VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI

PROJECT REPORT
ON
“AUTOMATED GRASS CUTTER USING RENEWABLE ENERGY”
Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering during the Academic year 2024-2025

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

NAME USN
SREENIDHI N S 3VC22EE478
SALMA 3VC22EE464
SHRUTHI H 3VC22EE476

Project Guide Project Coordinators

Mr. Hanumanth Reddy Asst. Professor Dr. A. Hanumantha Rao Associate Professor
Dr. Shambulingana Gouda Associate Professor

Head of Department Principal

Dr. S. Kotresh Professor Dr.T. Hanumantha Reddy Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

RAO BAHADUR Y. MAHABALESWARAPPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CANTONMENT, BALLARI-583104, KARNATAKA AFFILIATED TO VISVESVARAYA
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI

2024-2025
 RAO BAHADUR Y MAHABALESWARAPPA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH A+ GRADE

VEERASHAIVA VIDYAVARDAHKA SANGHA’S
RAO BAHADUR Y MAHABALESHWARAPPA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AFFILIATED TO VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI&
APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI) BALLARI – 583104, KARNATAKA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project work entitled “AUTOMATED GRASS CUTTER USING
RENEWABLE ENERGY ” is bonafied Work carried out by SREENIDHI N S (3VC22EE478),
SALMA (3VC22EE464), SHRUTHI H (3VC22EE476)of 7thSemester in Partial fulfillment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2024-2025. It is certified that all
corrections / suggestions indicated for internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report
deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirement in respect of project work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

Signature of guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Mr. Hanumanth Reddy Dr. S. Kotresh Dr. T. Hanumanth Reddy RYMEC,
Assistant professor, HOD, Dept of EEE Ballari
Dept of EEE, RYMEC

Name of Examiners: Signature with Date

1)

2)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express our regards and acknowledgement to all those who helped in making this project
possible.

I am grateful to the Principal Dr.T.Hanumanth Reddy for providing facilities and untiring zeal, which
constantly inspired me towards the attainment of everlasting knowledge throughout the course.

I am deeply indebted to Dr. S. Kotresh, HOD of department Electrical & Electronics Engineering for the
valuable suggestions and constant encouragement provided for the successful completion of the project.

I am grateful to our beloved Faculties of EEE and Project co-ordinators Dr.A. Hanumantha Rao and
Dr. Shambulingana Gouda, for their valuable suggestions and constant support during project work

I would like to thank our guide, Mr. Hanumanth Reddy, Assistant Professor of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering department for the constant guidance for the successful completion of project.

Finally, I would like to thank all the staff members of Electrical and Electronics Engineering department
for their guidance and support. I am also thankful to my family and friends who continue to give me best
support.
 Declaration

We hereby declare that the entire work embodied in this Project work entitled AUTOMATED
GRASS CUTTER USING RENEWABLE ENERGY has been carried out by us under the guidance of

Mr. Hanumanth Reddy at Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, Rao Bahadur
Y.Mahabaleswarappa Engineering College, Ballari affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological
University Belagavi.

1. SREENIDHI N S 3VC22EE478

2. SALMA 3VC22EE464

3. SHRUTHI H 3VC22EE476
 INDEX

Serial Content Page

Number Numbers

1 Abstract 1

2 Introductions 2-5

3 Literature Survey 6-11

4 Complete circuit diagram with explanations 12-30

5 Objectives And Methodology 31-35

6 Result And Dicussion 36-37

7 Advantages,Disadvantages,Applications 38-40

8 Conclusion And Future Scope 41-42

9 References 43
 Abstract

The Automatic Grass Cutter using Solar Energy is an innovative solution designed to
provide an efficient and eco-friendly approach to lawn maintenance. This system
leverages solar panels to capture and convert sunlight into electrical energy, powering
the grass cutter for sustainable operation. The automatic grass cutter is equipped with
advanced sensors for obstacle detection, allowing it to navigate and mow the lawn
autonomously, adjusting to various terrains and grass heights. The integration of solar
energy ensures that the cutter operates with minimal reliance on traditional power
sources, reducing its carbon footprint and operational costs. A built-in rechargeable
battery stores excess energy during sunny periods, enabling continuous operation even
when sunlight is not available. The system can be programmed for scheduled mowing,
and remote control features can be accessed through a mobile app, allowing for
convenient management. This solar-powered grass cutter provides a cost-effective,
environmentally conscious solution to traditional lawn care, promoting sustainability
while ensuring a well-maintained yard.

This system utilizes photovoltaic cells to harness solar power, minimizing energy
consumption from traditional power sources. Equipped with advanced sensors, GPS
navigation, and machine learning algorithms, the mower autonomously navigates and
adjusts its mowing patterns to optimize coverage and energy usage, even in
challenging terrains. The mower is designed with a user-friendly interface, allowing
remote operation via a mobile app, where users can schedule mowing times, monitor
battery status, and receive performance analytics. The integration of solar power
ensures that the mower operates sustainably, reducing carbon emissions and
operational costs.
Automated Grass Cutter Using Renewable Energy AY-2024-2025

CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

A robot is a machine that can communicate with its physical environment and which can be controlled or
programmed electronically to perform specialized tasks. All robots have features of a mechanical and
adjustable structure under some form of control, and they mainly have three separated phases:
understanding, processing, and action. Commonly, the understandings are done by the sensors mounted
on the robot, the onboard micro-controller or processor do processing, and lastly, the operation is
performed using motors, engines or with some other actuators. Intelligent robots have a vision and work
accurately, using multiple degrees of coordinated action, do something like a living human, and learn from
humans without making mistakes. Robots can be operated by different methods such as some of them can
be controlled with gestures, some with mobile applications, special remote and autonomously, etc.
Grasscutter helps us cutting lawns at length; people can easily manage and beautify their gardens and
lawns without any trouble. The grass is a beautiful gift from nature, which helps us to survive in various
conditions, and so, the need to lessen their growth is essential to enhance the beauty and attractiveness of
our environment.

As humankind developed intellectually, grass cutting became an art. Grass cutting tradition starts with the
use of hoes, machetes, and cutlasses, and later, advance technology and more reliable techniques of grass
cutting were introduced andcontinuously improved. A robotic lawnmower is an autonomous robot which
used to cut grass of lawns or parks, mostly healthy grass which needs to cut neatly like in a private garden
or publicpark. The first lawn mower born in 1830 by Edwin Beard Budding , by having an idea from a
cloth mill where a cutting barrel machine is used to trim clothes after production for a smooth finish. He
noticed that a similar concept might be used to cut grass if the blade can be fixed in the wheel to rotate
close to the lawns surface and then he designed a mower primarily to mow the grass on ample gardens
and sports ground. In 1867, a scientist introduced an important innovation with a new design of the
automatic lawnmower because land roller was removed and replaced by two land wheels on the outside of
the structure and this became an instantaneous success with the sold of over 1,000 machines. In the late
1890s, motor-driven mowers arrived as lightweight petrol engines and became available in 1914, invented
by “Ideal Power” . Electric powered mowers and rotary grass cutting machines appeared in the era of
1920s to 1930s. An ideal grass cutter robot requires to set up a boundary wire that defines the area of grass
to cut in the lawn. Robotic grass cutters are the second biggest category of domestic manufactured robots

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Automated Grass Cutter Using Renewable Energy AY-2024-2025

used by the end of 2000, and first commercial grass cutter was the “MowBot” that introduced and licensed
in 1969 which shows many features of most popular grass movers of today’s. The sales of the latest robotic
lawn mower increased about times more than traditional robots in 2012. With the evolution of
smartphones, grass cutting robots have integrated with custom apps features to adjust scheduledmowing
times, adjustments of the cutter and also manually control the grass cutter. Grass cutters have three types;
Walk-Behind Mower , Tow-Behind Mower, and Riding Mower.

Walk behind lawn mower are further classified into three types follow as Gas Powered Lawn Mowers,
Electric Lawn Mowers, and Manual Reel Lawn Mowers. Rotary grass cutters are manually operated, only
spinning the cutting blades are usually powered with internal combustionengines or with an electric motor,
having opened sides to discharge cut grasses, and some mowers have a grass collector to store cut grasses.
The blade is seldom sharp enough to give an exact cutting point. There have been countless improvements
in lawn mower technology in latest years, but with this progress, there are issues with the need to verify
the environmental impression of machines.Pollution is human made and can be viewed in our own homes
as well as in daily lives.Pollution is the primary concern with the conventional fuel and gas-powered lawn
mowers. Riding and Motor-powered push grass cutters have a loud engine, which creates noise pollution
and air pollution because of combustion in the engine. Traditional grass cutters are heavy machinery that
requires a lot of strength and energy to operate. Along with motor- powered grass mowers, electrical lawn
mowers are cannot be easily used in daily lives due to dangerous belts and motors, so the dream to cut grass
cannot be efficiently fulfilled by the elders, younger, or disabled people. Therefore, human effort is another
factor that needs to be reduced.

Mowing the grass a standard motor is disturbing, and no one takes satisfaction in it due to massive engines
combustion, which creates much air pollution and required regular maintenance such as engine oil and
greasing. Gas-powered lawn mowers are also not much efficient and responsible for air pollution due to
the massive emission of gases, and mainly the price of fuel and gases are increasing rapidly. According to
world energy report, we gain the energy of around 80% from fossil fuels like oil (36%), coal (23%) and
natural gas (21%), 70% of Malaysian home citizens are using fuel-powered to cut grass in daily routine.
That time is not far when all energy sources will be consumed so alternative sources can be utilized such
as solar energy to avoid an energy crisis in the future. A solar panel contains cells and designed to produce
electricity by capturing sunlight and does not make any pollution like fossil fuels and nuclear energy. Solar
grass cutting robots are convenient to mow grass and cost-effective because of cordless electric mowers
and cutter powered of solar cells that last a long time and have low running costs. A pattern is a regularity
in the world, in human-made design, or abstract ideas. As such, the elements of a pattern repeat predictably.
Geometric patterns or shapes are generally repeatedlike a wallpaper design that

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can be seen directly, but complex patterns in science, mathematics, or any language may be visible only
by analysis. Natural patterns include spirals, foams, waves, tiling’s, cracks and those generated by
symmetries of rotation but, Observable patterns in nature are disorganized, never exactly repeating. There
are many pattern categories, in architecture, designs or visual themes may be merged and repeated to
create patterns; a software design patter in computer science is a solution to programming issues, and in
fashion, the pattern is a model used to produce any number of similar garments. In a football or cricket
grounds, the fields are beautifully trimmed; the turf is created with perfectly straight green lines of dark
and light colors that look painted on the playground. Game spectators may ask how the grounds supervisor
such intricate designs, and some of them assume it is done with paint. No matter how complicated or easy
patterns are, it should be time-efficient and safe on the grass, but complicated patterns take a little longer,
and extra effort is needed to demonstrate that such designs to attract attention. Efficient striping equipment
is needed to perform patterns grass cutting such as a reel-type mower or a gardener. Drawing or cutting
grass in particular patterns is such a challenging task because due to lack of efficiency and attention of the
gardener, the pattern on grass may not have been correctly accurately trimmed.

The conventional grass cutting robot has been limited to a particular remote through the desired actions
can only be performed. In this scenario, the robot will lose control if the user lost or broke the remote,
leading to hazards, and the user will also waste money. To overcome this remote-control concept,
controlling the grass cutting robot by using a Bluetooth Android mobile application along with Arduino
is proposed. Using the Ultrasonic sensor, the method of identifying the barrier in front of the robot is also
proposed in which the robot and the cutter stop their motion. In previous literature, most of the grass
cutting robots are push mowers controlled with handheld. Also, the ZigBee mechanism is used tocontrol
the movement of the lawnmower. Moreover, an automated grass cutter robot has also been implemented
with a Raspberry pie, and development of grass cutting machine using DFMA (Design for Manufacturing
and Assembly) is also discussed. A Solar panel system is also deployed to make robot energy efficient.
Besides these, Specific pattern drawing robots on paper and boards is also accomplished. Apart from the
traditional grass cutting robot system, the term “internet of things” (IOT) is also essential for connecting
robot with the internet to allow users to control grass cutter from anywhere and anytime. These wireless
systems are contributing essential help to robot self regulation systems by utilizing Wi-Fi and cloud
computing mechanism etc. As far as we know, nosuch system is developed that have all in one capability
(Android mobile application with touchand voice recognition system, solar powered, monitoring the
obstacles, cutting grass in special patterns). So, a need still exists for the design of solar powered automatic
pattern design grass cutting robot system that supports various tasks (e.g., android mobile application
control and voice recognition concepts, obstacle detection and patterns cutting) and very easy to use and
can be easily assembled in a simple hardware circuit. In this paper, we introduce the design and

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experimentally demonstrate that a grass cutting robot system can be controlled by just a click on the
cellphone with an Android operating system, and voice recognition via Bluetooth technology which
reduces human effort so that elderly users and disabled persons can fulfill their tasks by themselves, and
there is no need for gas, oil, and engine to use this device because it is solar powered. This prototype is
user-friendly, cost-effective,secure and eco-friendly; with its control capability, the grass cutter robot will
stay within the boundaries of the lawn because the user can have control over the lawn mower with the
controller and the working range is also increased due to the absence of main supply wires.

The user can trim the grass with different length because the cutter is fully adjustable. This work is
achieved with the proper arrangements of the Arduino Uno microcontroller, solar panel, IR obstacle
detection sensor, simple DC motors, geared DC motors, android mobileapplication, Bluetooth module,
and relay module, where motors are connected to gear motor drives so that less speed and more power can
be attained. The robot is dual powered with a Hybrid Solar panel & a Lithium-Ion rechargeable battery
which provides power supply to the Circuit, Motors, etc. When sufficient sunlight is falling on the Solar
panel, the robot runs on Solar Power, and whenever there is no light or low intensity of sunlight, the robot
runs on Battery power. The battery is also recharged when the robot is in Light, thereby avoiding the robot
from frequent recharging and provides an uninterrupted power. There are two main controllers in android
the application. The first one is the touch buttons in which the robot will move accordingly as the user
touches the button and the second one is voice recognition in which the grass cutting robot will follow and
move accordingly as the user says the operating command. Most importantly, the mower will mow grass
in patterns accordingly as the user pressed pattern button and an obstacle detection sensor is set to detect
the obstacle in front of it, and when a sensor detects the barrier, it stops moving, and the cutter will be
turned off. Hence, the proposed systems of controlling the grass cutting robot with android application
control and voice recognition are performed and displayed in a lab-scaleprototype to confirm that the
proposed designs can be easily implemented in large and real-scale conditions in the future. The innovative
component of the proposed work in this system is an Arduino that is a userfriendly microcontroller that
can be readily available. On the other hand, automated grass cutting systems can be designed with
raspberry pie, ZigBee, and other microcontrollers that are costly and complicated for the process to unite
the various functionalities in a single hardware circuit. Furthermore, the motivation for conducting this
research is to facilitate the old-age and physically disabled people to cut grass which cannot walk and also
make patterns on grass easily without difficulty.

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Automated Grass Cutter Using Renewable Energy AY-2024-2025

1.1 Motivation for Research

Automated lawn mowers have been made available to the general public for over 30 years. Its
widespread or public use on the other hand has been limited mainly due to the current costs of such
devices. Existing technology sell at around £899 or more and considering the fact that the manual versions
of these devices, the standard lawn mowers sell at around £86 although the cost of the labor would need
to be added to that of the equipment, the latter is still a current viable and affordable option for most
consumers. There are numerous benefits of having a machine that cuts grass, these includes: Aid elderly
users or those with disabilities who are unable to fulfill this task themselves for users with a busy schedule
and rarely find time to cut the grass. It is a device that can fit into just about everyone’s lifestyles, therefore
having a device that costs less, whilst accomplishing the same task as the higher end models is a great
advantage in order to compete with the current market where the end consumer will benefit from.

1.2 Goal of Research

 Making use of Renewable resources in an effective way.
 Minimize the requirement of skilled operator
 Making multiple use of the mower

1.3 Objectives of the Research Program

By considering the necessities of the different efficient techniques,few objectives are proposed in the
present work. The main research objectives are listed below;
1. To make use of the solar energy.

2. To design and implement a grass cutter.

3. To protect the machine from being damaged.
4. To water the garden and pesticide spraying.

1.4 Problem Statement

The Solar Lawn Mower has solar panel fixed on top of model in such a way that angle of
inclination is 45 degree and hence solar radiation of high intensity can be received. Solar energy is
converted into electrical energy by Solar panel. The battery stores the converted electrical energy.
Connecting wires connect the motor and battery. The electrical energy is used by cutting blades which
rotate and cut the grass. Pesticide sprayer or sprinkler also uses the energy and sprays the pesticide or
water.

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Automated Grass Cutter Using Renewable Energy AY-2024-2025

CHAPTER - 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
In this, literature review of smart lawn mower is made . It includes grass cutting , adjustable blades
, making use of solar energy , water spraying and pesticide spraying etc.

Ernest L. Hallet.al.[1] In this paper, an autonomous field cutting system is projected. The system is a
solar steam-powered garden tool that have enough power to work itself. The system is equipped with 34
iridescent solar cells on prime of the system platform. The system operates on principle of Lawn Ranger
except it uses a cable at a lower place the surface of a human lawn. The grass cutter uses this wire alongside
its sensors to permit the mechanism to maneuver around. The system can still operate as long because the
garden tool has energy from the sun. it's advantage of cutting grass within the variety of mulch thus we do
not need to use the grass catcher.

Kevin Vaishnav et al. [6] In this paper, a remotely controlled grass cutter is proposed. It consists of a
motor, a rotating blade, a means of getting around and a way to get rid of the grass clippings. The
controlling of system is provided using switch ON the DC motor interfaced with grass cutting blades. This
model consists of two sections one controlling section and designing section. The controlling section
consists of Solar panels, Rechargeable battery, switches,relays. The solar panel converts the solar energy
into electrical energy and stores the energy in a battery and then runs the motor through the relay switch

Ms. Bhagyashri.R.Patil et al. [9] In this concept they cut the grass on the agricultural land or small plants
in lawns and gardens. Hence it is automatic grass cutting machine no manpower is mandatory. The main
purpose of the project is to build a remotecontrolled grass cutter. Here DC Motor is used for rotating the
wheels and some other components are blade, wheels, battery, Solar panel, IR sensor, Collapsible blade.
There are two main components such as transmitter and receiver. Transmitter continuously transmits the
rays if any obstacle come in front of grass cutter then the rays are reflected back towards the receiver. The
receiver receives the signal in the serial form from encoder but microcontroller requires parallel data for
communication so receiver sends data to decoder to convert data in the parallel form and then it is passed
to microcontroller.

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Automated Grass Cutter Using Renewable Energy AY-2024-2025

S.P.Ganjewar et al. [5]In this paper, a mobile operated solar powered mower is proposed.The lawn
mower consists of an induction motor, a battery, an alternator, threeblades, and a link mechanism. The
power and charging system consists of an alternator which charges the battery during operation. The D.C
motor provides the driving force for the collapsible blades. This is achieved by the combined effect of the
cutting blades and the forward thrust of the mower. The system consists an electrical switch which
completes the circuit including the induction motor and the battery. The IR senor is used to avoid the
obstacles and machine damage. It provides the advantage of adjusting the height by shaft fitting
mechanism. The blade is located in the deck that prevents grass from flying all over the place when struck.
There is also a bag connected to the deck that is used to collect cut grasses. It uses solar panel to generate
the energy required to power the mower. In remote controlled solar grass cutter we used the mobile to
control the movement by installing the android application in the mobile. With the help of Bluetooth we
establish a connection between the mobile and the grass cutter.

II

Fried D. Wankhede et.al. [2]In this paper, a manually controlled grass cutter is proposed. The grass
cutter convert the solar energy into electrical energy with the help of solar panel which is mounted on the
platform of system. If 12v battery is discharged then it can be charged by using AC supply. These battery
is then connected to RF module and the RF module is then connected to both DC motor. RF module
function is to supply the electricity to motors with the help of relays. RF module receive signal through
microcontroller and it supply electricity accordingly to that motor. Then these motor is connected to wheel
by gearing mechanism and thus wheel rotates. Due to these rotation of cutter the grass is cut and collected
in collecting box.

K. Sai Kumaret. al [11]The structure of this project remote controlled solar grass cutter is like a car
consisting of 4 wheels with motors attached to the front on both the sides which are front end type. When
the motor starts the front wheels start moving forward and the rear wheels follow the front ones. By the
solar energy the motor is switched on. On the top of the vehicle 3 solar panels are arranged in such a way
that one panel is placed horizontally and the other 2 panels are placed at 45 degrees angle on both the
edges of the first panel, such that it has to receive the sunlight with maximum intensity. 2 batteries to be
used in the machine one is to power up the grass cutter motor and the other to power up the vacuum pump.
The vehicle starts moving according to the instructions given by the user through the remote. Once it starts
to move, the cutter motor is supplied power by the battery and motor is activated and the blade starts to

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move, cutting the grass on the ground. Meanwhile, on the other side, other battery turns on the vaccum
pump. The grass which have been cut by the cutter is collected in the draft tube of the vaccum pump which
avoids the grass to be fallen on the ground and it sends the collected grass debris to a dumping bag attached
to the vehicle through a centrifugal pump.

Shekhar Kumaret. al.[13]The project proposes a robotic vehicle that can be controlled remotely with the
help of android based device. The control device is added with a Bluetooth device that helps in capturing
and reading the commands given to it. The vehicle may then be operated as required with the help of
android device. The vehicle is fitted with a microcontroller which helps to operate the vehicle as per the
commands given. Smartphone or Tablet can be used as controlling device. The android controlling system
gives a good interactive Graphical User Interface that makes it easy for the person to control the robot.
Android application is used for transmitting the data. the commands are read at the receiver end and
interprets them into controlling the robotic vehicle. The device sends commands to move the vehicle in
all the required directions. The microcontroller then operates the motors after receiving the commands to
move the vehicle in all four directions. The communication between input android and receiver end is sent
as serial communication data. The microcontroller program is designed to move the motors through a
motor driver IC as per the commands sent by android device.

G Manasa et.al. [14]In this paper, Solar grass cutter operation of transmitter is done using a DTMF
decoder, an Arduino and Motor Driver. The transmitter section is controlled by the mobile and it is
arranged in a certain manner that applications attached through the encoder and Arduino Circuit. The
controlled and the desired path of the mower are controlled by using controller. The mower can move in
four directions forward, backward, left and right. The directions are controlled by the DTMF decoder and
Arduino. The technique used for the controlling of the rover is DTMF technique. The mower consists a
mobile connected with headset which is connected to the DTMF decoder input. The mobile act as a
receiver to give directions for the mower to travel in required direction. The output depends upon the input
applied to it. The Arduino gives the result based on programmed logic installed in it. Then it enables the
motors to move the mower in required direction and performs the grass cutting operation.

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III

George Fernandez et.al. [8]The solar lawn mower is a fully automated grass cutting robotic vehicle. It
is provided by solar energy, and it avoids obstacles and is fully automated hence it doesn't require any
human interaction. The brain of this project is the Arduino nano and it decides the numerous actions to be
performed. These actions are driven by the L293D9 motor by changing the power and polarity of the
motors. The obstacles are detected using ultrasonic sensors and the boundaries of the lawn are detected
by LDRs which is marked by lasers. When the laser beam A is detected, the bot starts and moves forward
until it detects laser beam B. When laser beam B is detected the bot stops for two seconds and then takes
a right turn and moves forward by 8 inches and takes another right turn and starts moving forward. This
process is repeated until the laser beam C detected along with laser beam A. Triggers stop the event when
laser beam A and C are detected and then the motors run at 60-80 rpm and the blade motor runs at 1000
rpm.

Ms. Rutuja.A.Yadavet.al. [10] In this paper they are trying to make a robot which is used for daily
purposes like cutting the grass in lawn. For guidance and obstacle detection the system have some
automation work and the battery acts as power source and the robot is attached with a solar panels on its
top, by this we can reduce the power problem. The microcontroller is interfaced with cutter and vehicle
motors and microcontroller controls the working of all the motors. It is also interfaced to an ultrasonic
sensor for object detection. If there is no obstacle detected the microcontroller moves the cutter in the
forward direction. The microcontroller stops the vehicle motors and stops the grass cutting in case the
obstacle is detected by the sensor and it avoids any damage to the obstacle if it is object or human or
animal coming.

Bidgarpravin Dilip et.al. [12] In this concept they explained about the machine which is commonly used
in fields for cutting the grass and this device creates pollution and loss of energy. This automatic solar
grass cutter will reduce the human efforts required to cut the grass in the lawns. And to drive the cutter
solar power will be used and to detect the obstacles various sensors are used. It consists of microcontroller
Arduino ATmega328p, IR sensors, LCD display which makes the reader to understand easily. One more
objective of lawn mower is that it should differentiate between the grass and land. They used obstacle
sensor to sense the object. Because of blades they wanted it to stop functioning when it is held in air. It
contains microcontroller for controlling, sensors for sensing and solar charger. By combining all these
they got solar grass cutter. They went with the best battery for charging. The nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)
was used because it will not overcharge.

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IV

SachinAralwad [7]In this paper, an Autonomous Grass Cutter powered by solar power controlled
remotely by smartphone is proposed. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor-based
system which is designed to perform a specific task. In this project the system collects data such as area
to be covered and height of cutter required and then it will adjust the height of the blades accordingly.
The instructions of operation of the grass cutter will be received over the Bluetooth for wireless and long-
range communication. The microcontroller will then power the driving motors and cutter motor using
motor drivers and start cutting the grass. Power will be supplied by the 12V battery is recharged using
the Solar panels. Microcontroller will sense the obstacle using the IR sensors and change the direction of
device. We can adjust the height of cutting blades using the height adjusting arm for the cutter. So we can
get desired height at specific location to get pattern in which the grass can be cut. The system is
completely based on Atmega328 microcontroller for various operation. We used the Bluetooth
transceiver to communicate with smartphone using Bluetooth.

Snehal Popat [3] In this paper, an automatic solar grass cutter is projected. It uses DC 12V 7.5AH battery
provide to control whole system. This battery is connected with solar array. therefore solar power is
employed to charge this battery. This method has four DC motors to that four wheels square measure
connected and also the blades for grass cutting square measure connected at the front facet of this method.
To operate this method the affiliation should be established between this system and humanoid sensible
phone. each these square measure connected victimization Bluetooth. when the roaring affiliation the user
will operate this system victimization humanoid application put in on sensible phone. User will put ON
and OFF the grass cutter. Also, he will move this grass cutter in vertical and horizontal direction.

Hiba Hameed [4] In this paper, a demo model of wireless grass cutter is proposed. It uses solar panels
for extracting solar energy. Because of this property batteries don't have to be externally charged. Battery
is continuously charged at constant voltage even when grass cutter is working. It is controlled using remote
device. It makes use of two DC motors and hence both forward and backward motion of grass cutter is
simultaneously possible.

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OBJECTIVES

 To make use of the solar energy.

 To design and implement a grass cutter.

 To protect the machine from being damaged.

 Watering the garden and pesticide spraying.

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CHAPTER - 3

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND HARDWARE DISCRIPTION

1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

SOLAR BATTERY
PANEL

BLADES

ULTRASONIC DC
SENSOR MOTOR
ATMEGA
RELAY
328
WATER
MOISTURE PUMP
SENSOR

BLUETOOTH

Fig 3.1 Block diagram of the system design

The working principle of the figure 3.1, it has panels mounted in a particular arrangement at an angle of
45 degrees in such a way that it can receive solar radiation with high intensity easily from the sun. These
solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy. Now this electrical energy is stored in batteries by
using a solar charger. The main function of the solar charger is to increase the current from the panels
while batteries are charging, it also disconnects the solar panels from the batteries when they are fully
charged and also connects to the panels when the charging in batteries is low. The motor is connected to
the batteries through connecting wires. Between these two mechanical circuit breaker switch is provided.
It starts and stops the working of the motor. From this motor, the power transmits to the mechanism and
this makes the blades to slide on the fixed blade and this makes to cut the grass.

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It consists of a moisture sensor which is used to measure the humidity of the land, when the humidity
increases above the particular level the water pump is used to sprinkle the water. IR sensor is used to detect
the obstacles in order to prevent the vehicle from being damaged.

1.2 SOLAR PANEL

A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting
structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. The solar panel can be
used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and
residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions
(STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a
module given the same rated output - an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16%
efficient 230 watt module. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most
installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of
solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

Fig: 3.2 Solar Panel

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Specifications of Solar Panel

Type : Poly Crystalline
Power Max : 10Wp
Voltage at Pm : 17.5 V
Current at Pm : 0.57 A
Maximum System Voltage : 1000 V
sw

1.3 BATTERY

Solar cell modules produce electricity only when the sun is shinning. They do not store energy, therefore
to ensure flow of electricity when the sun is not shinning, it is necessary to store some of the energy
produced. The most obvious solution is to use batteries, which chemically store electric energy. Batteries
are groups of electro chemical cells (devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy) connected
in series. Battery cells are composed of two electrodes immersed in electrolyte solution which produce an
electric current when a circuit is formed between them. The current is caused by reversible chemical
reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte within the cell. Batteries that are re-chargeable are
called secondary or accumulator batteries. As the battery is being charged, electric energy is stored as
chemical energy in the cells. When being discharged, the stored chemical energy is being removed from
the battery and converted to electrical energy. In East-Africa, the most common type of secondary battery
is the Lead-acid battery

Fig: 3.3 Battery

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1.4 DC Motors

A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC). The stator is stationary
in space by definition and therefore so is its current. The current in the rotor is switched by the commentator to also
be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near
90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque. DC motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which
a voltage is induced) but non-rotating armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding that produce the
main magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of the field and armature winding provide different
inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage
applied to the armature or by changing the field current. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature
circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems
called DC drives.
Motor Specifications

 Standard 130 Type DC motor.

 Operating Voltage: 4.5V to 9V.
 Recommended/Rated Voltage: 6V.
 Current at No load: 70mA (max)
 No-load Speed: 9000 rpm.
 Loaded current: 250mA (approx)
 Motor Size: 27.5mm x 20mm x 15mm

1.5 BLADES

A blade is that portion of a tool, weapon, or machine with an edge that is designed to cut and/or puncture, stab,
slash, chop, slice, thrust, or scrape surfaces or materials. The blade is seldom sharp enough to give a neat cutting.
The blade simply tears the grass resulting in brown tips. However, the horizontal blades are easy to remove and
sharpen or replace. Existing engine trimmers suffer from high initial cost, high levels of engine noise, high fuel
consumption rates and high operator’s fatigue in long-run. Mower blades are the cutting components of lawn
mowers. They are usually made of sturdy metals as they must be able to withstand high-speed contact with a variety
of objects in addition to grass. The materials used (as well as size, thickness, and design of the blades) vary by
manufacturer. A blade may be made from a flaking stone, such as flint, metal (usually steel), ceramic, or other
material. Here we used two blades i.e. fixed blade and sliding blade.

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Fig 3.4 BLADES

1.6 DC WATER PUMP

This DC 3-6 V Mini Micro Submersible Water Pump is a low cost, small size Submersible Pump Motor
which can be operated from a 2.5 ~ 6V power supply. It can take up to 120 liters per hour with a very low
current consumption of 220mA. Just connect tube pipe to the motor outlet, submerge it in water and power
it.Make sure that the water level is always higher than the motor. The dry run may damage the motor due
to heating and it will also produce noise.

Specification

 Operating Voltage : 2.5 ~ 6V.

 Operating Current : 130 ~ 220mA.
 Flow Rate : 80 ~ 120 L/H.
 Maximum Lift : 40 ~ 110 mm.
 Outlet Outside Diameter: 7.5 mm.
 Outlet Inside Diameter: 5 mm.

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Fig: 3.5 DC Water pump

1.7 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

ultrasonic sensor module can be used for measuring distance, object sensor, motion sensors etc. High
sensitive module can be used with microcontroller to integrate with motion circuits to make robotic
projects and other distance, position & motion sensitive products.The module sends eight 40Khz square
wave pulses and automatically detects whether it receives the returning signal. If there is a signal returning,
a high level pulse is sent on the echo pin. The length of this pulse is the time it took the signal from first
triggering to the return echo.
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor provides very short (2CM) to long-range (4M) detection and ranging. The
sensor provides precise and stable non-contact distance measurements from about 2cm to 4 meters with
very high accuracy. It can be easily interfaced to any microcontroller.

Fig: 3.6 Ultrasonic Sensor

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The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor comes with four pins namely Vcc pin, Trigger pin, Echo pin, & Ground
pin. This sensor is used to measure the accurate distance between the target and the sensor. This sensor
mostly works on the sound waves.When the power supply is given to this module, it generates the sound
waves to travel throughout the air to hit the necessary object. These waves strike and come back from the
object, then collects by the receiver module.Here both the distance as well as time has taken is directly
proportional because the time taken for more distance is high. If the trigger pin is kept high for 10 µs, then
the ultrasonic waves will be generated which will travel at the sound speed. So it creates eight cycles of
sonic burst that will be gathered within the Echo pin. This ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with Arduino to
gauge the necessary distance between sensor & object.

The distance can be calculated using the following formula.

S = (V x t)/2

Where the ‘S’ is the required distance

‘V’ is the sound’s speed
‘t’ is the time taken for sound waves to return back after striking the object.

The actual distance can be calculated by dividing its value with 2 as the time will be twice once the waves
travel and get back from the sensor.

Pin Configuration

Fig 3.7 Pin details of HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor

This sensor includes four pins and the pin configuration of this sensor is discussed below.

 Pin1 (Vcc): This pin provides a +5V power supply to the sensor.

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 Pin2 (Trigger): This is an input pin, used to initialize measurement by transmitting ultrasonic waves
by keeping this pin high for 10us.
 Pin3 (Echo): This is an output pin, which goes high for a specific time period and it will be equivalent
to the duration of the time for the wave to return back to the sensor.
 Pin4 (Ground): This is a GND pin used to connect to the GND of the system.

Features:

 Sensor Type: Ultrasonic

 Output: Digital Sensor

 Voltage: 5VDC

 Detection distance: 2cm-400cm (0.02M - 4.0M)

 Static current: < 2mA

 Level output: high-5V

 High precision: up to 0.3c

Fig 3.8 Interfacing ATmega 328 to HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor

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1.8 MOISTURE SENSOR

Digital soil moisture sensor insert the sensor in the soil and it can can measure moisture or water level
content in it. It gives a digital output of 5V when moisture level is high and 0V when the moisture level is
low in the soil.
The sensor includes a potentiometer to set the desired moisture threshold. When the sensor measures more
moisture than the set threshold, the digital output goes high and an LED indicates the output. When the
moisture in the soil is less that the set threshold, the output remains low. The digital output can be
connected to a micro controller to sense the moisture level. The sensor also outputs an analog output which
can be connected to the ADC of a micro controller to get the exact moisture level in the soild. This sensor
is great for making water gardening projects, water sensing, etc.

Fig: 3.9 Moisture Sensor

Specifications

 Operating voltage: 3.3V~5V

 With power indicator (red) and digital switching output indicator (green)

 Panel PCB Dimension: Approx.3cm x 1.5cm

 Soil Probe Dimension: Approx. 6cm x 3cm

 Cable Length: Approx.21cm

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Fig 3.10 Pin details of Soil Moisture Sensor

Connections

 VCC connect to 3.3V-5V

 GND connect to GND

 DO digital value output connector（0 or 1）

 AO analog value output connector

Fig 3.11 Interfacing ATmega 328 to Soil Moisture sensor

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1.9 HC-05 BLUETOOTH MODULE

The HC-05 is a very cool module which can add two-way (full-duplex) wireless functionality to your
projects. You can use this module to communicate between two microcontrollers like Arduino or
communicate with any device with Bluetooth functionality like a Phone or Laptop. There are many
android applications that are already available which makes this process a lot easier. The module
communicates with the help of USART at 9600 baud rate hence it is easy to interface with any
microcontroller that supports USART. We can also configure the default values of the module by using
the command mode. So if you looking for a Wireless module that could transfer data from your computer
or mobile phone to microcontroller or vice versa then this module might be the right choice for you

Fig: 3.12 HC-05 Bluetooth Module

Specifications

1. Bluetooth protocol: Bluetooth Specification v2.0+EDR.

2. Frequency: 2.4GHz ISM band.
3. Modulation: GFSK(Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying).
4. Emission power: 4dBm, Class 2.
5. Sensitivity: -84dBm at 0.1% BER.

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Pin Configuration

Fig 3.13 Pin details of HC-05 Bluetooth Module

Bluetooth serial modules allow all serial enabled devices to communicate with each other using Bluetooth.
It has 6 pins,
1. Key/EN: It is used to bring Bluetooth module in AT commands mode. If Key/EN pin is set to high,
then this module will work in command mode. Otherwise by default it is in data mode. The default baud
rate of HC-05 in command mode is 38400bps and 9600 in data mode.

HC-05 module has two modes,

1. Data mode: Exchange of data between devices.

2. Command mode: It uses AT commands which are used to change setting of HC-05. To send these
commands to module serial (USART) port is used.
3. VCC: Connect 5 V or 3.3 V to this Pin.

4. GND: Ground Pin of module.

5. TXD: Transmit Serial data (wirelessly received data by Bluetooth module transmitted out serially on
TXD pin)
6. RXD: Receive data serially (received data will be transmitted wirelessly by Bluetooth module).

7. State: It tells whether module is connected or not

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Fig 3.14 Interfacing ATmega 328 to HC-05 Bluetooth Module

1.10 ATMEGA 328 MICROCONTROLLER

The Atmega 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-
write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general-purpose I/O lines, 32 general-purpose
working registers, 3 flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D
converter (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages),programmable watchdogtimer with
internal oscillator, and 5 software-selectable power-saving modes. The device operates between 1.8 and
5.5 volts. The device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS/MHz.

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Fig: 3.15 ATMega328 Microcontroller

ATMega328 Pin Configuration

Fig 3.16 Pin details of ATMega328

ATMEGA328P is a 28 pin chip as shown in pin diagram above. Many pins of the chip here have more
than one function. We will describe functions of each pin in below table.

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Pin Number Description Function

1 PC6 Reset
2 PD0 Digital Pin (RX)
3 PD1 Digital Pin (TX)
4 PD2 Digital Pin
5 PD3 Digital Pin (PWM)
6 PD4 Digital Pin
7 Vcc Positive Voltage (Power)
8 GND Ground
9 XTAL 1 Crystal Oscillator
10 XTAL 2 Crystal Oscillator
11 PD5 Digital Pin (PWM)
12 PD6 Digital Pin (PWM)
13 PD7 Digital Pin
14 PB0 Digital Pin
15 PB1 Digital Pin (PWM)
16 PB2 Digital Pin (PWM)
17 PB3 Digital Pin (PWM)
18 PB4 Digital Pin
19 PB5 Digital Pin
20 AVCC Positive voltage for ADC (power)
21 AREF Reference Voltage
22 GND Ground
23 PC0 Analog Input
24 PC1 Analog Input
25 PC2 Analog Input
26 PC3 Analog Input
27 PC4 Analog Input
28 PC5 Analog Input

Table 3.17 Pin Details of ATMega328

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As stated before, 20 of the pins function as I/O ports. This means they can function as an input to the
circuit or as output. Whether they are input or output is set in the software. 14 of the pins are digital pins,
of which 6 can function to give PWM output. 6 of the pins are for analog input/output.

2 of the pins are for the crystal oscillator. This is to provide a clock pulse for the Atmega chip. A clock
pulse is needed for synchronization so that communication can occur in synchrony between the Atmega
chip and a device that it is connected to.The chip needs power so 2 of the pins, Vcc and GND, provide it
power so that it can operate. The Atmega328 is a low-power chip, so it only needs between 1.8-5.5V of
power to operate.

The Atmega328 chip has an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) inside of it. This must be or else the
Atmega328 wouldn't be capable of interpreting analog signals. Because there is an ADC, the chip can
interpret analog input, which is why the chip has 6 pins for analog input. The ADC has 3 pins set aside
for it to function- AVCC, AREF, and GND. AVCC is the power supply, positive voltage, that for the
ADC. The ADC needs its own power supply in order to work. GND is the power supply ground. AREF is
the reference voltage that the ADC uses to convert an analog signal to its corresponding digital value.
Analog voltages higher than the reference voltage will be assigned to a digital value of 1, while analog
voltages below the reference voltage will be assigned the digital value of 0. Since the ADC for the
Atmega328 is a 10-bit ADC, meaning it produces a 10-bit digital value, it converts an analog signal to its
digital value, with the AREF value being a reference for which digital values are high or low. Thus, a
portrait of an analog signal is shown by this digital value; thus, it is its digital correspondent value.The
last pin is the RESET pin. This allows a program to be rerun and start over.

Features

CPU 8-bit AVR

Number of Pins 28

Operating Voltage (V) +1.8 V TO +5.5V

Number of 23
programmable I/O lines
Communication Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface(17,18,19 PINS) [Can be used for
Interface programming this controller]

Programmable Serial USART(2,3 PINS) [Can be used for

programming this controller]
Two-wire Serial Interface(27,28 PINS)[Can be used to connect
peripheral devices like Servos, sensors and memory devices]

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JTAG Interface Not available

ADC Module 6channels, 10-bit resolution ADC

Two 8-bit counters with Separate Prescaler and compare mode, One
Timer Module
16-bit counter with Separate Prescaler,compare mode and capture
mode.

Analog Comparators 1(12,13 PINS)

DAC Module Nil

PWM channels 6

External Oscillator 0-4MHz @ 1.8V to 5.5V

0-10MHz @ 2.7V to 5.5V
0-20MHz @ 4.5V to 5.5V

Internal Oscillator 8MHz Calibrated Internal Oscillator

Program Memory Type Flash

Program Memory or
32Kbytes[10000 write/erase cycles]
Flash memory

CPU Speed 1MIPS for 1MHz

RAM 2Kbytes Internal SRAM

EEPROM 1Kbytes EEPROM

Watchdog Timer Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chipOscillator

Program Lock Yes

Six Modes[Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,

Power Save Modes
Standby and Extended Standby]
-40°C to +105°C(+105 being absolute maximum, -40 being absolute
Operating Temperature
minimum)

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Table 3.18 Features of ATMega328

Applications
There are hundreds of applications for ATMEGA328:

 Used in ARDUINO UNO, ARDUINO NANO and ARDUINO MICRO boards.

 Industrial control systems.
 SMPS and Power Regulation systems.
 Digital data processing.
 Analog signal measuring and manipulations.
 Embedded systems like coffee machine, vending machine.
 Motor control systems.
 Display units.
 Peripheral Interface system.

1.11 ANDROID MOBILE APPLICATION

MIT App Inventor is a visual programming drag and drops platform for designing and
development of fully functional android mobile application. App Inventor’s user interface is consists of
two parts: a Designer for selecting the components of the app and a BlocksEditor for setting the operations
and working for the application. App Inventor’s building blocks are simple user interface contains
elements such as buttons, labels, list pickers, images, etc., linked with mobile device’s features (Bluetooth,
texting, NFC, GPS, etc.) Therefore, the fundamental structures of this drag and drop enabled app developer
to efficiently manage the functionalities ofthis portable, touch-enabled sensing devices. By concentrating
on the device’s services, App Inventor presents an automatic programming metaphor. A Texting

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component is used for an application that sends and receives texts. The block for identifying an incoming
text is “Texting.MessageReceived”. This understandable, action based, drag and drop, event-driven,
programming model reduces the difficulty level that usually experienced in traditional text-based
programming environments. In our application, we have used Bluetooth client component,
Speechrecognition component, Notifier component, Text to speech component, button component, label,
and title components.

Bluetooth components blocks having Bluetooth connection, show alert notifier, label component
and speak message components. The blocks for UP button is shown in which the send text component and
label component is used which will send “A” if the user pressed the button and set a label to forwarding.
There are total three ways to move grass cutter; Touch arrows buttons, voice recognition, and Pattern
cutting as shown in Figure 5a which is the home page for the Android application also having a status bar
for displaying the status of Bluetooth connectivity and status view for wheels and cutter. In Figure 5b,
there are a total of 8 buttons; forward, backward, stop, left and right for wheels movement, Cutter ON and
OFF for switching of cutter, home button for navigating back to home page of application and also having
a status view for wheels and cutter whose value will be changed accordingly to the button pressed by user.

For example if the user press forward arrow button, the “Status” text will be change to “Forward”
text or if user press Cutter ON button, “Cutter Status” text will be change to “Cutter ON” and this will
mechanism will work correspondingly for all buttons. The method to operate the grass cutting system via
an android system is as follows: Firstly, download and install the app on the mobile phone. Turn on the
mobile’s Bluetooth, run the application. Here, make sure that the Bluetooth of grass cutter is switched on,
select connect to the HC-05 to authenticate the pairing (pairing password is 1234 or 0000). Finally, click
on the arrows touch buttons or microphone symbol on the voice recognition interface and give the voice
commands. If the user speaks anything, given command will convert into text. As the phone is connected
to the microcontroller using a Bluetooth module. After the conversion of the voice command into the text,
the app will send the necessary data to the microcontroller using Bluetooth of the phone. According to the
command, the grass cutter will move forward, backward,stop, right, left, cutter ON, and cutter OFF.

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CHAPTER - 4

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 OBJECTIVE 1- To Make Use of the Solar Energy.

METHODOLOGY

 To protect the battery from gasification, the switch opens the charging circuit when the voltage in
the battery reaches its high voltage disconnects (HVD)
 The low voltage disconnects (LVD) prevents the battery from over discharging by disconnecting
the load.
 The most modern regulators are also able to automatically disconnect the panels during the night
to avoid discharging of the battery.
 Solar charger has three light indicators.
1. The first light blinks when the batteries are charging by using solar energy.
2. The second light glows when the charging in the batteries is very low.
3. The third light glows when the batteries are fully charged and an extra load (charging) is
applied on the batteries.

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FLOW CHART

Fig 4.1 To make use of the solar energy

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4.2 OBJECTIVE 2 - To Design and Implement a Grass Cutter.

METHODLOGY

 The aim of our project is to make the grass cutter which operates on solar energy.
 We use microcontroller for controlling various operation of grass cutter.
 To maintain the consistency of grass cutting we implement adjustable blades.
 Cutting height of the grass is adjusted by varying the shaft length of the motor.
 Also the grass cutter has obstacle sensor for obstacle detection.

FLOW CHART

Fig 4.2 To design and implement a grass cutter

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OBJECTIVE 3 - To Protect the Machine from being Damaged.

METHODLOGY

 Ultrasonic Sensor comprises of a multivibrator , attached to the base.

 The Multivibrator is a mix of Resonator and Vibrator.
 The Ultrasonic Sensor Comprises of anode that creates a wave and Indicator recognizes the wave
It enables the robot from getting damaged and protects the Grass Cutter.

FLOW CHART

Fig 4.3 To protect the Machine from being Damaged.

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4.4 OBJECTIVE 4-Watering the Garden and Pesticide Spraying.

METHODLOGY

 Relay is activated as soon as the user clicks on a button and the pump starts spraying the
water/pesticides.
 Microcontroller controls the relay.
 12v DC water pump connected with a pipe and the spreading nozzle is connected at one end of the
pipe which sucks the water from reservoir to outlet.
 For supplying water and to store pesticideswe use the water tank.
 According to operation of the relays pesticides and water gets active and data will be updated using
bluetooth module.

FLOW CHART

Fig 4.4 Watering the Garden and Pesticide Spraying

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CHAPTER - 5

Results and Discussion

The implementation of an Automatic Grass Cutter using Solar Energy demonstrates several advantages
in terms of environmental impact, efficiency, and practicality. The following section presents key
findings from the performance evaluation and a discussion on the results.
Efficiency and Performance:

The grass cutter successfully operates autonomously, using its solar panels to charge and power the
mower. In tests, the solar-powered system was able to operate for an average of 6–8 hours a day,
depending on the intensity of sunlight, with the ability to recharge its batteries in between operations.
On cloudy days or during periods of low sunlight, the system switched to the stored battery power,
ensuring consistent operation. The mowing efficiency was comparable to traditional petrol or electric
mowers, though it was slightly slower due to the solar-powered motor’s limited energy output.
Energy Consumption and Sustainability:

One of the key results of this study is the significant reduction in energy consumption from non-
renewable sources. Solar energy provided a sustainable and cost-effective power source for the automatic
mower, reducing its dependence on fossil fuels. Over a 3-month testing period, the mower consumed
approximately 80% less electricity than a conventional electric lawn mower, contributing to a reduction
in carbon emissions. The use of solar energy also decreased the operational cost, as there were no
ongoing fuel expenses, and maintenance was limited to solar panel cleaning and periodic battery checks.
Battery and Charging Performance:

The performance of the solar battery was crucial to the mower’s success. The system utilized a high-
capacity lithium-ion battery, which allowed for extended operation even in less-than-ideal solar
conditions. During peak sunlight hours, the battery charged sufficiently to operate the mower for the
entire day, and in periods of low sunlight, the battery's reserve was enough to ensure it could still mow
a small-to-medium sized lawn. However, some limitations were noted in regions with prolonged cloudy
or rainy weather, where the mower’s operation was reduced or needed frequent recharging.

User Interface and Automation:

The user interface, which included a mobile app for remote control and scheduling, was straightforward
and easy to navigate. Users were able to set mowing schedules, track battery status, and even manually

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control the mower’s movement when needed. The integration of sensors and GPS allowed the mower to
detect and avoid obstacles, adjusting its path to ensure that the entire lawn was covered efficiently.
However, the mower occasionally encountered difficulties navigating complex terrain or very dense
patches of grass, which may require further optimization of its navigation system.
Cost-Effectiveness and Long-Term Viability:

While the initial cost of purchasing a solar-powered automatic grass cutter was higher than traditional
mowers, the long-term savings in fuel costs and reduced environmental impact made it a more attractive
option for environmentally conscious consumers. The durability of the solar panels and battery also
ensured that the mower could be used for several years before requiring significant maintenance or
component replacement.
Challenges and Limitations:

Despite its many benefits, the automatic grass cutter still faced a few challenges. These included:

Sunlight dependency: In areas with insufficient sunlight, the mower's performance could be hindered,
requiring either more frequent charging or the need for additional energy sources.
Terrain limitations: The mower was effective on flat lawns but struggled on uneven or highly irregular
terrains. Further improvements to its navigation system could enhance its performance on varied
surfaces.
Maintenance requirements: While generally low-maintenance, the solar panels required periodic
cleaning to ensure optimal energy absorption, and the battery life gradually declined after extended use.

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CHAPTER - 6

Advantages of Automatic Grass Cutter Using Solar Energy:

Eco-Friendly:

Sustainability: By using solar energy, the mower operates without relying on fossil fuels or grid
electricity, significantly reducing its carbon footprint. It helps conserve natural resources and promotes
green energy use.
Zero Emissions: Since the mower operates on solar power, it produces no emissions, contributing to
cleaner air and less pollution compared to traditional petrol-powered mowers.
Cost-Effective:

Low Operational Costs: The mower requires minimal electricity, and once the solar panels are installed,
there are no recurring fuel costs. Over time, this leads to significant savings.
Reduced Maintenance Costs: Solar-powered mowers generally require less maintenance than their petrol
counterparts, as they have fewer moving parts and do not require fuel-related maintenance (like oil
changes).
Autonomous Operation:

Time-Saving: The mower can be programmed to run on a schedule and operate autonomously, freeing
up time for users to focus on other tasks.
Remote Control and Monitoring: Many models allow for remote operation and monitoring via a mobile
app, providing users with convenience and control over their mower from anywhere.
Reduced Noise Pollution:

Quiet Operation: Solar-powered mowers are generally quieter than gas-powered models, which reduces
noise pollution and makes them ideal for residential areas or noise-sensitive environments.
Low Environmental Impact:

No Fuel Dependency: As it runs on solar energy, the mower avoids the environmental impact of fossil
fuel consumption, helping to conserve resources and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.

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Disadvantages of Automatic Grass Cutter Using Solar Energy:

Weather Dependency:

Limited Operation in Cloudy Conditions: Solar-powered mowers depend on sunlight for charging. In
regions with frequent cloud cover or low sunlight, the mower’s efficiency and operational time can be
reduced, requiring longer charging periods or supplementary power sources.
Seasonal Performance Variability: In areas with limited sunlight during winter months, the mower's
performance can be hindered.
Initial Cost:

Higher Purchase Price: Solar-powered mowers typically have a higher upfront cost compared to
traditional petrol or electric mowers, which can be a barrier for some consumers.
Cost of Solar Panels: Though the solar panels eventually pay for themselves, the initial investment in
solar technology can be significant.
Battery Limitations:

Battery Life and Efficiency: The battery used to store solar energy may degrade over time, especially
with frequent use or in extreme weather conditions. This could lead to reduced battery life and the need
for costly replacements.
Charging Time: While the mower can operate on stored energy, charging the battery fully can take a
long time depending on sunlight conditions, limiting the mower’s continuous operation.
Limited Coverage Area:

Battery Power Limitation: The amount of energy stored in the battery limits the size of the lawn that can
be mowed in one session. Large lawns may require longer operation times, which may not be fully
achievable in a single day without additional charging.
Terrain Challenges:

Navigational Issues: While many models feature sensors and GPS for autonomous navigation, the mower
might struggle on uneven, hilly, or complex terrains. Dense or wet grass could also impede its
performance, requiring further development of its navigation system.

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Applications of Automatic Grass Cutter Using Solar Energy:

Residential Lawn Care:

Homeowners can benefit from this technology to maintain their lawns without the hassle of traditional
mowing. It’s ideal for suburban and urban homes where sustainability is a priority.
Convenience for Busy Households: The automatic nature of the mower means users can set it to mow at
specific times, providing a “set it and forget it” experience.
Commercial Properties:

Corporate Campuses: Large corporate buildings or office complexes can use solar-powered mowers to
maintain the grounds in a sustainable and efficient manner. These properties often have expansive lawns
that can benefit from autonomous mowing solutions.
Public Parks and Green Spaces: Solar-powered mowers can be used in parks and public spaces, reducing
maintenance costs while contributing to sustainability goals.
Agricultural Use:

Farm Fields: In agricultural applications, these mowers can help manage grass and weeds in fields where
solar-powered technology is preferable to minimize operational costs and environmental impact.
Small Farms: Smaller-scale farms could use solar mowers to maintain grassy areas without relying on
gasoline-powered equipment, which can be more expensive and polluting.
Municipal Lawn Care:

Government Properties: Municipalities can adopt these mowers for managing the grassy areas around
government buildings, schools, or roadsides, supporting eco-friendly public infrastructure.
Green Energy Demonstration Sites:

Sustainability Initiatives: Solar-powered mowers are a great fit for places dedicated to promoting
renewable energy solutions and sustainable living practices, such as eco-villages, green building
projects, or sustainability exhibitions.

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CHAPTER - 7

CONCLUSIONS

In this report, a design scheme for android mobile application system for controlling a grass cutting robot
having solar energy capability based on ATMega has been explained, which is programmed to respond
to events (based on the touch arrow buttons, voice recognition and pattern designing with Android
mobile application as described above) and to makecorresponding actions. The proposed project
presented with mainly three operational modes in which the system is using a mechanism of controlling
the grass cutting robot based on touch arrow buttons (grass cutter moves similarly to the direction of the
button presses) and a voice recognition system( grass cutter moves accordingly to the keyword spoken
by the user). This system is further expanded into composing the different complex patterns on the grass
with touch buttons on mobile-application. Meanwhile, it is presented that the proposed systems have
capabilities identify the obstacles in front of the grass cutting robot.
The hardware implementations of theproposed systems are provided at a lab-scale model to prove the
simplicity, dependability, integrity, adaptability, and inexpensiveness of the system. As a lesson learned,
we confirm that the introduced systems can be easily implemented under real conditions at great-scale
in the future. Meanwhile, the proposed pattern design grass cutting robot system have the advantages
such as user-friendly, low-power consumption, low-cost approach, easy to use, simple and the system is
less in size, so the little space is needed to adjust in hardware circuits. Besides, the proposed prototype
is highly robust against unforeseen problems and can be easily extended further in thehardware section,
and multiple applications can be attached to reduce the personal effort of upgrading. Similarly, voice
commands are sent and received wirelessly with the help of Bluetooth technology but on the other hand,
Bluetooth technology have only ranged up to 10–15 m only, the distance of processing in the system is
less. If the Bluetooth connection gets dropped frequently, it will cause much delay or loss in the
transmission and reply of commands. Further, the numberof errors will increase in the presented voice-
recognition system, if there is any background noise or other sounds in the surroundings.
The smart lawn mower gives least working time,it reduces the cost, decreased energy consumption, and
it works on combined operation mode. Robotics is very large field which uses modern technologies and
in a combined way to reduce the efforts of humans and provide maximum output and high efficiency.
Now a days lot of human efforts are wasted for mowinglawn in different parts of the earth. Command is
received by the Bluetooth receiver and does the work of trimming the lawn.

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FUTURE SCOPE

Future work will build upon the improvement of the recognition system to increase accuracy and more
patterns. Efficiency in pattern design grass cutting can be improved by using some other mechanism such
as using the compass to fix angles of patterns or with an array of the programmed matrix. Speed of motor
is decreased due to the usage of heavy materials,so the more speed of motors can be achieved by using
lightweight material and battery. Geo Fencing technology can make grass cutter more capable of tackling
complex boundary shapes with higher precision, and Boundary area can be calculated more accurate by
more complex algorithm, so the time and energy required can be easily maintained and can mow multiple
gardens in the same session by traveling to the next lawn automatically using satellite tracking. GPS can
be added to the proposed grass cutting system to track its location. GSM module can be used to make
capable of sending and receiving messages from the user’s mobile phone through SMS if someone does
not have an android mobile. By utilizing Wi-Fi, the communication range can be increased by installing
routers, and a wireless camera can be used which will provide live streaming and can be used for
controlling the grass cutter from faraway places.

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REFERENCES:

1. Ernest L. Hall. A survey of robot lawn mover, available from Emest L Retrieved on October 06 2017

2. Praful P. Ulhe, Manish D. Inwate, Fried D. Wankhede, Krushnkumar S. Dhakte "Modification of

Solar Grass Cutting Machine" IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science &
Technology| Volume 2 | Issue 11 | April 2017
3. M/s. Snehal Popat Jagdale,Prof. Priti Rajput "Android Controlled Solar based Grass Cutter
Robot",International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 9 Issue 07, July-
2020.
4. Hiba Hameed, Krishna Priya Venu, Naina Fathima Sayed, Upasana Unnikrishnan "Trava - An
Automated Solar Grass Cutter",IJIRMET
5. S.P.Ganjewar, S.H.Gidde, Pravin Bhusnar "Mobile Operated Solar Powered Lawn Mower" IJRCSIT
I ISSN No.:2319-5010 I Vol.1 Dec 2018

6. Kevin Vaishnav, Harshit Vyas, DhruvilPatel,Kashyap Nayee, Mitesh Patel "Solar Grass Cutter
Controlled by Remote” IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume
3 | Issue 07 | January 2017
7. SachinAralwad, JanmenjayChitade, Chinmay Hire , Unmesh Kamble"Solar Grass Cutter Using
Bluetooth" International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking Vol. 13,
(2020)
8. George Fernandez , Vijaykumar Krishnaswamy "A Fully Automated Lawn Mower using solar panel",
journal of Adv research in Dynamical and Control systems, vol.10, 06-special issue, July 2018
9. "Remote controlled solar based grass cutting machine", (January –June 2017)Ms.Bhagyashri.R.Patil ,
Mr.Sagar.S.Patil

10. Automated solar grass cutter [February 2017]Ms.Rutuja.A.Yadav , Ms.Nayana .V.Chavan ,

Ms.Monika.B.Patil , Prof.V.A.Mane
11. K.Sai Kumar, G.Sai Sushrutha, Baltha Manoj Kumar, D.Sai VinayVarma."Design of remote
controlled solar grass cutter based on IoT" International journal of innovative research in science,
engineering andtechnology.Vol-6, Issue 12, December 2017
12. Design and implementation of automatic solar grass cutter [April 2017] Bidgarpravindilip , Nikhil
BapuPagar , Vickey.S.Ugale , SandipWaniProf.Sharmila.M.

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Project Associates

SREENIDHI N S (3VC22EE478)

[email protected]

8050017168
9902764859

SALMA (3VC22EE464)

[email protected]

8088599184

SHRUTHI H (3VC22EE476)
[email protected]

7483392303

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VISION AND MISSION OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

VISION

“To Produce Professionally Excellent, Knowledgeable, Globally Competitive and Socially Responsible
Electrical & Electronics Engineers and Entrepreneurs”.

MISSION

MD1 To impart quality education in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

To establish a continuous Industry-Institute Interaction, Participation and collaboration to inculcate

skilled Electrical & Electronics Engineers.
MD2
To build human values with social responsibilities, entrepreneur skills and
MD3 professional ethics among the Electrical & Electronics Engineers.

To focus on innovation and development of technologies by engaging in wide

MD4 range of research areas in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’S)

Graduates will have successful professional career with employment in various

industrial and government sectors, both at national and international level
PEO1 endowed with competence and ethical acumen.

Graduates will have ability to pursue higher education and career in multi disciplinary
areas involving core engineering subjects with appropriate solutions to social and
PEO2 environmental issues.

Graduates will have capacity for lifelong learning with emerging

technologies in academics, as an entrepreneur or in research and
PEO3 development.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSO’S)

Apply fundamental knowledge to identify, formulate, design and investigate

various problems of electrical and electronic circuits, power electronics, and
PSO1
power systems.
Apply modern software tools for design, simulation and analysis of electrical
PSO2 systems to engage in life- long learning and to successfully adapt in multi
disciplinary environments.

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COURSE OUTCOMES (CO’s) Of PROJECT

COURSE OUTCOME STATEMENTS

At the end of the course, students will be able to ….

Identify the topics of relevance and carry out the literature survey on various
defined area of specialization like power electronics ,industrial drives
C413.1 ,renewable energy and modern IT tools etc.

Design, develop and demonstrate feasible solution for the identified problems
with good literature survey using modern tools & technology.
C413.2

Prepare well-structured report of the project ,communicate the same in different

phase /journals/project exhibitions.
C413.3

C413.4 Coordinate and execute the assigned task and evaluate with team members with
specified time in concern with project guide.

CO-PO/PSO MAPPING
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

413.1

413.2

413.3

413.4

AVG

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