THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM o Acidic < 7

- Transportation system of the body PLASMA

2 subsystems: - Fluid component of blood
- 92% water, about 7% protein, salts,
- Cardiovascular system
oxygen, carbon dioxide, other
o Heart pumps blood through
dissolved gasses, glucose, other
blood vessels
nutrients, metabolic wastes, and
- Lymphatic System
hormones
o helps maintain fluid balance
- In dynamic equilibrium with the
and launches immune
interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) and
response that protect the body
intracellular fluid (fluid inside cells)
against disease
Plasma Proteins; most are manufactured in
FUNCTION OF CIRCULATORY
the liver
SYSTEM:
- 3 Fractions of Plasma
- Helps maintain homeostasis by
o Albumins
transporting needed materials and by
o Globulins
maintaining fluid balance and acid-
o Fibrinogens
base balance
- Albumins and globulins help
regulate the distribution of fluid
1. Transports nutrients
between plasma and interstitial fluid.
2. Transports oxygen
- Blood flows through capillaries,
3. Transports carbon dioxide
plasma seeps through capillary walls
4. Transports hormones
and interstitial fluid. Large protein
5. Helps distribute metabolic heat
molecules cannot pass capillaries and
6. Helps regulate fluid balance
remains in the blood, exerting an
7. Helps regulate acid-base balance
osmotic force helps pull plasma back
8. Protects body against disease-causing
into the blood. This action maintains
organisms
Blood volume
- Important acid-buffers; helps keep the
Ph of the blood within a narrow
BLOOD homeostatic range
- Consists of Red Blood Cells, White - Alpha globulins include certain
Blood Cells, and Platelets, all hormones, proteins that transport
suspended in Plasma. hormones, Prothrombin (protein
- Passes through the capillaries involved in blood clotting), and high
- Normal pH of blood is slightly density lipoproteins (HDLs transports
alkaline (7.35 – 7.45) fat and cholesterol)
- pH is the measure of the acidity or - Beta Globulin include low-density
alkalinity of a solution lipoproteins (LDLs), and proteins that
o Neutral = 7 transport certain vitamins and
o Alkaline >7 minerals
 - Gamma Globulin contains - RBCs are produced in the red bone
antibodies that provide immunity to marrow that has immature cells called
diseases. Purified gamma globulin is Stem cells, which multiply, giving
used to treat certain disease or to rise to the blood cells.
reduce the probability of contracting - Average circulating life span of an
diseases RBC is about 120 days. Without a
- Fibrinogen are clotting proteins nucleus and other organelles it is
- Serum is the remaining liquid when unable to manufacture proteins.
the proteins involved in clotting have - Old or damaged cells are destroyed in
been removed from the plasma the liver, spleen or bone marrow.
- Erythropoietin is a hormone that
RED BLOOD CELLS
regulates RBC production. It is
- Erythrocytes secreted in the kidneys in response to
- 7mm diameter, 2mm thick a decrease in oxygen concentration.
- An adult male has about 30M RBCs, - Anemia is caused when the rate of
5M per microliter production of RBCs is not equal to the
- Produce and package Hemoglobin rate of destruction of RBCs. Oxygen
(red pigment that transports oxygen) transport is reduced and cells do not
- Transports carbon dioxide receive enough oxygen. General
- Flexible, biconcave disk. An internal causes are:
elastic framework maintains the o Loss of blood due to
shape while allowing it to bend and hemorrhage or internal
twist. The flexibility allows it to bleeding
squeeze through narrow capillaries to o Decreased production of
deliver oxygen hemoglobin of hemoglobin or
o The biconcave shapes allows RBCs – pernicious anemia
efficient diffusion of oxygen o Increased rate of RBC
and carbon dioxide into and destruction – Hemolytic
out of the cell anemias, like sickle cell
- Oxyhemoglobin is formed when anemia
oxygen from the lungs diffuses into - Most common cause of anemia is
the blood and combines with iron deficiency because iron is and
hemoglobin essential ingredient of hemoglobin.
o Reverse reaction occurs when Iron deficiency can be caused by
blood circulates through brain vitamin B12 deficiency.
or other low-oxygen cells
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
o Responsible for bright red
color of oxygenated blood. - Leukocytes
o Hemoglobin not combined - Protect the body against pathogens
with oxygen is Bluish. (harmful bacteria and other
Responsible for darker microorganisms that causes disease)
appearance of blood - Leave the circulation, perform and
move through tissues destroying
 bacteria and engulfing dead cells and  contains enzymes that
foreign matter, a process called destroy virus and
Phagocytosis, which are carried out bacteria
by specialized cells called  some enzymes are
Phagocytes toxic to parasitic
- Far less numerous that RBC (1 WBC worms
per 700 RBCs). Normally, an adult  play an important role
has 7k WBCs per microliter. in allergic reaction
- Classification of WBCs: 2. Agranular leukocytes have no
1. Granular leukocytes have large specific granules in their
lobed nuclei and distinctive cytoplasm, and their nuclei are
granules in the cytoplasm rounded or kidney shaped.
o Neutrophils o Lymphocytes
 Main phagocytes in  some produce
the blood. antibodies
 Seeks out and ingest  others attack bacteria
bacteria, phagocytize or viruses directly
dead cells. o Monocytes
 Contains enzymes that  Migrate into the
digest materials connective tissues and
o Basophils develop into
 Have deep-blue macrophages (large
granules scavenger cells of the
 Contains histamine, body)
substance that dilates  Also give rise to
blood vessels and dendritic cells, which
makes capillaries of destroy viruses
permeable. Released - Leukemia is a blood cancer in which
in injured tissues or certain stem cells multiply within the
allergic reaction bone marrow causing immature cells
 Other basophil to crowd out other types of
granules contain developing WBCs, RBCs, and
Heparin, an Platelets
anticoagulant that o Environmental factors include
helps prevent blood radiation, smoking, and
clotting exposure to certain toxic
inappropriately within chemicals.
the blood vessels o 6th leading cause of death in
o Eosinophils the US
 Have large granules o Treatments include
that stain red chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, stem cells transplant
and immunotherapy.
PLATELETS settle at the bottom of a tube). Then
platelets and other specific blood
- Thrombocytes
components can be transfused
- Not really cells; they are tiny
- Whole blood or blood components
fragments of cytoplasm that are
are stored and withdrawn in blood
pinched off from certain very large
banks
cells in the bone marrow.
- Blood of donor and recipient must be
- 300k platelets per microliter
carefully matched. Otherwise, a
- Cell fragment that prevents blood loss
transfusion reaction will occur
- When a blood vessel is cut, platelets
o An allergic reaction in which
stick to the rough, cut edges of the
antibodies in the recipient’s
blood vessel, forming a platelet plug
blood attack the foreign RBCs
that seals the hole in the blood vessel
in the transfused blood,
wall
causing them to agglutinate
Process of blood clotting: (clump).
o RBCs may rupture, releasing
1. Platelets and injured tissue release hemoglobin into the plasma –
substances that activate clotting factors in
Hemolysis
the blood. A series of reactions takes place,
forming an enzyme known as Prothrombin ABO BLOOD GROUP
activator or Prothrombinase.
- Type A, B, AB, or O blood
2. Prothrombin activator causes the - Antigens are proteins found in the
conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. surface of RBCs. They are different in
Calcium ions and clotting factors must be person with different blood types
present. o Type A blood have Type A
antigen
3. With calcium ions present, thrombin o Type B blood have type B
converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms antigen
long threads that form the webbing of the o Type AB blood have both
clot. Blood cells, platelets, and plasma are antigens
trapped in the fibrin thread, which helps o Type O blood have neither;
strengthen the clot. universal donors
- Certain Antibodies are found in the
plasma. They ae proteins that
BLOOD TRANSFUSION recognize and bind to specific
- Are routine, lifesaving procedures antigens
that involves the transfer of whole o Type A blood have anti-B
blood, plasma, platelets, or other antibodies
blood components from healthy o Type B blood have anti-A
donors to recipients antibodies
- Blood components are separated by o Type AB blood have neither
centrifuging blood (spinning blood at antibodies; universal
high speed so denser components recipients
 o Type O blood have both
antibodies
Rh SYSTEM
- Consists of more than 40 kinds of Rh
antigens, known as Rh Factor
- Most important of these factor is
Antigen D
- Individuals with Rh+ blood have
antigen D on the surface of their
RBCs. Rh- individuals may produce
antibodies to antigen D when they are
exposed to Rh+ blood
- When an Rh- woman gives birth to an
Rh+ baby, anti-D antibodies may
develop. Rh incompatibility can then
occur in future pregnancies.