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 Solution Manual for Principles of Economics 6th Edition Frank
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SOLUTIONS
MANUAL
FOR
Principles of Economics

6th Edition
By Frank
ISBN13-9780078021855
CHAPTER 2 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

Answers to Review Questions

1. An individual has a comparative advantage in the production of a particular good if

she can produce it at a lower opportunity cost than other individuals. An individual has an
absolute advantage in the production of a good if she can produce more of that good than
another individual, using comparable amounts of time, raw materials and effort.

Learning Objective: 02-01

AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Bloom’s: Understand

2. A reduction in the number of hours worked each day will shift all points on the
production possibilities curve inward, toward the origin, as this reduces the maximum
amount that can be produced of either good. The graph below illustrates this situation.

Coffee
(lb/day)

PPC 1

PPC 2

Nuts (lb/day)
Learning Objective: 02-03
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Bloom’s: Understand

3. Technological innovations that boost labor productivity will shift all points on the
production possibilities curve outward, away from the origin. The graph below illustrates
this situation.

1
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Coffee
(lb/day)

PPC2

PPC1

Nuts (lb/day)
Learning Objective: 02-03
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Bloom’s: Understand

4. According to the Principle of Comparative Advantage, people will perform their own
services when the opportunity cost of doing so is low. This implies that performing
services yourself is not a matter of whether you are rich or poor but rather the opportunity
cost of your time. Furthermore, limited specialization will mean less overall production
for a nation, which is usually interpreted as poverty.

Learning Objective: 02-02

AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Bloom’s: Understand

5. The fact that English has become the de facto international language has done much
to stimulate international demand for American-made books, movies and popular music.
The large size of the American market has given the United States an additional
advantage over other English-speaking countries, like England, Canada, and Australia.

Learning Objective: 02-03

AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Bloom’s: Remember

Answers to Problems
1. In the time it takes Ted to wash a car he can wax three cars, which is his
opportunity cost of washing one car. In the time it takes Tom to wash one car, he can wax
two cars, which is his opportunity cost of washing one car.

2
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Alternatively, you can compute how many cars each person can wash or wax in a certain
time period, such as an hour, and then use these quantities to compute their respective
opportunity costs: Ted can wash one car or wax three, so his opportunity cost of washing
one car is 3 (or 3/1) wax jobs. Likewise, Tom can wash two cars or wax four, so his
opportunity cost of washing one car is 2 (or 4/2) wax jobs.

Because Tom’s opportunity cost of washing a car is lower than Ted’s, Tom has a
comparative advantage in washing cars.

Learning Objective: 02-01

AACSB: Analytic
Bloom’s: Apply

2. In the time it takes Nancy to replace a set of brakes she can complete one-half of a
clutch replacement; her opportunity cost of replacing a set of brakes is therefore one-half
of a clutch replacement. In the time it takes Bill to replace a set of brakes, he can
complete one-third of a clutch replacement; his opportunity cost of replacing a set of
brakes is therefore one-third of a clutch replacement.

Alternatively, you can compute how many clutches or brakes each person can replace in
a certain time period, such as 6 hours, and then use these quantities to compute their
respective opportunity cost: Nancy can replace 1.5 clutches or 3 sets of brakes in that
time, so her opportunity cost of replacing one set of brakes is one-half of a clutch
replacement (1.5/3). Likewise, Bill can replace 1 clutch or 3 sets of brakes, so his
opportunity cost of replacing one set of brakes is one-third of a clutch replacement (1/3).

Bill’s opportunity cost of replacing a set of brakes is lower than Nancy’s, so Bill has a
comparative advantage in replacing brakes. This also implies that Nancy has a comparative
advantage in replacing clutches. Finally, Nancy has an absolute advantage over Bill in
replacing clutches since it takes her two hours less than it takes Bill to perform that
job. Since Nancy and Bill take the same amount of time to replace a set of brakes, neither
person has an absolute advantage in that task.

Learning Objective: 02-01

AACSB: Analytic
Bloom’s: Apply

3. a. Helen's production possibilities curve would look like the following:

3
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Dresses
per day

32

Loaves of bread
0 64 per day
b. As the graph shows, 28 dresses per day and 16 loaves of bread per day is outside
the production possibilities curve (PPC) and is therefore an unattainable
combination for Helen. The combination of 16 dresses per day and 32 loaves of
bread per day is both attainable and efficient. Finally, 18 dresses per day and 24
loaves of bread per day is a combination that lies beneath the PPC, which is
attainable but inefficient. Here, Helen could either complete more dresses or
more loaves of bread per day.

Dresses
per day
32
a
28

18 c b
16

0 16 24 32 64 Loaves of bread
per day
Learning Objective: 02-03
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom’s: Apply

4. a. As shown below, the new machine doubles the value of the vertical intercept of
Helen’s PPC.

4
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Dresses
per day
64

32

Loaves of bread
0 64 per day

b. Since Helen can sew twice as many dresses per hour as before, she can now sew
any given number of dresses in half as much time as before. With the time saved,
she can bake additional loaves of bread.

c. The upward rotation of Helen’s PPC means that she is now able for the first time
to produce at any of the points in the shaded region of the graph above. Note that
her menu of opportunity increased with respect to dresses and with respect to
bread as well. For example, she can now produce 32 dresses and 32 loaves of
bread instead of 32 dresses and no loaves.

Learning Objective: 02-03

AACSB: Analytic
Bloom’s: Apply

5. a. Their maximum possible coffee output is 36 pounds per day (12 from Tom and 24
from Susan).

b. Their maximum possible output of nuts is also 36 pounds per day (12 from
Susan and 24 from Tom).

c. Tom should be sent to gather nuts, since his opportunity cost (half a pound of
coffee per pound of nuts) is lower than Susan’s (2 pounds of coffee per pound of
nuts). Since it would take Tom only one hour to gather four pounds of nuts, he

5
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 can still pick 10 pounds of coffee in his 5 working hours that remain. Added to
Susan’s 24 pounds, they will have a total of 34 pounds of coffee per day.

d. Susan should be sent to pick coffee, since her opportunity cost (half a pound of
nuts per pound of coffee) is lower than Tom’s (2 pounds of nuts per pound of
coffee). It will take Susan 2 hours to pick 8 pounds of coffee, which means that
she can still gather 8 pounds of nuts. So they will have a total of 32 pounds per
day of nuts.

e. To gather 26 pounds of nuts per day, Tom should work full time gathering nuts
(24 pounds per day) and Susan should spend one hour per day gathering nuts (2
pounds per day). Susan would still have 5 hours available to devote to picking
coffee, so she can pick 20 pounds of coffee per day.

f. The point 30 pounds of coffee per day and 12 pounds of nuts per day can be
produced by having Susan work full time picking coffee (24 pounds of coffee
per day) while Tom spends 3 hours picking coffee (6 pounds of coffee) and 3
hours gathering nuts (12 pounds of nuts).

g. The point 24 pounds of coffee per day and 24 pounds of nuts per day can be
achieved if each works full time at his or her activity of comparative
advantage. Both points are attainable and efficient.

h. The points and the straight lines connecting them are shown in the graph below.
The production possibilities curve for the two-person economy consisting of
Susan and Tom shows the maximum possible amount of coffee production on the
vertical axis for any given quantity of daily nut production on the horizontal axis.

6
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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now to explore a rich
collection of testbank or
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exciting offers!
Learning Objective: 02-03
AACSB: Analytic
Bloom’s: Apply

6. a.By specializing completely, they can produce 24 pounds of coffee per day and
24 pounds of nuts (the point at which the kink occurs in the PPC in the
diagram). If they sell this output in the world market at the stated prices,
they will receive a total of $96 per day.

b. With $96 per day to spend, the maximum amount of coffee they could buy
is 48 pounds per day, or they could buy 48 pounds of nuts per day.

The combination of 40 pounds of coffee and 8 pounds of nuts would be

unattainable for Susan and Tom if they were not able to buy and sell in
the world market, as the maximum amount of coffee that can be picked is
36 pounds per day. However, if they buy and sell in the world market, 40
pounds of coffee would cost $80, and 8 pounds of coffee would cost $16,
so they would have just enough money ($96 per day) to buy this
combination of goods.

7
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 c. The points and the straight lines connecting them are shown in the
diagram below. The resulting line is the production possibilities curve for
the two-person economy consisting of Susan and Tom.

Learning Objective: 02-04

AACSB: Analytic
Bloom’s: Apply

8
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
vent’s.’ When the Injuns fust saw us comin’, they acted like they
were more afraid of us than we were of them. But we finally got
together, the cap’n made the peace sign, and told ’em our other man
had the pipe and after he’d come in we’d smoke. So Reub and one
of the Injuns went after Drouillard.
“There were only eight of ’em. They were the Big-bellies, all right,
but they had nothin’ except two guns, and clubs and bows and
arrers. We thought we could take care of ourselves; and that night
we all camped together. The cap’n told us in case of trouble to stick
up and keep together and save the baggage.
“We slept in the same lodge with ’em. The cap’n had given three
of ’em a flag and a medal and a handkerchief; but he put Reub on
guard for the night, and told him to watch sharp and wake us quick,
so’s to look after the hosses, if the Injuns tried to sneak out. He and
Drouillard lay down with the Injuns, and Reub and I stayed at the
fire in the lodge entrance.
“I went to sleep. Just at sunrise I woke up with a jump. Reub had
yelled—and there was an Injun runnin’ off with my gun and his, and
Reub in chase. Drouillard was up and yellin’, too—‘Let go my gun!
Let go my gun!’ he bawled, and I see him wrestlin’ with another
Injun, and the cap’n aimin’ at another with his pistol. But I had to
have my gun, so I ran after Reub and the fust Injun. Before I got
there, Reub had caught him and knifed him, and had both guns.
Drouillard had his gun by this time, and all the Injuns came pourin’
out of the lodge, makin’ for the hosses, with the cap’n and his pistol
followin’ the third Injun.
“We drew a bead on the fellow, but he dropped the cap’n’s gun,
and the cap’n wouldn’t let us shoot. ‘Look out for those other
rascals!’ he ordered. ‘They’re trying to drive off the hosses!’ So Reub
and Drouillard and I ran after six who were roundin’ up the most of
the hosses; and the cap’n set out after his Injun and another who
were drivin’ away a bunch. He made ’em leave twelve, but they kept
on, with his hoss, and that he was bound to get. He didn’t have his
bullet pouch or his hat; and when they were just ’bout to disappear
in a little gully he told ’em to surrender the hoss or he’d fire. With
that they turned on him, and fire he did, downin’ one of ’em slick as
a whistle, but the fellow had life enough to fire back an’ sent a ball
through the cap’n’s ha’r.
“The cap’n had only his pistol, now, so he quit, and the other
Injun made off with the hoss. Drouillard had turned back to help the
cap’n, but Reub and I follered our Injuns till we got four of our own
critters, and then we let the rest go. Didn’t matter, ’cause there were
the twelve left by the Injuns, so we’d come out ahead in the little
game. Besides, we had the lodge, four shields, two bows and
quivers, and a gun. Likewise the flag we’d given, and the medal—but
we left the medal on the neck of the Injun Reub had killed, so as to
show what kind of people we were.
“Well, we didn’t hang ’round there long, you bet. The Injuns had
said the main band was only a day and a half away, and when the
cap’n had invited ’em to bring their chiefs to council he of course
told ’em where our camp was—at the mouth of the Maria’s. Now we
were desperate afraid the Injuns’d out-foot us and attack you-all at
the river. We took four best horses, and only what meat we could
carry, rode a hundred miles, with an hour and a half of rest, camped
at two in the mornin’, then rode another twenty miles and struck
Ordway comin’ down with the canoes. We got aboard and here we
are—and the cap’n is in a powerful hurry to join Cap’n Clark below.”
That was true; for, as said Drouillard: “Dose Blackfeet now will
hold all white men as enemies.”
This cache had caved in, and much of the supplies had spoiled.
The red pirogue also was found to be worthless, except for its
spikes. Captain Lewis hustled the work of loading, the rest of the
horses were turned loose, and down the river again voyaged all.
Sergeant Ordway was in charge of the five canoes, Sergeant Pat and
squad had charge of the white pirogue, which was the flagship.
A sharp lookout was kept for the Big Bellies on the banks.
However, nothing happened. The mouth of the Yellowstone was
several days ahead; and when it was reached, no Captain Clark or
others of that party appeared in sight. When halt was made, to look
for sign, traces of the captain’s camp were found, and in the sand
Lepage discovered the scrawl:

W. C. a few miles further down on right hand side.

“When was that written, Lepage, do you think?” queried Captain

Lewis.
“Mebbe two, mebbe t’ree day ago,” said Baptiste. “De rain haf
washed it.”
“At any rate, he’s safe,” uttered the captain, with much
satisfaction. “I expect the mosquitoes drove him out of here.
Whew!” For the mosquitoes were worse than ever. “We’ll overtake
him to-morrow.”
But they did not overtake the captain’s party on the morrow, nor
on the next day. On the third day, which was August 11, the canoes
stopped to take aboard some meat; the white pirogue continued on,
until Captain Lewis espied a herd of elk in some willow brush, near
the shore.
“Turn in, boys,” he bade. “Wait here. Come on, Cruzatte. We’ll get
a few of those fellows.”
Out he leaped, gun in hand; and he and One-eyed Cruzatte
disappeared in the brush.
“Faith, let’s hope there aren’t Injuns there, too,” quoth Sergeant
Pat. “It’s a likely place for an ambush.”
“Hardly stands to reason there’d be elk whar there are Injuns,”
remarked Alec Willard.
Everybody waited anxiously; gazed and listened. Two rifle-shots
were heard, distant.
“There’s meat, I reckon,” said Alec.
 Presently another shot; and in about ten minutes out from the
willow brush and to the sandy shore burst Captain Lewis. He was
running, limping, staggering—he’d been wounded—the left thigh of
his leather breeches was stained red!
“To your arms, boys!” cried Sergeant Pat.
Captain Lewis staggered on, to the white pirogue.
“I’ve been shot, men,” he panted. “Not mortally, I think. Indians
are in that thicket. Cruzatte is somewhere there, too.”
“Did you see any Injuns, cap’n?”
“No; the ball came from ambush, just as I was aiming at an elk.
Gass, take the men and follow me. We must rescue Cruzatte. I’d lost
sight of him.”
“Willard, you and the two Fields,” roared Pat, springing into the
shallows. “The bloody Big-bellies ag’in!”
But Peter went also, with his bow and arrows. Nobody objected.
The captain led on for about one hundred steps, when his leg gave
out and he almost fell.
“I can’t travel,” he gasped. “I’ll return to the boat. If you’re
overpowered, Sergeant, keep your men together and retreat in good
order, and we’ll fight from the river.”
“Yis, sorr.” And Pat gallantly plunged ahead, into the brush.
“Kentucky an the Irish ag’in the redskins, lads,” he cheered. “But
mind your eyes.”
This was exciting. The willows were thick—good hiding-place.
Where was Cruzatte—poor old Cruzatte with the one eye? Peter
stuck close behind Pat. His nostrils were wide, his eyes roved, his
every sense was on the alert. He was Oto once more. Now was
heard a crashing, before. Elk? Indian? Hah!
“That’s a mighty quare sort o’ Injun, to be makin’ all that noise,”
muttered Pat, peering, his rifle advanced at a ready.
 And through a little open space here came Cruzatte! He was
striding along, with stained hands, his rifle on his shoulder, making
for the boats and plainly much satisfied with himself.
“Hist!” said Pat. “Cruzatte! ’Asy now.”
Cruzatte started, and crouched.
“Have ye seen Injuns?”
“Non,” answered Cruzatte. “I shoot one elk, follow ’nodder.”
“Come back to the boats with us, an’ step lively,” ordered Pat.
“There be Injuns ’round. They shot the cap’n in the leg.”
“My gracious!” stammered Cruzatte. “But I see no sign.”
“Nayther do we. Sure, it’s powerful suspicious,” muttered Pat.
They found the captain all prepared to defend himself in the
pirogue. He had laid out his rifle, pistol and pike, and was propped
behind the air-gun that could shoot forty times.
“What did you discover?” he challenged.
“Not a thing, sorr,” reported Pat. “An’ Cruzatte, here, knows no
more about the Injuns than the rist of us.”
“Where have you been, Cruzatte?”
“I shoot wan elk, same time you shoot. Den I see nodder in brush,
I shoot at heem, he vaneesh an’ I try to find heem, but he get
away.”
“Oh, you did! How much of him did you see when you shot?”
“B’gorry, you shot the cap’n!” bellowed Sergeant Pat. “That’s what
you did. Ye’re blind as a mole! B’gorry, you shot the cap’n—ye shot
your commandin’ officer, an’ by that ye’re to be coortmartialed an’
shot yourself!”
“Non, non!” wailed old Cruzatte, wringing his hands. “I no mean to
shoot heem. I see wan leetle brown spot in brush—look jus’ like wan
elk-fur, long way off; I take aim, bang!—I t’ink I see elk run, an’ I
run to ketch heem. I no mean to shoot my capitaine. It wan grand
mistake.”
“Didn’t you hear me call?” demanded the captain. “I suspected
maybe that ball came from your rifle and I hallooed as loud as I
could. Why, by the shock you couldn’t have been more than forty
paces!”
“I hear notting. I hear not one word,” protested Cruzatte.
“The ball coming from so close, and you not answering, I of
course thought of Indians,” continued the captain.
“B’gorry, give me wan chance at him an’ I’ll close his other eye,”
besought Pat; and all the men murmured angrily, while poor
Cruzatte shivered with fright.
“I no mean to shoot my capitaine,” he babbled.
“Never mind, men,” said the captain. “It was an error. My leather
breeches are just the shade of an elk hide, remember. Let’s dress
the wound. I doubt if it’s serious.”
The ball had passed clear through his left thigh, and had furrowed
the right; but it seemed not to have touched the bone or any artery.
After the wounds had been dressed and lint stuffed into the holes,
the canoes with the other elk hunters arrived; and not waiting to
explain much the captain insisted upon them all pushing along, to
catch up with Captain Clark.
Now that he himself was laid up, this was more necessary than
before. All he could do was to rest, half sitting, in the stern of the
white pirogue. His leg had so stiffened that he could scarcely move
it.
 XXI
THE HOME STRETCH

Captain Clark was safe and well, with all his men, and only a short
distance down river! This was learned the next day from two white
trappers—the first Americans met in over a year. Their names were
Hancock and Dickson. They had left Illinois, of the United States, in
the summer of 1804, and had been trapping in the upper Missouri
country ever since.
They said that Captain Clark’s party had passed them yesterday,
but had lost all the horses, by Indians, and were traveling in two
wooden canoes and two hide canoes. The captain had the idea that
Captain Lewis and party were ahead of him.
Trappers Hancock and Dickson had other news, also. They had
seen the barge, under Corporal Warfington, on its way from Fort
Mandan, last summer, to St. Louis. All aboard were well. Brave
Raven, the Arikara chief, was there, bound for Washington; and so
were several Yankton Sioux chiefs, with old Pierre Dorion. But the
Mandans and Minnetarees were at war with the Arikaras; and the
Mandans and the Assiniboines were at war, too; and the Sioux were
“bad.” So that the peace talks by the captains had not buried the
hatchet very deep.
Anyway, soon after noon, this day, Captain Clark’s camp was
sighted, before.
“What’s the matter here?” demanded Captain Clark, the instant
that the pirogue grounded. He saw Captain Lewis lying in the stern.
“Nothing serious, Will. Merely a gun wound, in the thigh. Cruzatte
shot me by accident.”
 “De capitin shot!” cried Sa-ca-ja-we-a, running to him.
“I not mean to,” repeated Cruzatte, still in much distress. “I t’ink I
see one elk in brush.”
“That’s all right, Cruzatte,” consoled Captain Lewis.
Yes, Captain Clark’s party all were here, so that the whole
company were united again. The captain had had a successful trip
down the Yellowstone. The Bird-woman (who now was applying
some Indian salve to Captain Lewis’s wound) had proved a valuable
guide across country. Captain Clark was emphatic in his praise of
her. George Gibson had fallen on a sharp piece of timber and driven
it two inches into his thigh. Indians had early stolen twenty-four
horses, and had left only a worn-out moccasin in exchange. Labiche
had trailed them, but had been obliged to give up.
The Yellowstone was a fine stream, with many beaver, and many
bear. At the Missouri the mosquitoes had been so pestiferous that
only brief camps could be made. Little Toussaint was bitten so
severely that his eyes were puffed shut, and the mosquitoes settled
so thickly on the captain’s gun-barrel as to prevent his taking aim!
“We achieved one important thing,” laughed the captain. “We
named a river for York!”
“Yessuh!” gabbled York. “Yessuh! Dar’s a ribber up yahnduh ’long
de Yallerstone named foh me: Yawk’s Dry Ribber.”
Sergeant Pryor, George Shannon, Hugh Hall and Dick Windsor had
been detailed to drive the remaining fifty horses overland to the
Mandan town; but the first night, Indians had stolen every one of
these, also, and the squad were obliged to turn back. On the way,
while the sergeant was asleep in camp a wolf had bitten him
through the hand, and had tried to seize Dick, but George Shannon
had shot just in time. Back again at the Yellowstone they had
manufactured two round canoes, like Mandan canoes, from buffalo
hides stretched over basketry, with hoops as top and bottom. In
these they had finally caught up with Captain Clark.
 “You’re in command now, Will,” said Captain Lewis. “I can’t do
much—I can’t even write the records. But we’re in the home stretch.
Let’s push on as fast as we can.”
The two free-trappers, Hancock and Dickson, came down in their
canoe to go with the company as far as the Mandan town.
“Sure, we’ll be there in a jiffy,” proclaimed Sergeant Pat. “’Tis
wonderful good fortune we’ve had—clane across to the Paycific an’
nigh home ag’in, an’ only wan man lost an’ nobody bad hurt but the
cap’n.”
Now Sa-ca-ja-we-a, the Bird-woman, was much excited; for she
was near home, too. The first day eighty-six miles were covered.
The next day, in the morning, they arrived once more at the
Minnetaree village, and the village of the Mandans opposite.
“Boom!” signaled the blunderbuss. And then again, and again. The
Minnetarees, the Ah-na-ha-ways or Wassoons, and the Mandans
flocked to the river banks.
“Our white fathers are back!” they cried, one to another.
The Indians seemed delighted. It was a great triumph—it really
was like getting home. Sa-ca-ja-we-a hardly could wait for the boats
to land. Landing was made among the Ah-na-ha-ways, but
headquarters were immediately established among Chief Black Cat’s
Mandans. The Bird-woman, carrying little Toussaint, proudly
accompanied Chaboneau to the Minnetarees—which was her village
—to invite them to council with the white chiefs. Drouillard was sent
down to get Jessaume and Big White.
Captain Clark held a council in the Black Cat’s village. He invited
the chiefs to go with him to Washington, and call on the great white
father. Black Cat and Le Borgne, the one-eyed Minnetaree head
chief, and old Cherry-on-a-Bush and others answered. They said that
the Sioux would kill any of them who ventured down the river. The
captain answered that all would be protected against the bad Sioux,
and would return safe, escorted by United States warriors and
loaded with presents.
 At last Big White agreed to take his wife and child and accompany
the Red Head and the Long Knife.
So much corn was brought to the boats that it all could not be
loaded. Captain Clark presented the swivel cannon to the
Minnetarees.
“With this big gun we have announced the great white father’s
peace words to his red children, all the way up the Missouri,” he
said, to Le Borgne. “Whenever it is fired, it will remind you of these
good words, and you will think upon them, and live at peace with
your neighbors.”
“My ears will always be open to the words of the great white
father,” promised One-eyed.
Then the cannon was discharged, and the Minnetarees, much
pleased, bore it into their village.
The start was to be made the next day. But John Colter was not
going. He had asked permission to turn back, up the Missouri again,
with the two trappers, Hancock and Dickson, to hunt the beaver. And
Sa-ca-ja-we-a and Chaboneau were not going. The Bird-woman
wished to go—she wished to go on with the Red Head, to the
country of the white people, and learn more of their ways. Captain
Clark offered to take her and little Toussaint and Chaboneau, and
put little Toussaint at school when he grew up. However, Chaboneau
shook his head.
“I t’ank you, capitaine,” he replied. “But in San Loui’ I haf no
’quaintance, I would haf no means of makin’ my support. I mus’ stay
here, where I am known.”
So everybody bid goodby to John Colter, to Chaboneau, Sa-ca-ja-
we-a, and little Toussaint, now nineteen months old.
“Good luck!” to John.
Five hundred dollars in wages, and the blacksmith tools, to
Chaboneau.
 To Sa-ca-ja-we-a the captains said:
“The nation of the United States will not forget Sa-ca-ja-we-a, the
Bird-woman, who never complained, who carried her baby clear to
the Pacific Ocean, who made friends for us wherever she went, and
who helped us across the Rock Mountains.”
Sa-ca-ja-we-a wept.
At the village of Sha-ha-ka, the Big White, the chief was found
sitting surrounded by weeping women, and taking a final smoke with
his relatives and friends. They all feared that they never should see
him again. To them, it was a long, dangerous journey for him to
take. Chief Le Borgne of the Minnetarees requested that the white
chiefs take good care of Big White. And they solemnly promised.
The canoes were lashed together two and two, in order to be
steadier and to travel faster. Big White and his wife and child
stepped aboard the pirogue. Jessaume and his wife and two children
were to accompany Big White and speak for him to the great white
father at Washington.
With a farewell volley and a cheer the boats entered the current.
The Indians had crowded to watch them leave.
“A month more, lads, an’ we’ll be in St. Louis,” jubilated Pat.
“Barrin’ accident, we’re good for sixty miles a day.”
Fort Mandan, opposite, was passed; but only a few pickets, and
one cabin, were standing. All the rest had been burned in a timber
fire. Three traders were met, coming up-river. Two of them were the
same who had been at the Mandan town in the winter of 1804. They
said that the Sioux were on the war-path against the Mandans and
Minnetarees—had already set out, 700 warriors.
“Do not tell Sha-ha-ka,” ordered Captain Lewis, to Jessaume. “He
would wish to turn back.”
This same day the Arikara villages were reached. Some Cheyennes
were here, too. Captain Clark held a council with both tribes. They
all were very friendly. Big White addressed them, and they listened.
They were willing to be at peace with the Mandans and Minnetarees.
The Arikaras said that they had refused to join the Sioux, on the
war-path. They wished to send more chiefs to the great white father
at Washington, but were waiting until Brave Raven, who had gone
down on the barge last year, came back with the white father’s
words. The Cheyennes said that they were afraid of the white
people’s medicine, but they hoped that the new father would send
traders and trappers into their country, to show them how to live
and how to catch the beaver.
On the last day of the council, or July 22, Captain Lewis was able
to walk about a little, for the first time since he had taken to the
boat.
Rapidly traveled the boats. Wild turkeys were seen; ripe wild
plums were found; the grasses were high and luxurious.
“We gettin’ down into lower country,” chattered Drouillard, happily.
There were signs of many buffalo. On July 29, 20,000 in one herd
darkened the plain. The day following, halt was made in a wild plum
orchard. Everybody ate. But this was Sioux country, and below the
wild plum orchard sudden exclamations arose from the boats.
“De Sioux!”
“Look at the bloody rascals!”
“Tetons, aren’t they?”
“Mebbe Yankton. They act like they want to talk.”
Some twenty Indians had appeared on a high bank opposite. One
man with them wore a blanket-coat and a ’kerchief around his head.
He might be a French trader. A short distance farther down almost a
hundred other Indians emerged, to the shore; from their guns they
fired a salute. They all were well armed.
“Answer the salute, Captain,” directed Captain Lewis. “It may be a
peace signal. And you might go near them and talk.”
 Captain Clark took Drouillard, Jessaume and Cruzatte and crossed
to a sand-bar. The Indians who met him there said that they were
Tetons, under Chief Black Buffalo. Black Buffalo had been the chief
who had made trouble two years ago, so Captain Clark declined to
have anything more to do with him. He came back and ordered the
boats to prepare for an attack and proceed.
“I’d like wan shot at them,” muttered Sergeant Pat.
“Do not fire unless you are fired upon,” enjoined the captains.
As they passed the Sioux collected on the hill, Second Chief
Partisan invited them to land. But they knew better; and as they
continued, the Partisan struck the earth three times with the butt of
his gun, and all the Indians yelled abuse.
“Dey make vow to kill ev’ry white man,” declared Drouillard.
That night camp was pitched on a bare sand-bar in the middle of
the river, so as to be safe from attack; but a terrific thunderstorm
blew two of the canoes clear across the river. However, no Tetons
turned up, which was fortunate.
“The Yanktons next, I suppose,” remarked George Shannon. “They
were a pretty good set, two years ago.”
A number of lodges of the Yanktons were indeed waiting. They
proved very friendly, and Captain Clark held a council with them.
They even took Chief Sha-ha-ka by the hand and asserted that they
were obeying the words of the great white father and were at peace
with the Mandans. They said that as a token they had kept the flag-
pole standing, by the big tree of the council ground below, where
they had first talked with the white men. And sure enough, when
the boats passed the spot opposite the mouth of the James River,
the flag-pole showed plainly.
Soon another white man was met. He was James Airs, a trader on
his way up from St. Louis, to the Sioux. Being so lately from the
United States he gave the captains much news, and they sat up
nearly all night with him.
 Now the region was very familiar ground, to Peter. The Omaha
village was close before. Soon after leaving Mr. Airs they sighted the
bluff where Sergeant Charles Floyd had been buried. They landed, to
pay the grave a visit, and found that the Indians had opened it. The
captains ordered the earth filled in again. That night camp was made
on the sand-sprit, at the old Omaha village—the very spot where the
council had been held with Chief Little Thief and his Otoes and
Missouris, and where Peter had “come aboard.” How long ago that
seemed!
The Omaha village was still deserted. In the morning Captain
Clark called Peter.
“Well, Peter, would you like to go to the Otoes again? Are you tired
of being white?”
“No, please,” begged Peter. He had been afraid of this—afraid that
he would be sent to the Otoes. “I want to go to St. Louis, please.”
“Go you shall,” assured the captain. “Go you shall, Peter, and I’ll
attend to you myself.”
Hooray! But, reflected Peter, supposing that Chief Little Thief
should appear before they started on. However, no Chief Little Thief,
or other of the Otoes and Missouris did appear.
More white traders were encountered. On August 12 there hove in
sight two pirogues; aboard them were none other than Trader
Gravelines himself, and old Pierre Dorion! Mr. Gravelines said that he
had taken Chief Brave Raven, of the Arikaras, clear to Washington,
and that the chief had seen the President, but had died just when
about to return home. Now Mr. Gravelines was going up to the
Arikaras with the President’s words, and with presents. Old Pierre
Dorion was on his way to the Yankton Sioux again, hoping to get six
more of them and take them to Washington.
“The United States has given all you people up for lost,” declared
Trader Gravelines. “Nothing has been heard from you since you left
Fort Mandan. The President and everybody are very anxious. We
were asked to inquire about you, among the Indians.”
 “Faith, an’ our welcome’ll be the more hearty,” asserted Sergeant
Pat, to his fellows.
Boats containing trading parties were met constantly. Surely,
thought Peter, St. Louis cannot be very far ahead. At a fifty-miles-a-
day clip the boats proceeded. Soon the captains did not stop even to
hunt; and camp was broken before daylight!
August 20 another glad shout arose.
“Cows, boys! Look at the cows! We’re near the settlements.”
“’Tis the best sight I’ve seen in better’n two years,” proclaimed
Sergeant Pat. “Faith, I’m in that state o’ mind when I could kiss a
cow on the nose!”
“What is cow, Pat?” invited Peter, staring.
“Oh, murther, an’ ye don’t know!” bewailed Pat. “The cow be the
buff’lo civilized, Peter. She be the white man’s buff’lo. She gives us
milk to drink an’ butter to ate, an’ the breath of her is swater’n the
prairie breeze an’ the voice of her is beautiful.”
“La Charette! I see La Charette!” cried old Cruzatte.
La Charette was the first white man’s village! The captains ordered
guns to be fired, and told the men to cheer. Down to the shore
hastened the inhabitants. They, too, cheered. They talked part in
French, part in United States. What a chatter sounded! They almost
carried the men to the houses.
“We nefer expec’ to see you again!” they exclaimed. “We t’ink you
all scalped. Haf you been far?”
“To the Pacific Ocean,” was the answer.
“My gracious! Come an’ tell us.”
Drouillard and Cruzatte and Lepage and Labiche were well-nigh
beside themselves with joy. They greeted numerous old friends.
“Dees is the best part of all de trip,” they laughed, again and
again.
 Assuredly, the villages of the white men of the United States must
be pleasant places, thought Peter.
Sixty-eight miles had been rowed, this day. With difficulty could
the men get away from hospitable La Charette, but on the next day
forty-eight miles were covered, to another village, St. Charles. Here
occurred more excitement, of greetings, and dinners, and good
beds. The captains, and all the men, in their elk-hide clothes, and
their beards, and their tan, were treated as heroes; and Peter was
not overlooked—not by any means. Nor was Sha-ha-ka, the Big
White. He, like Peter, for the first time was seeing how the white
people lived.
“Sha-ha-ka say de white people evidently a ver’ good people,”
announced Jessaume. “But he anxious to get on to de beeg village
of San Loui’.”
“How far to St. Louis, Pat?” asked Peter, eagerly.
“Only twenty miles. With an ’arly start we’ll ate our dinner there.”
Twenty miles! The last twenty of more than 8000! No wonder that
all the men were impatient. They made great plans. At St. Louis they
were to be paid off and discharged.
“Extry pay an’ 320 acres of land do we each get,” repeated Patrick
Gass. “An’ we’ve earned it. It’s glad I am not to be with John Colter
this minute, trapsin’ for the Yellowstone ag’in.”
“What’ll you do, Pat, after we get to St. Louis?”
“Faith, have my whiskers trimmed an’ get my journal published.”
“I’ve sold my journal to the captains for ten dollars!” boasted
Sergeant Ordway. “It’s more’n you’ll make with yours, Pat.”
“I mean to try for an officer’s commission, in the army,” said
Sergeant Nat Pryor.
“As soon as I get cleaned up, I’ll strike straight for old New
Hampshire, and spin my yarns to the home folks,” said Ordway.
 “I intend to study law. Think I’ll go to college,” said George
Shannon.
“I stay at San’ Loui’ for wan time. Den mebbe I haf money to
enter de fur trade,” said Drouillard.
“Captain Clark will send me to school,” piped Peter.
“That’s right, Peter,” encouraged George. “You and I’ll go to
school.”
Those were long twenty miles. First, the captains did not leave St.
Charles until mid-morning, because of the rain and the
entertainments. Then, three miles below, was found a big camp of
other United States soldiers, and here the captains stopped for the
day, at the log house which was the principal quarters.
They took Sha-ha-ka ashore; and when he was next seen by the
company, he had been dressed in new clothes—white man’s clothes!
Of these he was very proud. He strutted more than York had
strutted among the Sioux and the Arikaras and Mandans.
“An’ why shouldn’t he?” demanded Pat. “He’s better dressed for
polite sassiety than the rist of us!”
Seventeen miles to go! The start was made soon after an early
breakfast. All eyes strained ahead; the men pulled lustily on the
oars. Houses and small settlements were passed. People ashore
cheered. Toward noon another large river was sighted, ahead; its
course was marked by lines of trees. The Missouri emptied into it.
“The Mississippi!” cried the men. And then——
The captains stood up in the white pirogue. Captain Clark looked
back, at the canoes, and waved his hat, and smiled. Before, on the
right, was a great collection of houses set amidst trees—and at the
river bank, near where the two rivers joined, loomed a huge (at
least, to Peter it seemed huge) whitish stone fort, flying the United
States flag. Many boats plied the current. St. Louis!
 Captain Clark lifted his hand and called an order. But already every
rifle in pirogue and canoes had been leveled, on every trigger was a
tense finger—and “Bang!” spoke all together.
“Hooray!”
Before the boats had touched the landing, the people of St. Louis
had gathered there like magic; they were running, shouting, jostling.
Exclamations sounded again and again. The air trembled with the
excitement. In the boats, the men were agrin—waving, calling, and
old Cruzatte capering. Only the captains and Big White stood
motionless, as proper for chiefs, waiting until the pirogue made
landing.
“Eet ees Lewis an’ Clark!”
“Dey haf return’ from de dead!”
“Huzza! Huzza! Welcome home!”
“Where you been, these two years and a half?”
Important personages pressed forward, to grasp the captains and
shake their hands vigorously.
“What news, Captains? What news from beyond the Mandan
town? Did you succeed in crossing the mountains?”
“Yes, sir.”
“And how much farther?”
“To the Columbia and the Pacific!”
“Marvelous! Any fatalities?”
“Only the death of Sergeant Floyd, by disease.”
“And what distance traveled?”
“About eight thousand miles.”
“Remarkable! The world shall ring with your story.”
 “Yis, we’ve borne the greatest flag in the world to the other side
the greatest country in the world; an’, b’gorry, we’re all here to tell
the tale,” pronounced Pat, as following the captains the men (and
Peter!) sprang to the waiting arms.

Transcriber’s Notes:
Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been
preserved.
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