Environmental Engineering &

Waste Management
Lecture No. 01
Maisa Rahman
Lecturer
Department of Chemical Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Email: [email protected]
Contact No. 01926997916
3rd Year Even Semester
SL. No. Course No. Course Title Contact Hours/ Credits
Week # ChE 3200: Chemical
Engineering Sessional –
Theory Courses
V: Chemical Process
1. ChE 3201 Mass Transfer – II 3.00 3.00
Modeling & Simulation
2. ChE 3203 Particle Technology 3.00 3.00
Sessional (Aspen
3. ChE 3205 Chemical Process Technology 3.00 3.00
Plus/HYSYS)
4. ChE 3207 Environmental Engineering and Waste Management 3.00 3.00
5. Hum 3229 Principles of Accounting 3.00 3.00 # ChE 3204: Chemical
Engineering Sessional –
Sessional Courses
V: Sessional Based on
1. ChE 3200 Chemical Engineering Sessional – IV 2.00 1.00
Particle Technology and
2. ChE 3204 Chemical Engineering Sessional – V 2.00 1.00
Unit Operations
3. ChE 3208 Chemical Engineering Sessional – VI 3.00 1.50
4. ChE 3220 Case Study in Chemical Engineering 2.00 1.00 #ChE 3208: Chemical
Engineering Sessional –
Total 24.00 19.50 VI: Sessional Based on
Environmental
Engineering and Waste
Management
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Course Contents
• Lecture: 3 hrs/week, No. of Credit: 3.00

• General: Introduction to environmental systems; Environmental laws, regulations and quality standards; Environmental ethics.
Water pollution: Sources and characteristics; Effects of contaminants; Wastewater microbiology; Primary, secondary, and tertiary
wastewater treatment; Nitrogen and phosphorous removal; Sludge treatment and disposal.

• Solid waste management: Physical and chemical characterization of solid waste; Resource conservation and recovery;
Treatment and disposal methods including pyrolysis & incineration, sanitary landfill and composting.

• Radioactive and hazardous waste management.

• Air pollution: Origin and fate of air pollutants; Effects on humans and environment; Air pollution meteorology; Atmospheric
dispersion and modeling; Stationary and mobile sources; Source control.

• Noise pollution: Noise effects; Community noise sources and criteria; Noise control.

• Environmental impact and economic assessment: Legal and administrative framework of EIA; EIA process; Underlying
principles and scope of the EIA study; Study limitations and alternatives in EIA; EIA approach and methodology; Future of EIA
– legislative and regulatory changes; Environmental and social impacts; Evaluation of hazards and risks; Mitigation of impacts;
Economic assessment of EIA; Environmental monitoring plan.

Maisa Rahman, ChE, RUET

Reference Materials
1. Wastewater Engineering - Treatment and Reuse (4th edition) by Metcalf &
Eddy

2. Environmental Engineering, Fourth Edition, by Ruth E Weiner and Robin A.

Matthews

3. Principles of Water Treatment by Kerry J. Howe, David W. Hand, et. al.

4. Environmental Engineering and Waste Management Recent Trends and

Perspectives, by Vineet Kumar, Sartaj Ahmad Bhat, Sunil Kumar, Pradeep
Verma

Maisa Rahman, ChE, RUET

Learning Outcomes
• Able to identify water pollution sources, the major types of pollutants
and able to characterize the wastewater
• Learn the discharge water quality criteria and guidelines for
wastewater
• Understand and able to apply physical, chemical and biological
processes for water and wastewater treatment
• Recognize zero discharge process and able to apply for different
industrial wastewater management

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Earth’s Water Budget

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Sources of Water

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Ground Water
Advantages:
• Constant Temperature

Disadvantages:
• Dissolved H2S and CO2
• Low Dissolved Oxygen
• Supersaturation (CO2, N2 causing gas bubble disease death of fishes)
• High Iron Concentration

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Ground Water

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 Surface Water
• Lake and rivers are
the major sources
• Might contain less
TDS compared to
ground water
• Designed and treated
to safeguard the
health of humans,
but not fish

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Saltwater Intrusion into Coastal Water Wells
groundwater depletion

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Sea Water
• Removal of salts from ocean or brackish waters to produce useable water
Almost used in 120 countries
• Distillation method-heating salt water until it evaporates, leaves behind
salts in solid form, and condenses as fresh water
• Reverse osmosis method- pumping salt water at high pressure through a
thin membrane with pores that allow water molecules, but not most
dissolved salts, to pass through. High pressure is used to push fresh water
out of salt water
Major problems:
• high cost and a lot of brine wastes (contains salt and other minerals).
• Significant desalination is practical only for wealthy and water-short
countries and cities that can afford its high costs

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Use of Water Resources

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Water Cycle

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Wastewater
• Wastewater (or waste water) is water
generated after the use of freshwater,
raw water, drinking water or saline water
in a variety of deliberate applications or
processes.
• Used water from any combination of
domestic, industrial, commercial or
agricultural activities, surface runoff /
storm water, and any sewer inflow or
sewer infiltration.

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 Water Pollution Global Water Pollution
• Pollution is caused from: • Every day, 2 million tons of sewage,
sewage, industrial-waste industrial and agricultural waste are
disposals and storage lagoons discharged into the world’s water
landfills, underground storage (UN WWAP).
tanks, hazardous waste dumps,
• The UN estimates that the amount
leaking underground sewers
of wastewater produced annually is
• Groundwater is polluted from about 1,500 km3, six times more
pesticides and nitrates water than exists in all the rivers of
the world (UN WWAP).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S2405844019358050 WWAP World Water
Assessment Program

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Human Health Impacts
• Worldwide, infectious diseases such as waterborne diseases are the
number one killer of children under five years old and more people
die from unsafe water annually than from all forms of violence,
including war (WHO).
• Unsafe or inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene cause
approximately 3.1% of all deaths worldwide (WHO).
• Unsafe water causes 4 billion cases of diarrhea each year, and results
in 2.2 million deaths, mostly of children under five. This means that
15% of child deaths each year are attributable to diarrhea – a child
dying every 15 seconds.

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Impacts on the Ecosystem
• Untreated wastewater harms water quality,
disrupts ecosystems, and threatens human
health. It can cause oxygen depletion in waters,
harm aquatic life, and spread disease.
• There has been widespread decline in biological
health in inland (non-coastal) waters. Globally,
24% of mammals and 12% of birds connected to
inland waters are considered threatened. (UN
WWAP)
• In some regions, more than 50% of native
freshwater fish species are at risk of extinction,
and nearly one third of the world’s amphibians
are at risk of extinction.

Maisa Rahman, ChE, RUET

Sources of Wastewater
1. Domestic wastewater is derived
principally from dwellings, business
buildings, institutions etc. which also
includes sanitary wastewater and
sewage.
2. Industrial wastewater is process and
non-process wastewater from
manufacturing, commercial, mining,
and silvicultural facilities or activities,
including the runoff and leachate
from areas that receive pollutants.

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Sources of wastewater
Non-point source pollution
• Pollution does not originate from a single source.
• Pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of
contaminants gathered from a large area.
Point source water pollution
• Pollution enter a waterway (river, lake) from a single, identifiable
source (pipe, ditch).

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Sources of Wastewater

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Types of Industrial Wastewater

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Wastewater Characteristics
Physical:
• solids, temperature, color, turbidity, salinity, odor
Chemical:
• Organic : carbohydrates, fats, proteins, toxins…
• Inorganic: alkalinity, N, P, S, pH, metals, salts…
• Gaseous : H2S, CH4 , O2 …
Biological:
• plants (algae, grass, etc.),
• microorganisms (bacteria, viruses)

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Characteristics of Wastewater

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Characteristics of Wastewater

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Physical Characteristics of Wastewater

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Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater

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Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater

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Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater

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Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater

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Biological Characteristics of Wastewater
• The principal groups of microorganisms found in wastewater are
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic plants and animals, and viruses.
• Most microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa) are responsible and are
beneficial for biological treatment processes of wastewater.
• Pathogenic organisms are usually excreted by humans from the
gastrointestinal tract and discharge to wastewater. Water-borne
disease include cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid fever, and diarrhea.
• The number of pathogenic organisms in wastewaters is generally low
in density and they are difficult to isolate and identify.
• Therefore, indicator bacteria such as total coliform (TC) and fecal
coliform (FC) are used as indicator organisms

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Biological Characteristics of Wastewater

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Biological Characteristics of Wastewater

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Common Analyses on Wastewater

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Common Analyses on Wastewater

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Common Analyses on Wastewater

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Maisa Rahman, ChE, RUET
Water Quality Criteria
Standards
• These are set by a regulatory agency and
• These have been developed by various therefore they are mandatory.
groups to define constituent • These have been based on background
concentrations that should not be levels in natural waters, analytical
exceeded to protect some beneficial detection limits, technological feasibility,
use. aesthetics, and health effects.
• These are only recommendations or
suggestions, but there is no strict law Goals
enforcement. • These represent contaminant
concentrations, which an agency or water
supplier attempts to achieve.
• These are more stringent than standards
and may include constituents not covered
by regulations.

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Critical Parameters for Water Quality Standards
For Aquatic Life For Drinking Water
• dissolved oxygen • Sodium
• temperature • Hardness
• pH • Mineral content (TDS)
• un-ionized ammonia • pH
• nitrite • Chlorine
• nitrate • Coliform Bacteria
• carbon dioxide • Contamination
• alkalinity • Nitrate as nitrogen
• solids • Fluoride
• Trihalomethanes
• Temperature
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Bangladesh water conservation act 1997

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Water Quality Standards (Bangladesh water conservation act 1997)

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Water Quality Standards
(Bangladesh water conservation act 1997)

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Water Quality Standards (Bangladesh water conservation act 1997)

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Water Quality Standards (Bangladesh water conservation act 1997)

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Water Quality Standards (Bangladesh water conservation act 1997)

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Water Quality Standards (Bangladesh water conservation act 1997)

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What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)?

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Test method (BOD5 @ 20◦C)
1. A water sample containing degradable organic matter is placed in a
BOD bottle.
2. If needed, add dilution water (known quantity). Dilution water is
prepared by adding phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), magnesium
sulphate, calcium chloride and ferric chloride into distilled water.
Aerate the dilution water to saturate it with oxygen before use.
3. Measure DO in the bottle after 15 minutes (DOi)
4. Closed the bottle and placed it in incubator for 5 days, at
temperature 20oC
5. After 5 days, measure DO in the bottle (DOt).

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Calculation of BOD

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Why dilution is needed?

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