Introduction to Civil Engineering CE (HS)302

Suggestive Questions & Answers (MAKAUT 3rd Sem CE)

GROUP-A Questions-Answers
1. With the increase in the number of Finite elements, the
effectiveness of the calculation: Answer: (a) Increases
o Explanation: Increasing the number of finite elements in the
Finite Element Method (FEM) leads to finer discretization,
improving the accuracy of calculations.
2. Which software is used for solving problems related to
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)? Answer: (b) ANSYS
o Explanation: ANSYS is widely used for simulations in CFD,
analysing fluid flow, and heat transfer.
3. ETABS software is most effective for: Answer: (a) RCC Design
o Explanation: ETABS specializes in the analysis and design of
reinforced concrete (RCC) and steel structures.
4. MATLAB software is used for: Answer: (c) Doing mathematical
operations
o Explanation: MATLAB is a powerful tool for numerical
computing and algorithm development.
5. Most commonly used drafting software is: Answer: (c) AutoCAD
o Explanation: AutoCAD is the standard software for 2D and 3D
drafting in engineering design.
6. Source of energy for a thermal power plant: Answer: (c) Coal
o Explanation: Coal is the primary fuel source for generating heat
energy in thermal power plants.
7. Boiler house generates: Answer: (d) Steam

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 o Explanation: Boilers convert water into steam by heating it,
which drives turbines in power generation.
8. Hydropower plant location: Answer: (b) Hilly area
o Explanation: Hydropower plants are located in hilly areas to
utilize the gravitational potential energy of water.
9. Function of a Cooling tower: Answer: (b) Make the water cold
o Explanation: Cooling towers reduce the temperature of water
by evaporation, enabling its reuse in power plants.
10. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test: Answer: (a) NDT
o Explanation: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity is a non-destructive
testing (NDT) method for assessing concrete quality.
11. CFRP is made of: Answer: (a) Carbon
o Explanation: Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) uses
carbon fibres for high strength and lightweight properties.
12. Which of the following is an example of a natural harbour?
Answer: (b) Vishakhapatnam harbour
o Explanation: Vishakhapatnam harbour is naturally protected by
surrounding hills.
13. Depth of harbour is decided based on which factors: Answer: (d)
All the three
o Explanation: Draft, squat allowance, and wave height influence
harbour depth.
14. Haldia Port is an example of: Answer: (a) Sea port
o Explanation: Haldia is a major seaport in West Bengal,
facilitating maritime trade.
15. Which of the following is a dry port? Answer: (d) Durgapur port
o Explanation: Dry ports handle cargo transfer without direct
access to seaborne trade.
16. Tides occurring during new moon or full moon are called: Answer:
(a) Spring tides

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 o Explanation: During new and full moons, gravitational forces
cause higher tides, termed spring tides.
17. Mixed tides have: Answer: (c) Two uneven tides a day, or one high
and one low
o Explanation: Mixed tides occur due to varying gravitational
forces and geographical influences.
18. The size of a modular brick is: Answer: (b) 23 cm × 11.4 cm × 7.6
cm
o Explanation: Modular bricks have standardized dimensions for
ease in construction.
19. The compaction factor test of cement concrete determines its:
Answer: (c) Workability
o Explanation: This test measures how easily concrete can be
compacted.
20. What is the permissible coverage for a structure planned on 600
Sq. m of land? Answer: (a) 60%
o Explanation: Permissible coverage varies by local building
codes but is typically around 60% for urban plots.
21. What is the most common type of industrial structure found in
European countries? Answer: (b) Steel Structure
o Explanation: Steel structures are preferred for their durability
and ease of assembly in industrial applications.
22. What are the constituents of Reinforced Cement Concrete?
Answer: (a) Cement, aggregate, water
o Explanation: RCC comprises cement, aggregates (coarse and
fine), and water.
23. A project is allocated to a company through: Answer: (c) Tendering
o Explanation: Projects are awarded to companies via tendering
processes to ensure fair competition.
24. Expenditure of a project is planned through: Answer: (c) DPR

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 o Explanation: The Detailed Project Report (DPR) outlines all
financial and operational plans.
25. Planning is defined as the process of: Answer: (a) Forecasting
o Explanation: Planning involves forecasting and strategizing to
achieve objectives.
26. Management plays a vital role in the operation of: Answer: (b)
Business organization
o Explanation: Effective management is crucial for business
operations and decision-making.
27. _________ is defined as the right of a person to guide: Answer: (d)
Authority
o Explanation: Authority is the legal right to lead and make
decisions.
28. The direct cost of a project with respect to normal time is:
Answer: (a) Minimum
o Explanation: Direct costs are minimized under normal project
timelines.
29. Which crucial factor affects an industrial plant layout? Answer:
(d) All of these
o Explanation: Industry type, production systems, and
production volume influence plant layout design.
30. Which condition prevails in shallow foundations?
Answer: (c) Df < B
o Explanation: For shallow foundations, the depth (Df) is less
than the breadth (B).
31. Which one of the following is an example of deep foundation?
Answer: (c) Pile
o Explanation: Pile foundations are used to transfer loads to
deeper strata.

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32. The property of soil which allows water to flow through its pores
is known as: Answer: (c) Permeability
o Explanation: Permeability refers to the soil's ability to transmit
water.
33. Kolkata region soil is normally made of: Answer: (a) Soft soil
o Explanation: The soil in Kolkata is predominantly soft alluvial,
requiring careful foundation design.
34. Open excavation of 10m in practical sites has several drawbacks.
Which of the following is not considered a drawback? Answer: (d)
None of these
o Explanation: All listed factors, such as groundwater level and
cost, are valid drawbacks.
35. Broad disciplines of civil engineering: Answer: (d) All
o Explanation: Civil engineering encompasses transportation,
structural, and water resource engineering.

36. Around nine indoor units can be connected to one outdoor unit. These
systems work using inverter technology which allows the compressor to
operate at variable speeds.
Answer: b) VRF
Explanation: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems allow multiple indoor
units to be connected to a single outdoor unit. The inverter technology ensures
energy efficiency by adjusting the compressor speed based on demand.

37. It is described as an arrangement of parts or elements into proper

relation to produce a conceptual unified whole.
Answer: d) composition
Explanation: Composition in design refers to the placement and arrangement of
visual elements in a way that forms a unified whole.

38. As a composition develops, a designer may decide to stress certain

elements of the design over others to create a focal point. The eye of the
viewer will focus on that area of
Answer: b) emphasis
Explanation: Emphasis is a design principle that involves making a part of the
composition stand out, creating a focal point that draws the viewer's attention.
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39. It is a technical and political process concerned with the development
and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and
the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as
transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Answer: a) Urban planning
Explanation: Urban planning involves designing and regulating the use of land,
infrastructure, and services in urban areas to ensure sustainable and organized
development.

40. Structures erected to aid in the construction of a permanent project and

to facilitate the construction of the buildings, bridges, tunnels, etc.
Answer: b) Temporary structures
Explanation: Temporary structures, such as scaffolding and formwork, are
constructed to support the main project during its construction phase and are
removed afterward.

41. Is an earth-moving equipment

Answer: b) Bulldozer
Explanation: Bulldozers are heavy equipment used to move large quantities of
soil, sand, or rubble during construction and land clearing.

42. Is a construction equipment

Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Crawler loaders, concrete mixers, and scrapers are all examples
of construction equipment used for various tasks, including material handling
and construction.

43. Is a material handling equipment

Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Cranes, conveyors, and hoists are all used for handling materials
during construction and industrial processes.

44. This process is not used in the water treatment system

Answer: d) Brine treatment
Explanation: Brine treatment is typically used for desalination processes, not in
conventional water treatment systems, which primarily use sediment filtration,
carbon filtration, and reverse osmosis.

45. Is a flow in which the density of fluid changes with respect to distance
Answer: c) Compressible flow
Explanation: In compressible flow, the fluid density varies significantly along
the flow path, typically observed in gases at high velocities or under varying
pressure conditions.

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46. This multipurpose project is on Mahanadi
Answer: c) Hirakud project
Explanation: The Hirakud Dam is a multipurpose project on the Mahanadi
River in Odisha, India, primarily for irrigation, flood control, and hydropower
generation.

47. In a mortar, the binding material is

Answer: a) Cement
Explanation: Cement acts as the binding material in mortar, holding the
aggregates (sand) together when mixed with water.

48. Sandstone is
Answer: a) Sedimentary rock
Explanation: Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized
minerals or rock grains, commonly used as a construction material.

49. Good quality stones must

Answer: a) be durable
Explanation: Durability is a key property of good quality stones, ensuring their
longevity and ability to resist environmental conditions and wear over time.

Group-B: Detailed Solutions

1. Five structures used in thermal power plants and their functions (one
line each):

1. Boiler: Converts water into steam using heat from fuel combustion.
2. Turbine: Converts steam energy into mechanical energy.
3. Condenser: Converts steam back into water by cooling it.
4. Cooling Tower: Releases excess heat from the condenser to the
atmosphere.
5. Chimney: Expels flue gases from combustion into the atmosphere.

2. How is flue gas temperature used in a thermal power plant?

Flue gas temperature is monitored to evaluate boiler efficiency, prevent
overheating, and recover heat using economizers to preheat feed water.

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3. Write a short note on beam jacketing using FRP:
Beam jacketing using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) involves wrapping
beams with FRP sheets or laminates to enhance their flexural and shear
strength, improve ductility, and restore load-carrying capacity in deteriorated
structures.

4. Methods of rehabilitation and repairing:

• Epoxy injection: Filling cracks with epoxy resin.

• Grouting: Filling voids or cracks with cement or chemical grout.
• Shotcreting: Spraying concrete on surfaces to strengthen structures.
• Carbon wrapping: Using carbon fiber for structural reinforcement.
• Replacing damaged sections: Removing and replacing deteriorated
parts.

5. Functions of condenser and feed pump:

• Condenser: Converts exhaust steam from the turbine into water,

maintaining a low back pressure for efficient turbine operation.
• Feed pump: Pumps the condensed water back to the boiler for reuse.

6. Distinction between power plants:

• Thermal: Uses fossil fuels to produce steam for turbines.

• Hydro: Uses water flow to turn turbines.
• Nuclear: Uses nuclear reactions to produce heat for steam.
• Solar: Uses sunlight to generate electricity.
• Wind: Uses wind energy to turn turbines.

7. Function of a surge tank in hydro power plant:

A surge tank mitigates pressure surges caused by sudden load changes,
ensuring stability and preventing water hammer in pipelines.

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8. Function of valve house in hydro power plant:
The valve house contains control valves that regulate water flow, ensuring
proper operation and protection of turbines and other equipment.

9. Corrosion of RC steel:
Corrosion in reinforced concrete occurs when steel reacts with
environmental elements (oxygen, moisture, and chlorides), leading to rust,
expansion, cracking, and reduced structural strength.

10. Role of cement in revolutionizing construction:

Cement has enabled the construction of durable, versatile, and large-scale
structures such as bridges, skyscrapers, and dams, transforming civil
engineering practices globally.

11. Role of stability for supports of structures:

Stable supports prevent structural failure by maintaining equilibrium under
loads, resisting lateral forces, and ensuring safety during and after
construction.

12. Stepwise development of engineering in human civilization:

1. Use of natural materials (stones, wood).

2. Invention of tools and wheel.
3. Introduction of bricks and mortar.
4. Industrial revolution and mechanized tools.
5. Modern engineering with steel, concrete, and computational methods.

13. Non-destructive testing, carbon wrapping, and carbon composites in

repairs:

• Non-destructive testing (NDT): Methods like ultrasonic testing to assess

structural integrity without damage.
• Carbon wrapping: Reinforces structures using carbon fiber.

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• Carbon composites: Lightweight, durable materials used for
strengthening and repairing structures.

14. Automation and robotics in construction:

Automation enhances productivity through machinery like robotic
bricklayers, while robotics improves safety and precision. Lean construction
minimizes waste and maximizes efficiency.

15. Harbors and breakwater function:

• Harbor types based on protection:

o Natural (e.g., Sydney Harbor).
o Artificial (e.g., Chennai Port).
• Breakwater function: Protects harbors from waves, ensuring calm water
for docking.

16. Modification of waves near shore:

• Refraction: Waves bend toward the shore.

• Diffraction: Waves spread after passing obstacles.
• Reflection: Waves bounce back from vertical surfaces.

17. Facilities in a port:

• Docks, warehouses, cranes, navigation systems, and fueling stations.

18. Navigational aids:

Devices like lighthouses, buoys, and GPS systems guide ships safely.

19. Solar Passive Architecture:

Designing buildings to use sunlight and natural ventilation efficiently,
reducing energy consumption.

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20. Stepwise planning procedure for commissioning a project:

1. Feasibility study.
2. Design and approvals.
3. Procurement of materials.
4. Construction and installation.
5. Testing and commissioning.

21. Distress mechanisms in structures:

Distress arises from settlement, thermal expansion, corrosion, and load
overcapacity, leading to cracks, deformation, and failure.

22. Short note on recycling plastic waste:

Recycled plastics are used in construction for making tiles, road aggregates,
and insulation materials, reducing waste and environmental impact.

23. Definitions (five):

• Bricks: Rectangular blocks made from clay for construction.

• Concrete: Composite material of cement, sand, aggregate, and water.
• Mortar: Mixture of cement and sand used as a binding material.
• Structural Steel: High-strength steel used in construction.
• Construction Chemicals: Additives improving construction quality and
durability.

Group-B (Continued)

24. Infrastructural facilities contributing to India's economic

development:

1. Transportation: Roads, railways, ports, and airports boost connectivity

and trade.
2. Energy: Power plants, renewable energy projects, and transmission lines
support industries and households.

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3. Communication: Telecom networks and internet services enhance
communication and business opportunities.
4. Water supply and irrigation: Ensures agricultural productivity and
water availability.
5. Urban infrastructure: Smart cities, sanitation systems, and housing
contribute to urbanization and quality of life.

25. Five essential components of infrastructure:

1. Transportation systems (roads, railways, airports).

2. Energy supply (power plants, grids, pipelines).
3. Water supply and sanitation (dams, pipelines, treatment plants).
4. Telecommunication networks (internet, satellite systems).
5. Social infrastructure (hospitals, schools, housing).

26. Five major types of construction equipment:

1. Excavators: For digging and demolition.

2. Bulldozers: For pushing earth and clearing land.
3. Concrete Mixers: For preparing concrete.
4. Cranes: For lifting and placing heavy loads.
5. Compactors: For compressing soil and asphalt layers.

27. Nuclear containment structures and professional ethics:

• Nuclear containment structures: Thick, reinforced concrete enclosures

that prevent radioactive material from escaping during accidents.
• Professional ethics: Principles like honesty, accountability, and fairness
guide engineers in ensuring safety, quality, and compliance.

28. Quality and HSE systems in construction:

• Quality systems: Ensure that construction meets design standards and

specifications through QA/QC protocols.

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• HSE (Health, Safety, and Environment): Protects workers and
minimizes environmental impacts by enforcing safety measures and
environmental guidelines.

29. Difference between general and technical report writing:

• General report: Informal, less structured, meant for a broader audience.

• Technical report: Formal, detailed, structured with sections like
objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.

Features of a good technical report:

• Clear objectives and concise language.

• Logical structure with headings and subheadings.
• Accurate data and proper citations.
• Visual aids like graphs and tables for clarity.

30. Types of foundations (with figures):

1. Shallow foundations: Spread footings, mat foundations for light

structures.
2. Deep foundations: Pile and caisson foundations for heavy loads or poor
soil conditions.
3. Special foundations: Raft, combined, or eccentric footings for specific
needs.

31. Soil properties to explore for safe foundation design:

• Bearing capacity: Soil strength to support loads.

• Permeability: Ability to drain water, reducing settlement.
• Shear strength: Resistance to sliding or deformation.
• Compressibility: Amount of settlement under load.
• Moisture content: To assess shrink-swell behavior.

32. Short note on wave and current systems:

Wave and current systems influence coastal engineering by shaping
shorelines, affecting sediment transport, and impacting marine structures.
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 Waves form from wind, while currents result from tidal and oceanic
circulations.

Group-C Solutions
1. Describe some most commonly used Civil Engineering software’s:

Civil engineering relies on numerous software tools for designing, analysing,

and managing projects. Some of the most commonly used civil engineering
software include:

• AutoCAD: A computer-aided design (CAD) software used for creating

2D and 3D drawings and models.
• STAAD.Pro: Structural analysis and design software used to model,
analyse, and design structures.
• Revit: Building Information Modelling (BIM) software that supports
design, construction, and operation of buildings.
• SAP2000: General-purpose structural analysis and design software used
for buildings, bridges, and dams.
• ETABS: Software for building design and analysis, focusing on
structures like multi-story buildings.
• Primavera P6: Project management software used for planning,
scheduling, and controlling large projects.
• Civil 3D: Software used for civil engineering design, especially for roads,
highways, and land development.
• HEC-RAS: Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System,
used for river analysis, flow simulation, and floodplain management.
• ArcGIS: Geographic Information System (GIS) software for mapping
and spatial analysis.

2. Schematic diagram of a Thermal Power Plant:

A typical thermal power plant consists of the following components:

1. Boiler – where fuel is burned to produce steam.

2. Turbine – steam flows through the turbine to generate mechanical
power.
3. Generator – turbine drives the generator to produce electricity.
4. Condenser – steam from the turbine is condensed back to water.
5. Cooling Tower – reduces heat from the condenser water.

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 6. Ash Handling System – removes ash from burning fuel.
7. Electrical Transformer – steps up the voltage for transmission.

3. Schematic diagram of a Hydro Power Plant:

In a hydro power plant:

1. Reservoir – stores water at a height.

2. Penstock – pipes that carry water to the turbine.
3. Turbine – water strikes the turbine blades, generating mechanical power.
4. Generator – connected to the turbine to generate electricity.
5. Tailrace – discharge channel for used water.
6. Transformer – increases voltage for transmission.

4. Schematic diagram of a Nuclear Power Plant:

A nuclear power plant consists of:

1. Reactor Core – where nuclear fission takes place.

2. Control Rods – control the fission process.
3. Heat Exchanger – transfers heat from the reactor coolant to the
secondary water system.
4. Steam Generator – produces steam from heat.
5. Turbine – generates mechanical power from steam.
6. Condenser – condenses steam back into water.
7. Cooling Tower – cools the condenser water.

5. Rehabilitation and Repairing of RC Structure:

Rehabilitation and repair of reinforced concrete (RC) structures involve:

• Assessment: Identifying the extent of damage such as cracking,

corrosion, or structural weakness.
• Surface preparation: Cleaning damaged surfaces to remove loose
concrete, corrosion products, or debris.
• Strengthening: Techniques like concrete jacketing, fiber-reinforced
polymer (FRP) wrapping, or steel plate bonding to improve load-carrying
capacity.

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 • Crack Repair: Sealing cracks using epoxy or polyurethane resins.
• Corrosion Protection: Applying anti-corrosive coatings, cathodic
protection, or replacing corroded reinforcement.
• Recasting: In cases of severe damage, portions of the structure may be
recast or reconstructed.

6. Concrete Jacketing in Detail:

Concrete jacketing is a method of strengthening an existing structure by

encasing it with an additional layer of concrete. This technique involves:

• Surface preparation: Removing any debris, corrosion, or deteriorated

parts.
• Steel Reinforcement: Adding additional steel reinforcements to the
existing structure.
• Formwork: Installing formwork around the structure for the new
concrete layer.
• Casting: Pouring concrete into the formwork to create a new reinforced
concrete jacket.
• Curing: Proper curing of the new concrete for the required strength.

7. (i) Requirements of a Good Harbour and Harbour Depth Decision:

• Requirements: A good harbour should have adequate water depth,

protection from waves, access to transportation networks, facilities for
loading/unloading cargo, and space for expansion.
• Harbour Depth: Depth is decided based on the largest vessels expected
to dock and the necessary clearance for safe docking.

(ii) Differences between:

• Port vs Harbour: A port is a commercial facility that includes docks and

warehouses, while a harbour is a sheltered area that provides safe
anchorage for ships.
• Spring vs Neap Tide: Spring tides are higher and lower than average,
occurring during full and new moons. Neap tides are weaker, occurring
during quarter moons.
• Dry Port vs Inland Port: A dry port is an inland terminal for
containerized goods, while an inland port is a transport hub serving ports
via rail.

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 • Wet Dock vs Dry Dock: A wet dock is a water-filled area for ships,
while a dry dock is a dock that can be emptied to allow ships to be
repaired.
• Capital vs Maintenance Dredging: Capital dredging is the initial
excavation of a new port, while maintenance dredging involves removing
sediment to maintain navigability.
• Bed Load vs Suspended Load Transport: Bed load refers to sediments
moving along the bottom of a water body, while suspended load refers to
particles floating in the water column.
• Quays vs Piers: A quay is a solid structure along the shore for mooring
ships, while a pier is a structure extending into the water for docking.

10 (a) What are Bridges? Explain 4 Types of Bridges:

A bridge is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as a river or road,

allowing the passage of vehicles or pedestrians. Four types of bridges include:

1. Beam Bridge: Simple bridge supported by piers at both ends.

2. Arch Bridge: Uses a curved arch structure for support.
3. Suspension Bridge: Uses cables suspended between towers to hold the
bridge deck.
4. Cable-Stayed Bridge: Cables extend directly from towers to support the
bridge deck.

(b) Water Retaining Structures: These are structures designed to hold water,
such as reservoirs, dams, and water tanks.

(c) Wind Tunnels: A wind tunnel is a tool used to study the effects of airflow
over objects, particularly for aerodynamics and civil engineering applications.

11. Water Treatment Plant, Effluent Treatment Plant, Solid Waste

Management:

a) Water Treatment Plant: A facility that purifies raw water to make it

suitable for consumption. Key steps include coagulation, flocculation, filtration,
and disinfection. b) Effluent Treatment Plant: Treats industrial wastewater to
remove contaminants before discharging it into water bodies. Processes include
biological treatment, chemical treatment, and filtration. c) Solid Waste
Management: Involves collection, transport, recycling, and disposal of solid
waste. Key methods include landfilling, composting, and incineration.

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12. Short Notes on:

a) Natural and Induced Draught Cooling Tower: - Natural draught uses

buoyancy of warm air to cool the water. - Induced draught uses fans to enhance
air circulation for cooling. b) Coal Handling System: A system used in thermal
power plants to transport coal from storage to the boilers. c) Ash Handling
System: Manages the disposal of ash produced from burning coal in power
plants.

13. Short Notes on Types of Concrete:

a) Plain Cement Concrete (PCC): Concrete without reinforcement, used for

pavements and floors. b) Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC): Concrete with
embedded steel reinforcements, enhancing strength. c) Prestressed Concrete:
Concrete in which internal stresses are introduced to counteract external loads.

14. Short Notes:

i) PPP in Transport Sector: Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in transport

involve collaboration between the government and private sector to develop and
operate transport infrastructure. ii) Sustainable Materials in Road
Construction: Recycled aggregates, cold in-place recycling, and warm mix
asphalt. iii) Intelligent Transport System (ITS): A system that uses
technology to improve transportation systems, such as traffic management, real-
time data, and automated vehicles.

15. Survey Methods and Instruments:

i) Methods of Survey: Chain survey, compass survey, leveling, theodolite

survey, and GPS survey. ii) Instruments for Levelling: Dumpy level, auto
level. iii) Acronyms: - GPS: Global Positioning System - GIS: Geographic
Information System - LiDAR: Light Detection and Ranging iv) LiDAR: A
remote sensing technology used for mapping topography, vegetation, and
infrastructure. v) GPS Applications: Navigation and geolocation in
construction.

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16. 3D Printing, Recycling, Concrete Types:

a) 3D Printing: A process of creating three-dimensional objects from digital

files, widely used in construction for rapid prototyping. b) Recycling of
Construction and Demolition Wastes: Reusing materials such as concrete,
metals, and wood to minimize waste. c) Reinforced Cement Concrete vs
Prestressed Concrete: RCC uses embedded steel for strength, while
prestressed concrete has internal stresses to improve performance under load.

17. Bricks Composition and Manufacturing:

i) Composition and Manufacturing: Bricks are made from clay, mixed with
water, and fired in kilns. ii) Properties of First-Class Bricks: Uniform size,
smooth finish, no cracks, and good strength.

18. Materials:

a) Structural Steel: Steel used in construction for its strength and durability. b)
High Tensile Steel: Steel with higher tensile strength, used in structures that
require high load resistance. c) Carbon Composites: Lightweight, strong
materials made from carbon fibers and resins.

19. Green Building Concepts:

a) LEED Rating: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, a

certification for sustainable building practices. b) SMART Cities: Cities that
use technology to enhance the quality of life through intelligent systems and
data analytics. c) Lighting: The design and implementation of lighting systems
in buildings and public spaces.

20. HVAC, Acoustics, Aesthetics:

a) HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems used in buildings

for climate control. b) Acoustics: The science of sound, including how it affects

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spaces and buildings. c) Aesthetics: The visual and aesthetic quality of design
and architecture.

22. Human Values, Ethics, and Morality:

Human values refer to principles that guide behavior, such as honesty and
respect. Ethics are rules or standards governing the conduct of individuals in
society. Moral issues include dilemmas about what is right or wrong, influenced
by culture, religion, and personal beliefs.

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