APA Style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as

scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the
field of behavioral and social sciences. It is described in the style guide of
the American Psychological Association (APA), which is titled the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed
to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of
communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias in language.

Important Tips for APA Style Reference Pages

 Your references should begin on a new page. Title the new page "References" and center the
title text at the top of the page.
 All entries should be in alphabetical order.
 The first line of a reference should be flush with the left margin. Each additional line should be
indented (usually accomplished by using the TAB key.)
 While earlier versions of APA format required only one space after each sentence, the new
sixth edition of the style manual now recommends two spaces.
 The reference section should be double-spaced.
 All sources cited should appear both in-text and on the reference page. Any reference that
appears in the text of your report or article must be cited on the reference page, and any item
appearing on your reference page must be also included somewhere in the body of your text.
 Titles of books, journals, magazines, and newspapers should appear in italics.
 The exact format of each individual reference may vary somewhat depending on whether you
are referencing an author or authors, a book or journal article, or an electronic source. It pays to
spend some time looking at the specific requirements for each type of reference before
formatting your source list.
References in the body of your essay
The APA in text reference is in the format (author, date). When directly quoting from a text you must include a page
number in the citation as given in the examples below. Including page numbers in all other circumstances is not
required however, it is best practice to do so when referring to part of a work (e.g. a paragraph or chapter in a book).
When referring to an entire work that covers a single topic (e.g. a journal article) it is not required.

Referencing an idea

 The leading medical cause of Aboriginal mortality is due to circulatory system disease. Other important
causes of death include diseases of the respiratory system and injury or poisoning (Anderson, 1999;
Saggers & Gray, 1999; Thomson, 1995).
OR

 Anderson (1999), Thomson (1995), and Saggers and Gray (1999) all state that the leading cause of
Aboriginal mortality is due to circulatory system disease, and that other important causes of death include
diseases of the respiratory system and injury or poisoning.

Referencing a quotation

 Indeed, one researcher commented that “technological innovations have saved or extended the lives of
many patients” (Lumby, 2001, p. 44).

Citing a source within a source

Where your source quotes or refers to another source, for example Unsworth refers to previous work by Halliday on
linguistics, the citation might read thus:

 (Halliday, 1987, cited in Unsworth, 2004, p. 15)

Only Unsworth will appear in the Reference list at the end of your assignment

Reference list

Your reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author and then chronologically
by year of publication. The APA 6th style requires the references to be indented as
illustrated below in the examples.
For instances of multiple articles with the same authors and years of publication, please
see the complete guide. If you have the DOI for the journal article, you should include it
in the reference, otherwise, it is not necessary.

Book

 Lumby, J. (2001). Who cares? The changing health care system. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

Book chapter

 McKenzie, H., Boughton, M., Hayes, L., & Forsyth, S. (2008). Explaining the complexities and value of
nursing practice and knowledge. In I. Morley & M. Crouch (Eds.), Knowledge as value: Illumination
through critical prisms (pp. 209-224). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi.

Journal article

 Boughton, M., & Halliday, L. (2008). A challenge to the menopause stereotype: Young Australian women's
reflections of 'being diagnosed' as menopausal. Health & Social Care in the Community, 16(6), 565-572.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00777.x

Webpage with an author

 Welch, N. (2000, February 21). Toward an understanding of the determinants of rural health. Retrieved
from http://www.ruralhealth.org.au/welch.htm

Webpage with no author

 ANCI national competency standards for the registered nurse and the enrolled nurse. (2000). Retrieved
from http://www.anci.org.au/competencystandards.htm
Newspaper article

 Bagnall, D. (1998, January 27). Private schools: Why they are out in front. The Bulletin, pp. 12-15.

Government publication

 The Health Targets and Implementation (Health for All) Committee. (1988). Health for all
Australians. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Company and Industry Reports

 Magner, L. (2016). Coffee shops in Australia (IBISWorld Industry Report OD5381). Retrieved from
IBISWorld database.

Reference type Template Example

Journal article Author, A., & Author, B. Schmidt, F. L., & Oh, I.-S. (2016). The crisis
(year). Title of of confidence in research findings in
article. Journal Title, psychology: Is lack of replication the real
Volume, page range. DOI problem? Or is it something else? Archives of
Scientific Psychology, 4,32–
37. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000029
Whole book Author, A., & Author, B. Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection:
(year). Title of Let go of who you think you're supposed to be
book.DOI/URL/Publisher and embrace who you are. Center City, MN:
location: Publisher Name. Hazelden.
Edited book Author, A., & Author, B. Singh, A. A., Hwahng, S. J., Chang, S. C.,
chapter (year). Title of chapter. In White, B. (2017). Affirmative counseling
E. Editor & A. Editor with trans/gender-variant people of color. In
(Eds.), Title of book(pp. xx- A. Singh & L. M. Dickey (Eds.), Affirmative
xx). DOI/URL/Publisher counseling and psychological practice with
location: Publisher Name. transgender and gender nonconforming
clients (pp. 41–68). https://doi.org/10.1037/14
957-003
Website Author. (year). Title of American Psychological Association. (n.d.).
page. Retrieved Date, from Divisions. Retrieved October 28, 2018,
http://xxxxxxx from http://www.apa.org/about/division/
Citation: Webb, C. D. (1992). A theoretical basis for Pig
Latin semiotics. New Haven, CT: Bayside.
Citation: Brandow, A. E., & Wenceler, S. (1987). Breaking
the language barrier: Our experiences teaching Pig
Latin to South American aboriginal peoples (Rev.
ed.). Kalohe, HI: Kahoolawe University Press.

Citation: Larrison, L., Curliman, P. D., & Moer, J. Q.

(1978). Pig Latin pedagogy: Vol. 6. Language
teachers' resource. Nottingham, England: Association
of British Language Teachers.
In-text Citation: (Larrison, Curliman, & Moer, 1965/1978).

Documenting Sources
APA requires the use of in-text parenthetical citations, not footnotes. These in-text citations lead readers to complete
bibliographic information included in the alphabetical list of references at the end of the paper. In-text citations can be
handled in different ways.
If you use the author's name in the sentence, simply include within parentheses the date of publication after the
author's name:
Barrow (1974) found . . . .
However, if you do not incorporate the author's name into the sentence, include the author's last name and
publication date within parentheses:
. . . (Barrow, 1974).
Either approach may be used regardless of the number of authors.
If a source has two authors, cite both names every time the reference appears in the text.
. . . (Dewdney & Ross, 1994).
Dewdney and Ross (1994) found. . . .
For a source with three, four, or five authors, cite all of the authors the first time a reference occurs. For any
subsequent occurrences of the same reference, use the first author’s name with “et al.” signifying the other authors.
Follow this with the date of the publication. Omit the year from each subsequent occurrence of the same reference
falling within the same paragraph.
(Smith, Rubick, Jones, & Malcolm, 1995)
Smith et al. (1995) argued that. . . .
(Smith et al., 1995)
For a source with six or more authors, include only the first author's name followed by "et al."
Peffer et al. (1997) contended. . . .
(Peffer et al., 1997)
If a source has a group (corporation, government agency, association, etc.) as an author, the name is usually spelled
out in every text citation. However, if the name is long and the abbreviation is easily recognizable or understandable,
spell it out for the first text citation and abbreviate for subsequent citations.
First text citation:
(Association of College and Research Libraries [ACRL], 1996)
Second or subsequent citations:
(ACRL, 1996)
ACRL (1996) found that. . . .
12
In citing a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, etc. after the publication year. Abbreviate
page or chapter. In addition, please refer to section 6.03 (Direct Quotation of Sources) in the APA’s Publication
Manual.
Example 1:
He stated, “The impact of technology on student learning is best observed when
conducting focus groups” (Gallati, 1988, p.38), but he did not go into much more
detail.
Example 2:
Gallati (1998) contended that “the impact of technology on student learning is best
observed when conducting focus groups” (p.38).
Example 3:
Gallati (1998) discovered the following:
The impact of technology on student learning is best observed when
conducting focus groups. Small, independent studies allow the researcher or
instructor to witness hands-on experiences students have with technology and
ways they employ various forms of technology to enhance projects, research
papers, and group presentations. In addition, students willingly discuss their
experiences – positive and negative - with the researcher, thus documenting
the ways in which technological advances have helped or hindered their
experience as a student. (p.38)
When citing information from a Web page that doesn’t provide page numbers, use the paragraph abbreviation (para.)
to indicate the paragraph being cited. If the Web page doesn’t have visible page or paragraph numbers, cite the
heading and the number of the paragraph following it.
(Myers, 2000, para. 5)
(Lehman, 2001, Recommendation section, para. 2)

Reference List
General Guidelines for Organizing APA-style References Lists

In APA style, the alphabetical list of works cited is called "References." As you prepare your list of references, follow
these guidelines:

1. Double space each entry and use hanging indentation (the first line of an entry isn't indented, but every
subsequent line in the entry is indented five spaces).
2. Alphabetize the list of sources by the author 's (or editor's) last name; if there is no author or editor, alphabetize
by the first word of the title other than a, an, or the. Use initials for an author's first and middle names. For two or
more works by an author, arrange the works by date, oldest work first.

3. Use one space after periods, colons, semi-colons, and commas.

4. With two or more authors, use all authors' names rather than "et al" unless there are eight or more authors. Again,
start with the last name and use initials for the first and middle names for all authors. Instead of the word "and," use
an ampersand (&) and separate the names with commas.

5. The publication date should appear in parentheses directly after the last author's name; put a period after the final
parenthesis. For books, list year only. For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers give the year followed by the
exact date on the publication (2000, November 10). If you list two works by the same author published in the same
year, alphabetize by title, unless they are part of a series.

6. Put the title of a book after the year of publication. Book titles and subtitles should be italicized. Capitalize only the
first word and proper nouns in a title or subtitle.

7. Don't put titles of articles in quotation marks or italics, and, as with a book, only the first word of the article title and
subtitle and any proper nouns are capitalized. Periodical titles are capitalized just as you would normally, and italicize
the name of the periodical and the volume number.

8. Include the city and official state abbreviation as well as the publisher in book citations. If the city is well known,
omit the state abbreviation. The publisher's name may be shortened, as long as it is easy to recognize, as in this
example: New York: Harper.
9. Use p. (pp. for plurals) only before page numbers of newspaper articles and chapters in edited books, not in
references to articles from magazines and journals. In contrast, parenthetical references in the text of a paper leading
to specific pages always include p. or pp.—no matter what type of source.

10. Retrieval information must be given for electronic sources. The statement should provide the URL, or website
address, of the source.

11. Cite personal communications only as in text citations—do not include them in the reference list.

Books, Reference Books, Government Publications

Books

Rovin, J. (1979). The fantasy almanac. New York: Dutton. Wilson, C., & Grant, J. (Eds.). (1981). The
directory of possibilities. New York: Rutledge Press.

Chapter in an Edited Book

Berry, V. (1994). Redeeming the rap music experience. In J. S. Epstein (Ed.), Adolescents and their
music: If it's too loud, you're too old (pp. 165- 188). New York: Garland.

Reference Books
If there is no byline (author), begin with entry title and publication date. Dober, R. P. (1988). Campus planning. In
Encyclopedia of architecture: Design, engineering, & construction (Vol. 1, pp. 527-539). New York:
John Wiley & Sons.

Government Publications
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1987). Can herbs really heal? (HHS Publication No. FDA 87-1140).
Rockville, MD: Author.

Periodicals (Scholarly Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)

Articles in Scholarly Journals Paginated by Volume
Buckley, C. E. (2006). Golden rule reference: Face-to-face and virtual. Reference Librarian, 45(93), 129-
136. doi:10.1300/J120v45n93 10
Magazines
Date must be the date shown on publication (day and month for weeklies and month for monthlies). Add the volume
number after the title.
Armstrong, L., Yang, D. J., & Cuneo, A. (1994, February 28). The learning revolution: Technology is
reshaping education--at home and at school. Business Week, 3360, 80-88.

Newspapers
Page numbers must be preceded with p. or pp.
Adande, J. A. (1995, December 10). By George, Buckeye wins Heisman Trophy. Washington Post, p. D1.
4
Electronic Resources
The general rule to follow for citing all Internet sources is to direct readers as closely as possible to the information
being cited – whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages. In general, include
the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a print source, and add as much electronic retrieval
information as needed for others to locate the cited sources. It is only necessary to include the date the information
was retrieved if it is likely the source material will change over time (for example, when citing a wiki).

Full-Text Articles from Databases (Ex: Lexis-Nexis Academic, Academic Search Complete, OhioLINK EJC, etc.)
When citing articles (or other material) retrieved from a database, cite the article as appropriate to the format of the
item (i.e. journal or newspaper). Provide the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) in the reference if one is assigned.
Paris, C. (2008, March). The changing housing system in Northern Ireland 1998-2007. Ethnopolitics,
7(1), 119-136. doi:10.1080/17449050701847269

Internet Articles Based on a Print Source: (Ex: Business Week Online, New York Times on the Web, etc.)
If you have accessed an article on an Internet website (not via a database), cite the article as appropriate to the
format of the item (i.e. journal or newspaper), and then add the Web site URL at the end of the citation.
Sadeh, A., Raviv, A., & Gruber, R. (2001). Sleep patterns and sleep disruptions in
school-age children. Developmental Psychology, 36, 291-301. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/ journals/releases/dev363291.pdf

Articles from an Internet-only Journal (Article does not appear in print journal or magazine)
Matthews, J. & Wiggins, R. (2001, December 3). Libraries, the Internet and
September 11. First Monday, 6(12). Retrieved from http://www.firstmonday.dk/
issues/issue6_12/matthews/index.html

Nonperiodical Documents on the Internet

At a minimum, a reference to an Internet source should provide a document title, date (publication date or date of
retrieval), and a Web address. Use n.d. (no date) when a publication date is not known. Use chapter or paragraph
identifiers in place of page numbers if available. For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the
retrieval statement unless the publisher has been identified as the author.
Schwartz, B. (n.d.). Lyme Disease. Retrieved from the Johns Hopkins Arthritis Web site:
http://www.hopkins-arthritis.com/other/lyme.html

Association of College and Research Libraries. (2001, April 17). Information literacy
competency standards for higher education. Retrieved from
http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/ informationliteracycompetency.cfm

Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground
bit by bit: Low-income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved
from http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html

References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Note: This document was created based on our understanding of the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. If you notice anything that should be changed, modified, etc., please contact (419) 372-2362. Thank you.

SOME REMINDERS BASED ON APA STYLE

1. The word “Abstract” should be centered and typed in 12 point Times New Roman. Do not
indent the first line of the abstract paragraph. All other paragraphs in the paper should be
indented.
The abstract is a brief summary of the paper, allowing readers to quickly review the main points and purpose of the
paper.

The abstract should be between 150-250 words. Abbreviations and acronyms used in the paper should be defined
in the abstract.
The title should be centered on the page, typed in 12- point Times New Roman Font. It should not be bolded,
underlined, or italicized.

If an article has three to five authors, write out all of the authors’ names the first time they appear. Then use the
first author’s last name followed by “et al.”

In-text citations that are direct quotes should include the author’s/ authors’ name/s, the publication year, and page
number/s. If you are paraphrasing a source, APA encourages you to include page numbers: (Smith, 2009, p. 76).

APA requires you to include the publication year because APA users are concerned with the date of the article (the
more current the
better).

Start the reference list on a new page, center the title “References,” and alphabetize the entries. Do not underline
or italicize the title. Double-space all entries. Every source mentioned in the paper should have an entry.

A Level 1
heading
should be
centered,
bolded, and
uppercase
and lower
case (also
referred to
as title
case).

A Level 2
heading
should be
flush with
the left
margin,
bolded, and
title case. the left
margin,
bolded, and
lower case
(except for
the first
word). Text
should
follow
immediately
after. If you
use more
than three
levels of
headings,
consult
section 3.02
of the APA
manual
(6th ed.) or
the OWL
resource on
APA
Headings.

The
conclusion
restates
the
problem
the paper
addresses
and can
offer areas
for further
research.
Proper Bibliographic Reference Format:
• Bibliographic references are double-spaced and indented half an inch after the first line.
• Use italics and “sentence-style” capitalization for dissertation / thesis titles.
• Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation / master’s thesis in parentheses after the title.
Sabbagh, S. A. (2009). Investigating oral presentation skills and non-verbal communication techniques in
UAE classrooms: A thesis in teaching English to speakers of other languages (master’s thesis). American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Referencing/Citing Sources Within Your Paper

Whenever you use a quotation from an author or summarize or paraphrase a person’s ideas or research, you must
identify (reference/cite/document) the source. This in-text citation is formatted with parentheses and shows

● the last name(s) of the author(s) of the work, unless already stated [APA p. 174] or the first few words of the
References list entry (usually the title) if the author is not known [APA p. 176]
● the year of publication or n.d. (no date) if the year is not known [APA p. 185]
● page number(s) if available (if not available, refer to p. 2 of this handout) [APA pp. 170-172]

Citing Short Quotations (fewer than 40 words) [APA pp. 92, 170-172]
When you incorporate a direct quotation into a sentence, you must cite its source.

Author’s name in your text Lee (2007) stated, “The ability to think critically is
needed in this revolutionary age of technological
OR change” (p. 82).

Author’s name in parentheses One researcher emphasized that “the ability to think
() critically is needed in this revolutionary age of
technological change” (Lee, 2007, p. 82).
 Citing Long Quotations (40 or more words) [APA pp. 92, 170-172]
● Use a block format in which all lines of the quotation are indented approximately half an inch from the left
margin.

● Do not use quotation marks.

● Introduce the quotation with a complete sentence and a colon.

Wang, Johnston, Juarez, and Marks (2010) described effective time management as an ongoing process: Time management is
not a skill that can be achieved at once; it takes self-awareness, planning, execution, and reflection. The perception
about time management is that the work is done once a schedule is created. In reality, that is only the first step.
Successful students are adaptable and flexible; they are able to make changes to a schedule because they can
purposefully and proactively move tasks around to adjust to new situations. (p. 27)

Citing Summaries or Paraphrases [APA pp. 171, 174] When you put information in your own words
by summarizing or paraphrasing, you must cite the original author and year. APA (2010) also recommends you
include a page or paragraph number to “help an interested reader locate the relevant passage” (p. 171).

One researcher emphasized the necessity of flexibly applied thinking to cope with rapidly changing technology
(Lee, 2007, p. 82).
OR
Lee (2007) emphasized that flexibly applied thinking is vital to cope with rapidly changing technology (p. 82).

Citing Information If No Page Numbers Are Available [APA pp. 171-172; FAQ]
Electronic sources such as websites commonly have no page numbers, so you cannot put a page number in the in-
text citation. PDFs, however, normally show original page numbers.
œ If the source has no page numbers but explicitly numbers the paragraphs, you can include the paragraph
number(s), preceded by the abbreviation gpara.h in the citation parentheses.
œ If the document has no page or paragraph numbers but does have headings, use the heading (with capitals and
no quotation marks) of the section you are taking information from and then give the number of the paragraph
under it that contains the information you are incorporating in your essay. The example below includes the
complete heading: Fostering Health Security.

According to the World Health Organization (2010), “one of the greatest threats to international health security
arises from outbreaks of emerging and epidemic-prone diseases” (Fostering Health Security, para. 1).

Citing a Source Found/Cited in another Source

A 2000 review by Pithers found little empirical research on students’ critical thinking (as cited in Lee, 2007, p. 83).

Creating Your Reference List

 Start the reference list on a separate page at the end of your paper. [APA p. 37]
● Include only those sources you have cited in your paper. [APA p. 180] Exceptions are personal communications,
classical religious works such as the Bible or the Qur’an, and classical works. These do not appear in the
reference list. [APA pp. 174, 178-179]
● Double-space the entire reference list. Do not add an extra blank line after the title. [APA p. 180]
● Position the first line of each entry flush left, with subsequent lines wrapping with a ½-inch (hanging) indent.
[APA p. 180]
● Organize the list in alphabetical order according to the first letter beginning each entry. Usually, the author’s last
name
is the first piece of information in each entry. Use initials for the author’s first/middle names. [APA pp. 181-
183]
• Use the APA Style Blog (http://blog.apastyle.org/) to search for additional APA answers.
 References
Alberta Social Services and Community Health. (2005). Breaking the pattern: Understanding wife abuse. Edmonton,
Canada: Author.
Ancient tool makers discovered fire treatment. (2009, August 13). The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/
Arnold, A. (1985). Afghanistan: The Soviet invasion in perspective (Rev. ed.). Retrieved from http://books.google.com/
Bohren, M. A., Hofmeyr, G. J., Sakala, C., Fukuzawa, R. K., & Cuthbert, A. (2017). Continuous support for women during
childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858 .CD003766.pub6
Brandt, F. (Producer), & Messina, P. F. (Director). (1995). Too smart for strangers [Motion picture]. Burbank, CA: Walt
Disney Home Video.
Canadian Nurses Association. (2017). Code of ethics for registered nurses. Retrieved from https://www.cna
-aiic.ca/html/en/Code-of-Ethics-2017-Edition/files/assets/basic-html/page-1.html
Cell division. (2008). In E. Martin & R. Hine (Eds.), Dictionary of biology. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordreference.com
Downing, L., Carter, J. C., & McManus, T. (2007). Students in our midst. Toronto, Canada: Doubleday.
Family Counselling Centre. (2003). Dealing with a delinquent student [Brochure]. Calgary, Canada: Author.
Fung, M. (2006, December 12). Asthma rates increasing. Winnipeg Free Press, pp. C4, C7−C8.
Kallai, J., Makany, T., Csatho, A., Karadi, K., Horvath, D., Kovacs-Labadi, B., . . . Jacobs, J. W. (2007). Cognitive and
affective aspects of thigmotaxis strategy in humans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121, 21−30.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.121.1.21
Klein, N. (2002). The new apartheid [Review of the book We are the poor: Community struggles in post-apartheid South
Africa, by A. Desai]. Nation, 275, 25−28.
Kushner, K. E., & Jackson, M. (2019). Health and wellness. In B. J. Astle et al. (Eds.), Canadian fundamentals of nursing (6th
ed., pp. 1–17). Milton, Canada: Elsevier Canada.
O’Brien-Pallas, L., Hiroz, J., Cook, A., & Mildon, B. (2005). Nurse-physician relationships: Solutions and recommendations
for change. Retrieved from http://deslibris.ca
Sah, P. (2018). Study habits for success: Tips for students. Retrieved August 23, 2018, from
https://theconversation.com/study-habits-for-success-tips-for-students-89147
Simpson, M. L., Stahl, N. A., & Francis, M. A. (2004). Reading and learning strategies: Recommendations for the 21 st
century. Journal of Developmental Education, 28(2), 2−15, 32.
Smith, F. M., & Jones, W. (2004). The college student. In C. Wood, & M. Meyer (Eds.), Cross-cultural education (pp. 75–
105). London, Canada: MacMillan.
Touhy, T. A., & Jett, K. (2018). Ebersole and Hess’ gerontological nursing and healthy aging (5th ed.). St. Louis,
MI: Elsevier.