DBMS

Database: A database is a collection of interrelated data that helps in the efficient retrieval,
insertion, and deletion of data from the database and organizes the data in the form of tables,
views, schemas, reports, etc. For Example, a university database organizes the data about
students, faculty, admin staff, etc. which helps in the efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of
data from it.

Database Management System (DBMS): Database management system is a software

which is used to manage the database. For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular
commercial database which is used in different applications.
DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation, storing data in
it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also maintains
data consistency.

Characteristics of DBMS: It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and

manage the information.

o It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates data.
o DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
o It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.
o It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
o It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
o It is used to provide security of data.
o It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the requirements of the
user.

Advantages of DBMS:

o Reduction in data Redundancy: The duplication of data refers to data redundancy.

DBMS can’t make separate copies of the same data. All the data is kept at a place and
different applications refers to data from centrally controlled system.
o Better Interaction with users: In DBMS, the availability of up-to-date information
improves the data to be access or respond as per user requests.
o Improvement in Data Security: DBMS can allow the means of access to the database
through the authorized channels. To ensure security, DBMS provides security tools i.e.
username and password.
o Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data
among multiple users.

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 o Maintenance of Data Integrity: Data integrity ensures that the data of database is
accurate. In DBMS, data is centralized and used by many users at a time, it is essential to
enforce integrity controls.
o Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the
database system.
o Ease of Application Development: The application programmer needs to develop the
application programs according to the user’s needs. The other issues like concurrent
access, security, data integrity etc, are handled by database itself. This makes the
application development an easier task.
o Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
o Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of
data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
o multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user
interfaces, application program interfaces
Types of DBMS:
1. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS): Data is organized into tables
(relations) with rows and columns, and the relationships between the data are managed
through primary and foreign keys. SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to query
and manipulate the data. Examples are MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server and
Postgre SQL.

It is called Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) because it is based on the

relational model introduced by E.F. Codd.

2. NoSQL DBMS: Designed for high-performance scenarios and large-scale data, NoSQL
databases store data in various non-relational formats such as key-value pairs, documents,
graphs, or columns. Examples are NoSQL DBMS are MongoDB, Cassandra, DynamoDB
and Redis.

3. Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS): Stores data as objects, similar to those used in

object-oriented programming, allowing for complex data representations and
relationships.

4. Network DBMS: It is the database that typically follows the network data model. Here,
the representation of data is in the form of nodes connected via links between them.
Unlike the hierarchical database, it allows each record to have multiple children and
parent nodes to form a generalized graph structure.

5. Hierarchical DBMS: It is the type of database that stores data in the form of parent-
children relationship nodes. Here, it organizes data in a tree-like structure.

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Applications of DBMS:
DBMS are used almost in every software that we use. For example, Emails, WhatsApp, Social
Media and in-fact this article that you are reading is being stored and accessed using DBMS.
Almost all programming languages provide libraries from different popular database
management systems like MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MongoDB, etc.
• Banking: Manages accounts, transactions, and financial records.
• Airlines: Handles bookings, schedules, and availability.
• E-commerce: Supports catalogs, orders, and secure transactions.
• Healthcare: Stores patient records and billing.
• Education: Manages student data and course enrollments.
• Telecom: Tracks call records and billing.
• Government: Maintains census and taxation data.
• Social Media: Stores user profiles and posts efficiently.

DBA (Database Administrator): DBA stands for Database Administrator. It refers to a

person or a role responsible for managing and maintaining databases. The primary duties of a
DBA include:

Database design and architecture: Creating the structure and layout of databases to ensure
they are optimized for performance and scalability. A DBA is involved in creating the structure
of the database (tables, relationships, views, etc.), ensuring it is designed to meet the
organization’s needs efficiently.

The DBA ensures that the database design avoids redundancy and follows normalization
principles. They also optimize the design for performance, scalability, and data integrity.

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 Database installation and configuration: Setting up database software and ensuring it is
properly configured to meet the needs of an organization.

The DBA installs and configures the database management system (DBMS), such as MySQL,
Oracle, or SQL Server, based on the organization’s needs.

Backup and recovery: Ensuring that regular backups are taken, and planning and
implementing disaster recovery strategies to safeguard data.

The DBA is responsible for establishing and executing regular database backup schedules to
prevent data loss in case of system failures or disasters

Performance tuning: Monitoring database performance, analyzing bottlenecks, and

optimizing queries or database structure for better efficiency.

Security management: Implementing security policies to protect sensitive data, ensuring

user access control, and managing roles and permissions.

Troubleshooting: Diagnosing and resolving database-related issues, such as system crashes,

slow performance, or data corruption.

Data integrity and maintenance: Ensuring the integrity, accuracy, and consistency of data
stored in the database over time.

A DBA can work with various types of databases, including relational (e.g., MySQL,
PostgreSQL, Oracle) or NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra). The role is crucial for
any organization that relies on databases for their operations.

DBMS Architecture:

o The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The basic client/server architecture is
used to deal with a large number of PCs, web servers, database servers and other
components that are connected with networks.
o DBMS architecture depends upon how users are connected to the database to get their
request done.

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Types of DBMS Architecture

Database architecture can be seen as a single tier or multi-tier. But logically, database
architecture is of two types like: 2-tier architecture and 3-tier architecture.

1-Tier (Level) Architecture

o In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It means the user can
directly sit on the DBMS and uses it.
o The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the local application, where
programmers can directly communicate with the database for the quick response.
o Any changes done here will directly be done on the database itself.
Advantages of 1-Tier Architecture
• Simple Architecture: 1-Tier Architecture is the most simple architecture to set up, as only
a single machine is required to maintain it.
• Cost-Effective: No additional hardware is required for implementing 1-Tier Architecture,
which makes it cost-effective.
• Easy to Implement: 1-Tier Architecture can be easily deployed, and hence it is mostly
used in small projects.

2-Tier (Level) Architecture

o The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server. In the two-tier architecture,

applications on the client end can directly communicate with the database at the server
side. For this interaction, API's like: ODBC, JDBC are used.
o The user interfaces and application programs are run on the client-side.
o The server side is responsible to provide the functionalities like: query processing and
transaction management.

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 o To communicate with the DBMS, client-side application establishes a connection with
the server side.

Fig: 2-Tier (Level) Architecture

Advantages of 2-Tier Architecture

• Easy to Access: 2-Tier Architecture makes easy access to the database, which makes fast
retrieval.
• Scalable: We can scale the database easily, by adding clients or upgrading hardware.
• Low Cost: 2-Tier Architecture is cheaper than 3-Tier Architecture and Multi-Tier
Architecture.
• Easy Deployment: 2-Tier Architecture is easier to deploy than 3-Tier Architecture.
• Simple: 2-Tier Architecture is easily understandable as well as simple because of only two
components.

3-Tier Architecture

o The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the client and server. In this
architecture, client can't directly communicate with the server.
o The application on the client-end interacts with an application server which further
communicates with the database system.
o The 3-Tier architecture is used in case of large web application.

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Fig: 3-Tier (Level) Architecture

Advantages of 3-Tier Architecture

• Enhanced scalability: Scalability is enhanced due to the distributed deployment of
application servers. Now, individual connections need not be made between the client and
server.
• Data Integrity: 3-Tier Architecture maintains Data Integrity. Since there is a middle layer
between the client and the server, data corruption can be avoided/removed.
• Security: 3-Tier Architecture Improves Security. This type of model prevents direct
interaction of the client with the server thereby reducing access to unauthorized data.

What is Schema: It is a logical structure of the database.

In a Database Management System (DBMS), a schema is the logical structure or blueprint of a
database that defines the organization of data and the relationships between different elements.

There are two main types of schemas in a DBMS:

1. Physical Schema: This describes how data is stored physically on the storage medium. It
includes the structure of files, how the data is indexed, how tables are partitioned, and
other low-level storage details.

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 2. Logical Schema: This defines the logical view of the entire database, such as the tables,
fields, data types, and relationships between entities. It does not concern itself with how
the data is physically stored but focuses on how it is logically structured.

Three Schema Architecture/ Three Level of Abstraction:

External Schema External Schema External Schema View level

Conceptual Schema Logical Level

Physical Schema (Internal) Physical Level

Database

The three schema architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture or three-level

architecture.

The three schema architecture is also used to separate the user applications and physical
database.

The three schema architecture contains three-levels. It breaks the database down into three
different categories.

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In the above diagram:

o It shows the DBMS architecture.

o Mapping is used to transform the request and response between various database levels of
architecture.
o Mapping is not good for small DBMS because it takes more time.
o In External / Conceptual mapping, it is necessary to transform the request from external
level to conceptual schema.
o In Conceptual / Internal mapping, DBMS transform the request from the conceptual to
internal level.

The architecture is divided into three levels-

1. Internal Level (Physical Level/Schema):

The internal level has an internal schema which describes the physical storage structure of the
database.
It is the lowest level of data abstraction that deals with the physical representation of the database
on the computer.

It is also known as internal level.

It defines how the data are actually stored and organized on the storage medium.

2. Conceptual Level/Schema (Logical Level):

It is the overall view of the database and includes all the information that is going to be
represented in the database.
It describes what type of data is stored in the database and also describes the relationship among
the data without effecting to the physical level.

It is also known as conceptual level.

In the conceptual level, internal details such as an implementation of the data structure are
hidden.
Programmers and database administrators work at this level.

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3. External Level/Schema (View Level):

At the external level, a database contains several schemas that sometimes called as subschema.
The subschema is used to describe the different view of the database.

An external schema is also known as view schema.

This is the highest level of data abstraction which describes the interaction between the user and
the system. It permits the users to access data in a way that is customized according to their
needs, so that the same data can be seen by different users in different ways, at the same time.

Objectives of Three schema Architecture:

The main objective of three level architecture is to enable multiple users to access the same data
with a personalized view while storing the underlying data only once. Thus it separates the user's
view from the physical structure of the database. This separation is desirable for the following
reasons:

o Different users need different views of the same data.

o The approach in which a particular user needs to see the data may change over time.
o The users of the database should not worry about the physical implementation and
internal workings of the database such as data compression and encryption techniques,
hashing, optimization of the internal structures etc.
o All users should be able to access the same data according to their requirements.
o DBA should be able to change the conceptual structure of the database without affecting
the user's
o Internal structure of the database should be unaffected by changes to physical aspects of
the storage.

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Data Independence

o Data independence can be explained using the three-schema architecture.

o Data independence refers characteristic of being able to modify the schema at one level
of the database system without altering the schema at the next higher level.

There are two types of data independence:

Fig: Data Independence

1. Logical Data Independence

o Logical data independence refers characteristic of being able to change the conceptual
schema without having to change the external schema.
o Logical data independence is used to separate the external level from the conceptual
view.
o If we do any changes in the conceptual view of the data, then the user view of the data
would not be affected.
o Logical data independence occurs at the user interface level.

2. Physical Data Independence

o Physical data independence can be defined as the capacity to change the internal schema
without having to change the conceptual schema.
o If we do any changes in the storage size of the database system server, then the
Conceptual structure of the database will not be affected.
o Physical data independence is used to separate conceptual levels from the internal levels.
o Physical data independence occurs at the logical interface level.

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DBMS NOTES PROF. MD FAROOQUE (CSE) MACET PATNA