankai Trough was initially published in 2000 by
D. The Nankai Trough is the near-surface extension of a zone of active seismicity that dips beneath SW
25. Drill cores from the seaward edge of the Nankai Trough (where the heat flow is one of the highest in th
A. The data in the news release came from a series of boreholes what were started in the late 1990s.
B. Drill cores from the seaward edge of the Nankai Trough (where the heat flow is one of the highest in
C. The Nankai Trough runs roughly parallel to the Japan Median Tectonic Line.
D. A seaward change in the pressure as measured by the borehole instruments likely indicates a relaxa

26. A seaward change in the pressure as measured by the borehole instruments likely indicates a relaxatio
A. A seaward change in the pressure as measured by the borehole instruments likely indicates a relaxa
B. The working hypothesis is that pressure changes indicate a change in the elastic strain within the fo
C. Well coring indicates the presence of at least three gas hydrate zones.
D. This study estimates that subduction in the Nankai Trough is about 43 mm/yr.

27. Well coring indicates the presence of at least three gas hydrate zones.
A. Well coring indicates the presence of at least three gas hydrate zones.
B. Eventually, IODP Expedition 370 reached a temperature of ~120 °C at 1.2 kilometers below the sea
C. This is not in agreement with the REVEL model, seemingly indicating that the NUVEL-1A model ma
D. Furthermore, the short period seismicity appears to have some degree of dependency on bathymetr

28. The Nankai accretionary complex is an area with high heat flow.
A. The Nankai Trough is actively deforming and marks a region of seismic activity.
B. Its thermal history is complex due to multiple heating events or property changes.
C. The Nankai accretionary complex is an area with high heat flow.
D. Drill cores from the seaward edge of the Nankai Trough (where the heat flow is one of the highest in

29. Methane-rich horizons have been identified as areas of higher attenuation of sonic frequencies (10 to 2
A. The rates of movement have been calculated to be in a range of 3.0 ± 1.8 mm/yr to 11.1 ± 1.7 mm/y
B. Methane-rich horizons have been identified as areas of higher attenuation of sonic frequencies (10 t
C. Seismically, the high bottom simulating reflectors are considered indicative of gas hydrates (Colwell
D. This is because the mathematics of this model only used twelve plates, and the Philippine Sea and

30. Recent large scale earthquakes resulting from subduction along the Nankai Trough have occurred in a
A. Conventional geologic estimates of plate movement velocities are difficult in the Nankai Trough beca
B. The Nankai accretionary complex is an area with high heat flow.
C. This has been attributed to post-depositional opal cementation that is preserving the porosity (Spine
D. Recent large scale earthquakes resulting from subduction along the Nankai Trough have occurred in
31. However, using the Eurasia to North America plate motion, the estimated rate was 2–4 mm/yr (DeMets
A. However, using the Eurasia to North America plate motion, the estimated rate was 2–4 mm/yr (DeM
B. Furthermore, seismic reflection studies have revealed the presence of basement highs that are inter
C. Other interesting results of the pressure measurements were the pressure changes that resulted fro
D. The information concerning the gas hydrates in the Nankai Trough was initially published in 2000 by

32. IODP Expedition 370 will seek to find the temperature limit of the deepest life on Earth by drilling in the
A. The northern part of the trough is known as the Suruga Trough, while to the east is the Sagami Trou
B. Deformation is concentrated in the outermost imbricate zone, with a significant amount of "out of seq
C. Site 808 is located in the front section of the main thrust fault, while site 1173 is located approximate
D. IODP Expedition 370 will seek to find the temperature limit of the deepest life on Earth by drilling in t

33. Seismically, the high bottom simulating reflectors are considered indicative of gas hydrates (Colwell et
A. Seismically, the high bottom simulating reflectors are considered indicative of gas hydrates (Colwell
B. Rapid sedimentation resulted in a greater retention of heat.
C. Hydrologic observatories were placed in boreholes drilled in 2000 (IODP sites 808 and 1173) in an a
D. However, the trough is potentially a major source of hydrocarbon fuel, in the form of methane clathra

34. Using recent ocean bottom seismograph studies, it has been determined that most of the seismicity oc
A. The source of water for the formation of gas hydrates frequently comes from the dewatering of a sub
B. Using recent ocean bottom seismograph studies, it has been determined that most of the seismicity
C. At depth there is an increase in the smectite clay content in the sediments, inferring that there has b
D. At the targeted site, the geothermal gradient is about four times steeper than elsewhere in the Pacifi

35. As basin formation stopped and sedimentation took place, the sediments acted like a blanket to trap th
A. The Nankai Trough runs roughly parallel to the Japan Median Tectonic Line.
B. However, there is an anomalous preservation of porosity at depth at drill site 1173.
C. Along the western area of the Nankai Trough, seismicity appears to be related to irregularities in cru
D. As basin formation stopped and sedimentation took place, the sediments acted like a blanket to trap

36. This is because the mathematics of this model only used twelve plates, and the Philippine Sea and Eur
A. The source of water for the formation of gas hydrates frequently comes from the dewatering of a sub
B. At depth in the ocean bottoms, in some cases water can form an ice-like solid structure that has met
C. The Nankai Trough has been described as containing a large amount of gas hydrates and is one of
D. This is because the mathematics of this model only used twelve plates, and the Philippine Sea and
37. Several thrust faults were identified by Operto et al., 2006, of which the thrust faults closest to the subd
A. Furthermore, seismic reflection studies have revealed the presence of basement highs that are inter
B. Several thrust faults were identified by Operto et al., 2006, of which the thrust faults closest to the su
C. A seaward change in the pressure as measured by the borehole instruments likely indicates a relaxa
D. Well coring indicates the presence of at least three gas hydrate zones.

38. This was determined by drilling a series of boreholes and measuring the concentration, as well as radio
A. Drill cores from the seaward edge of the Nankai Trough (where the heat flow is one of the highest in
B. The detrital clays, primarily smectite, display variation over time and location in the Nankai Trough a
C. This was determined by drilling a series of boreholes and measuring the concentration, as well as ra
D. A seaward change in the pressure as measured by the borehole instruments likely indicates a relaxa

39. The data in the news release came from a series of boreholes what were started in the late 1990s.
A. The data in the news release came from a series of boreholes what were started in the late 1990s.
B. This study estimates that subduction in the Nankai Trough is about 43 mm/yr.
C. The working hypothesis is that pressure changes indicate a change in the elastic strain within the fo
D. The rates of movement have been calculated to be in a range of 3.0 ± 1.8 mm/yr to 11.1 ± 1.7 mm/y

40. The Nankai Trough is actively deforming and marks a region of seismic activity.
A. The data in the news release came from a series of boreholes what were started in the late 1990s.
B. The Nankai Trough is actively deforming and marks a region of seismic activity.
C. The information concerning the gas hydrates in the Nankai Trough was initially published in 2000 by
D. Historically, the most recent large-scale earthquake to occur in the Nankai Trough was in 1944 off th

41. Rapid sedimentation resulted in a greater retention of heat.

42. The rupture zone has been subdivided into five areas with respect to seismic modelling (Mitsui et al., 2
A. IODP Expeditions drilled the accretionary complex of the Nankai Trough and reveal the thermal histo
B. Furthermore, the short period seismicity appears to have some degree of dependency on bathymetr
C. Eventually, IODP Expedition 370 reached a temperature of ~120 °C at 1.2 kilometers below the sea
D. The rupture zone has been subdivided into five areas with respect to seismic modelling (Mitsui et al.
43. These five subdivisions show interesting differences in earthquake behavior: frequency of earthquakes
A. The Nankai Trough has been described as containing a large amount of gas hydrates and is one of
B. Furthermore, Pisani et al., 2006, identified protothrusts and decollement surfaces along the Nankai T
C. Reaching temperatures of approximately 130 °C in other areas would require collecting cores from a
D. These five subdivisions show interesting differences in earthquake behavior: frequency of earthquak

44. However, the trough is potentially a major source of hydrocarbon fuel, in the form of methane clathrate
A. It has been estimated that convergent margins may contain up to two-thirds of the total gas hydrate
B. This was concluded by Kanda et al., 2004, through inversion analysis of seismic data.
C. At depth in the ocean bottoms, in some cases water can form an ice-like solid structure that has me
D. However, the trough is potentially a major source of hydrocarbon fuel, in the form of methane clathra

45. However, there is an anomalous preservation of porosity at depth at drill site 1173.
A. However, the trough is potentially a major source of hydrocarbon fuel, in the form of methane clathra
B. At depth there is an increase in the smectite clay content in the sediments, inferring that there has b
C. However, using the Eurasia to North America plate motion, the estimated rate was 2–4 mm/yr (DeM
D. However, there is an anomalous preservation of porosity at depth at drill site 1173.

46. This is not in agreement with the REVEL model, seemingly indicating that the NUVEL-1A model may n
A. Drill cores from the seaward edge of the Nankai Trough (where the heat flow is one of the highest in
B. This is not in agreement with the REVEL model, seemingly indicating that the NUVEL-1A model ma
C. Eventually, IODP Expedition 370 reached a temperature of ~120 °C at 1.2 kilometers below the sea
D. Other interesting results of the pressure measurements were the pressure changes that resulted fro

47. The Nankai Trough runs roughly parallel to the Japan Median Tectonic Line.
A. The Nankai Trough runs roughly parallel to the Japan Median Tectonic Line.
B. The Nankai Trough has been described as containing a large amount of gas hydrates and is one of
C. A seaward change in the pressure as measured by the borehole instruments likely indicates a relaxa
D. Furthermore, there is a geothermal alteration of the smectite, converting it to illite clay (Steurer et al.

48. Reaching temperatures of approximately 130 °C in other areas would require collecting cores from app
A. Reaching temperatures of approximately 130 °C in other areas would require collecting cores from a
B. The Nankai Trough has been described as containing a large amount of gas hydrates and is one of
C. IODP Expedition 370 will seek to find the temperature limit of the deepest life on Earth by drilling in t
D. This area was not in the original NUVEL models (DeMets et al., 1990).
49. Typically porosity decreases with increasing depth.
A. Typically porosity decreases with increasing depth.
B. Within the Nankai Trough there is a large amount of deformed trench sediments (Ike, 2004), making
C. At depth in the ocean bottoms, in some cases water can form an ice-like solid structure that has me
D. The rupture zone has been subdivided into five areas with respect to seismic modelling (Mitsui et al.

50. The deposits in the trough are primarily trench-wedge turbidites (Spinelli et al., 2007).
A. Reaching temperatures of approximately 130 °C in other areas would require collecting cores from a
B. Nevertheless as of 2014 there is no commercial exploitation.
C. The deposits in the trough are primarily trench-wedge turbidites (Spinelli et al., 2007).
D. Its thermal history is complex due to multiple heating events or property changes.