Du%es of King

1. Follow Kshatriya Dharma: War is His Dharma

2. Have Knowledge of Vedas
3. Respect Brahmins
4. Wake Up Early, Don't Sleep During Day9me
5. Don't Indulge in Hun9ng, Gambling, Drinking, Dancing
6. Construct Public U9lity, Take Care of Orphans, Des9tutes
7. Help People to Achieve Yogkshem (to Achieve what they Don't Have, Protect what they Have)
8. Rakshan and Palan
9. Punishment According to Shastras (Less For Higher Varna)
Features
1. No Concept of Equality Before Law, Higher the Varna, Lower is the Punishment
2. Principle of Taxa9on: based Upon Fer9lity of Land, More Fer9lity, More Tax
3. King Has Share in Other Commodi9es Like Honey, Buser Which are Traded
4. Women are Kept under Supervision of Men
Conclusion
1. Dr. S Radhakrishnan is Admirer
2. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is Major Cri%c: Annihila9on of Caste: Put Dynamite on Vedas and Manusmri9
3. Feminists: Cri%cise
Kau%lya
1. Arthashastra: Belong to Dandashastra
2. Primary Issue is State Crat
3. Con9nuity in Manu and Kau9lya
4. Meaning of Arthashastra
1. According to Kau9lya, Arthashastra Means Statecrat
2. Artha= Material Wellbeing, most important Objec9ve of King: Material Wellbeing is Supreme,
AAainment of all Other Goals Dharma, Kaam, Moksha Depends on Material well Being
3. Material= Land, So Go For Land: Hence Neighbors are Enemies
4. Deals with 'Art of War' Like Sun Tzu, the Chinese Strategist
5. Main Ideas: War, Strategic Planning, Balance of Power, Geopoli9cs
5. First Textbook of Geopoli9cs
1. Science of Capturing Land
2. State= Organism, So Expand, Otherwise Perish
3. George Tanham : Rejected that India Had any Strategic Culture, Kau9lya Proved Him Wrong
4. Change is Being Observed with Rise of Hindu Righ9st Party
Main Ideas
1. State of Rela9ons between Countries
2. Mandal Siddhant
3. Saptang Theory
4. Shadgunya Ni9 (Six Fold Policy)
5. 4 Upay (4-Fold Mean)
6. Types of War
1. State of Rela%ons between Two States
2. Rela9on of War, Strength of Lion Prevails
3. Realist Thought: Poli9cs between Na9on is Poli9cs of Power
4. Believes in Offensive Realism: Power Maximisa9on rather than Defence Maximisa9on
2. Mandal Siddhant
1. Context: Raj Dharma= Kshatriya Dharma
1. Ater Corona9on, Go For War
2. Tradi9on Like Ashwamedh Yagya, Rajsuya Yagya
3. King= Vijikshu (Who Aspires Victory)
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 2. Desire of becoming Chakravar9n Samrat: Charkra Means Mandal
3. Based on Geopoli9cs
4. Since State is organism, it has to expand, hence neighbour is enemy.
5. Four Circles in Sequence
1. Ari (Enemy): Back Enemy= Parshnigraha
2. Mitra (Friend): Back Friend: Akranda
3. Madyama (Mediator):Buffer States. Prevents Two Powers to Come to Conflict. Eg- Nepal.
4. Udasina (Neutral) Eg- Switzerland, Turkmenistan
1. Neutral in Context of War
2. Give Equal Access to Both Par9es
3. Bring Neutral Countries in His Favour. Eg- Nepal should not Become Neutral, Today in India's
Favour due to 1950 Agreement
3. Types of War
1. Depends on Posi9on of Vijikshu
1. Parakram Yudha (Direct/ Open)
2. Koot Yudha (Gueirrella War)
3. Tushmin Yudha (Proxy War)
4. Shadgunya Ni% (Six-Fold Policy)
1. Sandhi Treaty: when Enemy is Strong
2. Vighra: Break Sandhi when You are Strong
3. Aasana: Sta9oning of Forces Near the Territory of Enemy
4. Yann: Exercise War on Enemy's Territory
5. Samashrya: Join Hands with Those Who Have Similar Objec9ves. Eg- Quad
6. Dvaidhbhava; make Friendship with One Enemy, Instead of War At Both Fronts
5. Upayas (4 Fold Policy): Sam, Dam, Dand, Bhed
1. 3 Types of Victories
1. Dharmanvijaya: Righyul Means
2. Lobhavijaya: Economic Inducement to Army of Enemy
3. Asurvijaya: Unfair Means
6. Saptanga Theory
1. Sapta Prakri9
2. 7 Lines of State
3. 7 Elements of Sovereignty
4. Example of Organic Theory of State
1. King: Nabhi of State
1. most important Role
2. Smart and Strong King Can Convert Weak Elements Into Strength
3. Single can't Run State, Hence Respect Others
4. Kingship is Dharma
5. in the Happiness of the Subjects Lies the Happiness of the King
2. Amatya
1. Senior Ministers, Brahmins
2. Ambassador is most important: Handsome, Trusted, well Versed in Shastra
3. At Least 3 Amatyas since 2 Can Conspire
4. Keep Tes9ng Integrity of Amatyas since Can Challenge the King
3. Durga: Symbol of Defensive and Offensive Capabili9es of the State
4. Janapada
1. Place where Common Man Operates, Do Business
2. Provides War Resources
3. remain in Touch of Public Mood
4. Types of Spies For Internal as well as External
1. Kapa9ka
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 2. Bhikshuka
3. Women
4. Udasthita (Des9tute/Orphans)
5. Grahapalika (Domes9c Servants)
5. Bala: Military Strength: Composed of Kshatriya, believes in hereditary basis of recruitment but other
can also be there.
6. Kosha: Treasury. Rou9ne+ Emergency Fulfilment.
7. Mitra: Symbolic Importance. Symbol of Strength.
Relevance of Saptang in Mandal Siddhant
1. Before any Expedi9on, Measure Strength through Saptang
2. 12 Direc9ons, 7 Elements= Total 84 Elements of Sovereignty
Statecra` on Internal Administra%on
1. Internal, External are Interdependent
1. Take Care of 7 Elements of Sovereignty
2. Keep Spies to Check Internal Rebellion
2. Problem of Corrup9on
1. Inevitable Part of Administra9on
2. Honey on the Tongue, It is not Possible not to Taste It
3. So Much Resources that Don't Realise when Done Corrup9on
4. Fish Swimming in Water Will Itself not Realise when It Has Drank the Water
5. Not Desirable
1. Makes State Weak Internally, Externally
2. Reduces the Capacity of State and Reduces Morale of People
6. Difficult to Detect Corrup9on
7. Sugges9ons to Iden9fy
1. Right Size Bureaucracy
2. Transfer of Official Before He Understands Loopholes
3. Security and Reward to Whistleblowers
4. Punish En9re Chain (Giver(Dayak), Taker(Pra9graha), Middlemen(Nidhayaka))
5. Publically Humiliate
6. Reward Honest Officers
7. Compensate Those Who Have Suffered
Comparison between Kau%lya and Machiavelli
1. Pt. Nehru : Book- Discovery of India: Kau8lya as Indian Machiavelli
2. Upinder Kaur : Book- Poli9cal Violence in Ancient India. Machiavelli should be Called Italian Kau9lya.
3. Remarkable Similari9es Despite Difference in Time and Region
1. Realist
2. Motherland Facing Similar Situa9ons
3. Both Give Similar Advice
4. Allow King to Use all Sorts of Means
5. Amorality= Sam, Dam, Dand, Bhed
6. Expanisve Foreign Policy
7. Bodazzi, Winternitz : Trace the Roots of Realism to Kau%lya
4. Differences
1. Machiavelli, Prince is Above Religion, in Kau9lya, He Has to Follow Dharma
2. Machiavelli Gives Generic Advice, Kau9lya Gives Precise Advice
3. Max Weber : Book - Poli%cs as Voca%on. Kau8lya was more Machiavellian then Machiavelli himself.
4. Kau9lya got His King, Machiavelli didn't get His Prince
Buddhist Poli%cal Thought
1. Gail Onwedt, Kancha Illaiah Believe that Buddha Can be Regarded as Poli9cal Philosopher, (not Regarded in
Conven9onal Sense). Many Kings Approached Buddha to Understand Meaning of good Governance and
Idea on Inter-State Rela9ons.
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 2. Buddhism is Other Worldly Religion, Known as Protestan8sm of East.
3. Challenged Brahminical Tradi9ons Like Caste System
4. Can be Considered as Egalitarian Tradi9on, Socialist Tradi9on, Republican Tradi9on, Ra9onalist Tradi9on
5. Delibera9ve Democracy through Organising Councils, Debate Within Sanghas
6. Gives Equal Status to Women
7. Revolves Around Dhamma
8. Buddhist Literature Consist of Jatakas Which Give Guidelines For Kingship: Other is Ashokan Edicts
9. Talks About Chakra, Mandla: Dhamma Chakra- to Win Heart; Chakra not of Chariot( Hinduism) to Win Land.
10. Idea of Philosopher King: King should be Knowledgeable Person, well Aware of Du8es, Devote For well Being
of People.
Salient Features
1. Origin of State: Fall of Man, Corrup9on due to Materialism
2. Origin of King: ’Mahasammat’. Elected by Council (Republicanism).
3. Quali9es of King
1. Philosopher King
2. Wisdom, Source of Knowledge
3. Knowledge Brings Morality, Power Brings Corrup9on
4. Buddhist Foreign Policy
1. Peace and Non-Violence
2. Wins Other by Dhamma Chakra
5. Upinder Kaur- Poli%cal Violence in Ancient India
1. 3 Major Sources to Understand Idea of Kingship and Statecrac
1. Ashvaghosha's Buddhacharitam
1. Has Common with Hindu Text
2. Ashvaghosha Belongs to Bahushru9ya School
3. Presented Shudhodhan as Ideal King
1. Benevolent, Paternalis9c
2. but He Loved Son More than Dhamma
3. Kills Enemies's Pride with Basle of Virtue rather than Pride
4. Men9ons Buddha as Sarvat Siddha: Represents Karuna, Nischaya, Parakram,
Tejas, Atmavasa
4. Kingship is Dangerous Dillusion For Kingdom is Charming Yet Full of Dangers
1. Like Golden Castle in Fire
2. Food Mixed with Poison
3. Lotus Pond Filled with Crocodile
5. Hence Ra9onal King Prefers to Leave His Job
6. Peace and Kingship is Incompa9ble
2. Asok Vadanam
1. Buddha is A Renouncer
2. Ashoka is Beser Example of King, Addressed as 'Priyadassi Devanampriya'
3. King should Serve Humanity, Promote Tolera9on Among Different Religions, Forbid
Cruelty Towards Animals, Send Messengers of Peace, Follow Policy of Non-Aggression
Towards Neighbors
3. Jatakas
2. Heterogenous Poli9cal Discource in Buddhism
3. Buddhist Text Overemphasise on Compassion
6. Aggana Suda: Greed, Arrogance, Lust, Punishment Destroyed King
7. Mahasudasana Suda
1. Power of Overwhelming Power Can be Handled only by Trea9ng State as A Moral Ins9tu9on
2. King should be Gentle, Liberal, Noble, Modest, Selfless
8. 3 Principles
1. Annica Means Nothing is Permanent
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 2. Annata Means Denial of Self
3. Dukha Means World is Full of Sorrow
9. 4 Noble Truths
1. World is Full of Sorrow
2. Ignorance is Source of Sorrow
3. Libera9on from Ignorance Means Libera9on from Sorrow
10. to Liberate from Ignorance Follow 8 Fold Path (4Th Truth)
1. Right Conduct
2. Right Speech
3. Thinking
4. Aspira9on
5. Beliefs
6. Efforts
7. Contempla9on and Medita9on
8. Source of Livelihood
11. Hinduism Vs Buddhism: This Worldly Vs Other Worldly. Monarchy Vs Republic. Realist Vs Idealist. Geopoli8cs
Vs Renuncia8on.
Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan
1. 1817-1898
2. Book- Bagawat-E-Hind
3. Belonged to Elite Class, Family Worked For Mughals
4. During This Time, Muslim Community was Passing through Period of Depression
5. Concerned About the State of Community
6. Uplitment of Community Possible through 'Modernisa9on of Islam'
7. Magazine= Tehzeeb Ul Akhlak: Renounced Outdated Prac8ces and Customs
8. Society For Scien9fic Research in Gazipur (Up): Later on Shited to Aligarh
9. Founded Journal For Promo9on of Scien9fic Research 'Indian Ins9tute Gazese'
10. Cri9cized by Orthodox Sec9ons
Originator For Two Na%ons Theory
1. Transi9on in His Ideas
2. Phase 1
1. Advocate of Hindu-Muslim Unity
2. Advised Muslims to Live in Peace with Hindus
3. Phase 2
1. Changed His Views
1. Language Controversy in Awadh Province
2. Urdu was Court Language, Hindi Had Become Mass Language, So Demand For change in
Official Language
3. Nor Muslims, Nor Hindu Ready
2. He Concluded that Both can't Live together
3. Hence Called as Originator of Two Na9ons Theory
4. Concerned About Frusta9on of Muslim Community
1. Muslims Discriminated by Bri9sh
2. Thought Muslims were Responsible For 1857 Revolt
3. they Started Preferen9al Policies in Favour of Hindus
4. since Bri9sh were Emerging Force in India, no Point Opposing them
1. Bri9sh Could Also Provide Sources For Modernisa9on of Islam
5. Aspab-E-Bagawat-E-Hind: Causes of Revolt of 1857 (Book)
1. Muslims were not Responsible For 1857 Revolt, rather Wrong Policies of Bri9sh
6. Ar9cle: the Loyal Mohammedans of India
1. Expressed Loyalty of Muslims Towards Bri9sh
2. Advised Muslims to be Away from INC. cri9cised by Hindus as Opportunist.
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