PRAC RES MODULE 4

Discovering truths about a particular topic requires speculative thinking.

Through curiosity, you tend to have many questions in your mind about
your topic. Then, you begin to search for answers of your questions from
people’s ideas, written facts and information about your target topic.
Aligning what you already knew with what others knew or have already
done about your chosen topic indicates the timeliness and relevance of
your work. Moreover, reading extensively about your subject matter
enables you to obtain rich background knowledge that will help you
establish a good foundation or direction of your research work.
Review of Related Literature (RRL) discusses published information in a
particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject
area within a certain time period (Ramdhani, A., Ramdhani, M., & Amin, A.,
2014). It is a survey of scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant
to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing,
providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works.
(libguides.usc.edu, n.d.) It describes the content and quality of knowledge
already available, and readily presents the reader the significance of
previous work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010)
Traditional Review of Literature
Ridley (2008) identified the styles or approaches of RRL to be applied in
conducting research study. The Traditional Review of Literature which
summarize present forms of knowledge on a specific subject and aims to
give a new understanding of an existing work. It expects you to state your
intentions in conducting the review and to name the sources of information
and it provides a concise summary of information and data findings that
describe current knowledge and facts that offers a rationale for conducting
future researchers. (Ridley, 2008).
An important area of a literature review is an understanding of a gap. It is
an important research question relevant to a given domain that has not
been answered adequately or at all in existing peer-reviewed scholarship.
The gap will hopefully ensure that the research will likely have valuable
practical and theoretical implications.
The Different Types of Traditional Review:
1. Conceptual Review – Analysis of concepts or ideas to give meaning to
some national or world issues.
2. Critical Review – focuses on theories or hypotheses and examines
meanings and results of their application to situations.
3. State-of-the-Art Review – makes the researcher deal with the latest
research studies on the subject.
4. Expert Review – encourages a well-known expert to do the RRL
because of the influence of a certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him.

5. Scoping Review – prepares a situation for a future research work in

the form of project making about community development, government
policies, and health services, among others.
Systemic Review of Literature
As indicated by its name “systemic” which means methodical. It’s a style
of RRL that involves sequential acts of a review of related literature. Unlike
traditional review that has no particular method.
Here are the steps in doing Systemic Review of Literature (Ridley,
2012):
1. Have a clear understanding of the research questions.
2. Plan your manner of obtaining the data
3. Do the literature search
4. Using a certain standard, determine which data, studies or sources of
knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the reasonableness of your
decision to take some data and junk the rest.
5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research studies.
6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources of data
A systemic review of literature is a rigorous way of obtaining data
fromwritten works. It is a bias-free style that the researcher wanting to be
a research expert should experience. This is vital for students undergoing
literature review. It should be done in a systematic way ensuring that they
search for relevant texts on their topic. Identifying the literature that will
address students review question that initially students must develop a
strategy to articulate the focus of literature that will seek to answer their
questions.
What is Meta-analysis in Relation to RRL?
It is a kind of review of related literature in which you re-examine and
combine the results of two or more statistical studies for coming out with a
grand total to indicate stronger effects of the research outcome. Putting
the results together and making them appear as one result work to
strengthen wherever impact the independent variable has on the
dependent variable (Ridley, 2012).
How to write a concise review of related literature?
Doing the review of related literature is not the usual enumeration of
references. Presentation of the data gathered should be by topic based on
the given objectives of the research. The literature should not be too
detailed or brief. Text should be based on the current edition of the
American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association of
America (MLA) or the Chicago Manual of Style and other standards
relevant to one’s discipline (Ridley, 2012).
The type of reference style will depend on the research studies of
the student namely:
1) APA: Psychology, Education and other Social Sciences; The APA
referencing style is also called the "author-date" style. The text citation
contains the author/s and the year of publication. Use only the surname of
the author(s) followed by a comma and the year of publication.I Am a
Filipino is a descriptive essay which creates a main impression, an over-all
effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino (Macajelos, 2014, 247). Or (Macajelos,
2014) stated that “I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay which creates a
main impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino.”
Example:
I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay which creates a main impression, an
over-all effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino (Macajelos, 2014, 247).
Or
(Macajelos, 2014) stated that “I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay which
creates a main impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or image of a
Filipino.”
What will appear in the bibliography are the following:
Macajelos, Esteria. 2014. English of the New Generation. Quezon City:
Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House Incorporated.
2) MLA: Arts and Humanities; MLA format follows the author-page
method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the
page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must
appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works
Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or
in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page
number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your
sentence.
(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formattin
g_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html
Example:
Macajelos stated that “I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay which creates
a main impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino” (249).
What will appear in the bibliography are the following:
Macajelos, Esteria. English of the New Generation. Quezon City: Sunshine
Interlinks Publishing House Incorporated, 2014.
3) Chicago: History and many other subjects in scholarly and non-
scholarly work.
Example:
Macajelos (2014, 249) stated that: I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay
which creates a main impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or image of a
Filipino.
What will appear in the bibliography are the following:
Macajelos, Esteria. English of the New Generation. Quezon City: Sunshine
Interlinks Publishing House Incorporated, 2014.
Why do I need to cite? To uphold the intellectual property and avoiding
plagiarism should be observed in the research work. To attribute the prior
or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources is also needed and
allowing the readers to determine independently whether the reference
materials support the author's argument in the claimed way and helping
the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material that the author
had used.
Ethical Standard in Writing Related Literature
Research ethics are standardized rule that guide the design to conduct
research. The term ethics refers to questions of right or wrong. When
researchers think about ethics, they must also ask themselves if it is right
to conduct a particular study or carry out certain procedures (Ridley,
2012).
What is Plagiarism? It is committed when authors present the words,
data or ideas of others with the implication that they are their own without
attribution. This act is against the intellectual property right law. It is a
form of research misconduct.
Ethics in Literature Review:
1. Discuss intellectual property frankly
2. be conscious of multiple roles
3. Follow informed consent rules
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy
5. Tap into ethics resources