FIRST AID

Learning Outcomes
Define First Aid
Explain the aims of first aid
Describe the roles of a first aider
Describe calling for emergency help
Explain incident management
Describe basic infection control
Explain first aid for different conditions
 DEFINITION
•First aid is the care given to a casualty before professional
help arrives.
•It can come from the first responder to be on the spot.

Aims:
Three main aims for administering first aid:
3 Ps’ of First Aid:
•Preserve life

•Prevent worsening of the condition

(if possible)
•Promote recovery
Before performing any First Aid
check for:
Electrical hazards.
Chemical hazards.
Toxic gases.
Ground hazards.
Fire
Behavior Basics in First Aid

Stay Calm.
Prioritize injuries.
Call 997 Crowd control.
Only move victim when injuries have been
evaluated and it is safe to do so.
Make decisions! Do things!
Assume you are in charge until another more
qualified person takes over.
Roles of a First Aider
Manage the incident and ensure the continuing safety of
themselves and victims
Assess nature and cause of injury
Arrange for further medical help or emergency services (ex.
fire service, ambulance)
Prioritise care to injured persons based upon medical need
Provide appropriate first aid treatment as trained
If able make notes/observations of casualties
Provide a handover when further medical help arrives
TRIAGE
Is the action of sorting victims
of disaster in order to determine
who needs immediate care and
transportation to the hospital,
or could be delayed.
Disaster: any situation that
taxes emergency resources.
Doing the most good for the
most people with limited resources.
CARE ORDER

Assess victim for signs of life.

Restore respiration if breathing has stopped.
Restore heart action if there is no heartbeat
or pulse.
Stop bleeding if present.
Treat shock.
PRIMARY SURVEY

Assess level of consciousness

Evaluate Circulation (pulse) & to control
hemorrhage.
Establish patent Airway
Provide adequate Breathing (ventilation and
oxygenation).
Chief complaints
 Level of Consciousness
Response No response
Check for injuries. Shout for help
Reassess and get help. Call 997
Call Ambulance
What happened?
Where & When?
How many?
Telephone number ?
Who is calling?
Hazard at the incident (ex. fire, electricity)
Minutes Could Make A Difference
Incident Management
Always be aware of potential dangers at an incident (ex.
traffic, fire, electricity).
Never put yourself or other bystanders in danger
You are the most important person
If the incident is too dangerous to approach, stay back and
call for emergency help
CHOKING !
Choking occurs when a person’s airway becomes blocked
by an object.

Signs Of Choking :
The person will most likely grab their throat.
They will turn a bright reddish color, and if it the item stays
dislodged they may turn blue.
After this fainting may occur
How to Stop Choking
With Adults
Heimlich's Maneuver :
Wrap your arms around the person’s waste.
Next put your thumb side of your wrist against the midline of the person’s abdomen and
the ribcage.
Grasp your fist with your other
hand and apply pressure inward and
toward the persons diaphragm in one smooth
movement.
Do it 5 times. Monitor
the victim after the item is
dislodged.
If choking not relieved start
CPR. ( Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)
How to Stop Choking With Infants
and Young Children
Hold the child down on your forearm with the head lower than your
knee.
Put support on the child’s head. Put your hand on their lower jaw and
chest.
Give the child 4 gentle blows with the heel of your hand.
Turn the victim on your thigh.
Give 4 slow distinct chest thrust on the middle of the victims chest.
Press your index finger right between there chest.
BITES and STINGS
Rinse all bites 5 minutes
with water (except severe bites).
Clean with soap and water.
Dog Bites
Stop/ Stand still
Talk softly
Move slowly
Never turn your back on a dog
Use: stick, pepper spray
Concern for rabies
Snakebites
Poisonous snakes
Rattlesnake
Copperhead
Water moccasin
Coral snake
 Snake Bites
Do Do Not
Get away from snake Icing is not helpful.
Have victim lie down and “Cut and suck method”.
stay calm Avoid mouth suction.
Do not move victim unless No constriction bands
absolutely necessary
Keep bitten area immobile
and below the level of the
heart
Call emergency
Wash area with soap and
water
Heart Attacks
Keep calm, don’t panic.
Advise the person to take his/her medication such as
prescribed nitro-glycerine. Do not use anyone else
prescription.
If allowed, ask the person to chew and swallow an aspirin.
Call for emergency medical assistance.
If the person is unconscious, inform the medical help and
follow CPR procedures.
If you don't have CPR training, skip mouth-to-mouth
respirations, directly perform chest compression. Continue
until medical help arrives.
High – Quality CPR
Start compressions: within 10 seconds of recognition of
cardiac arrest.
Push hard, push fast: Compress at a rate of 100 to 120/min with a
depth of:
At least 5 cm for adult.
At least one third the depth of the chest, about 5 cm, for children.
At least one third the depth of the chest, about 4cm, for infants.
Allow complete chest recoil after each compression.
Minimize interruptions in compressions( try to limit interruptions less
than 10 seconds)
Give effective breaths that make the chest rise.
Avoid excessive ventilation.
No Breathing
Start CPR:
Call for help and for a defibrillator
Give chest compressions
Tilt head slightly
Breathe into the person’s mouth
Continue until help arrive
Turn victim on his back
 Starting cardio-pulmonary
resuscitation
C Maintain circulation

A Establish an airway

B Initiate breathing
Types of bleeding
External bleeding.
Internal bleeding.
Causes:
Injuries/Trauma: penetrating injury
that breaks through skin with sharp objects.
Blunt injury:
that does not break through the skin.

Diseases: ulcers, aneurysms, cancers.

Bleeding
Open Wounds:
skin is broken: visible blood outside of
the body;

Closed Wounds: skin is intact.

Bleeding
Arterial bleeding:
spurting bright red blood.
Most dangerous, must be stopped.
Could be life threatening.

Venous bleed
flowing blue/red blood.
Responds to direct pressure to stop.
Pressure may be necessary 6-10 minutes before clotting
takes place.

Capillary Bleed
oozing dark red blood.
May clot spontaneously or rapidly with pressure.
MOST COMMON type of bleed.
External bleeding
Protect yourself
Expose the site of injury.
Control bleeding by:
Direct pressure.
Elevate injured part.
Pressure points.
External bleeding
Cover wound with dressing
Reassess vital signs, motor & sensory function.
Do Not
Touch open wound with your hand.
Apply direct pressure on head or eye injuries .
Apply direct pressure in the presence of fracture.
Press too much when applying bandage.
Give anything per mouth.
Remove blood soaked pad but
add another one.
Apply direct pressure in the
presence of foreign body.
A circle bandage is preferable
 Epistaxis
What to do?
Put the victim in sitting position and head
forward.
Removes any tight cloths around the head.
Apply constant pressure by benching the nostril
for 15 - 20 min.
Instruct the victim to breathe from his mouth.
Encourage the victim to spit out any blood
accumulated in his mouth, but shouldn't blow
the nose.
Epistaxis
What to do?
If bleeding did not stop repeat the pressure on the nose
while putting a piece of gauze between upper lip and teeth
for another 10 min .
Apply cold compresses & Keep head forward.
Call physician.
SHOCK
Circulatory failure inadequate delivery of O2 and
nutrients to body cells.
Causes of shock:
Massive hemorrhage
Heart failure
Severe Fluid loss
Severe pain
Electric shock
Poisoning
Anaphylactic condition
 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Generalized weakness
Cold, clammy skin that is very pale or bluish
Rapid, shallow breathing
Rapid weak pulse
Sweating, Faint.
Nausea, sometimes followed by vomiting
Restlessness
Steps followed
Be sure that the patient is breathing
lying down, with head tilted to one side (unless injury to the
cervical spine is suspected).
Elevate the feet
Conserve body heat.
Provide good ventilation
Keep the victim as calm as possible
Nothing per mouth
Call for help
 Shock position and heat preservation

Shock position in head injury Shock position in unconscious

Shock position in spinal cord injury

Fracture
Definition:
Break in the Bone cortex
Sign & symptoms:
Deformity
! Pain and on touch
Swelling
Loss of movement
Cracking sound of the fractured bone
 Check

Circulation Sensation Movement

Do
Wash hand and protect yourself
Remove clothes over the part without moving
Observe signs of fracture
Cover wound if present with sterile or clean dressing
Put ice on the part
Splint the part
Elevate the part in peripheral limb fracture
Call for help
Do Not: Move the fractured part
Try to reposition the fractured bone
Upper arm Shoulder

Forearm Elbow (straight)

Wrist Thigh
 Sprains
Sign & symptoms
Pain which increased with movement.

The skin about the joint may be

discolored because of bleeding from torn
tissues.

It often is difficult to distinguish between

a severe sprain and fracture.
 Do

Protect the affected part from further injury.

Stop all activities which cause pain to the sprained area.
Apply ice to the area
Wrap the sprained area to reduce swelling.
Elevation the sprained area as possible

Do not
Apply ice direct to the skin
Bandage
Head Bandage
Upper extremity Bandage
Hand Bandage
Elbow Bandage Ankle Bandage
Head & spinal injuries
Symptoms
Change or loss of level of conscious
Nausea & vomiting
Severe pain in head & neck
Presence of bruises
Partial or general paralysis
Bleeding & shock
Difficult respiration
Loss of vision, urinary & bowel incontinence
Instability (loss of balance)
Blood or CSF leakage from the nose or ear
First aid measures
Do not move the victim
Stabilize head and neck
Control bleeding
Open airway
Give oxygen
Assess vital signs and level of conscious
Neck stabilization
 Wound

Is a break in the continuity of tissues or body structures.

Closed wound Open wound

Cutting in skin
Skin is intact

Both of them may be Clean OR Infected

 Types of open wound

Abrasion PenetratingPuncturing Laceration Surgical wound

 Types of closed wound

Contusion
Caused by blunt force trauma that damages tissue & the blood vessels under
the skin.
First aid measures of wound
Wash hand
Protect yourself
Uncover the wound site
Control bleeding
Wash with soap & water or betadine
Cover the wound with sterile or clean gauze
Give anti-tetanus vaccine if needed
 Wound with a foreign body

Leave the foreign body in place

Stabilize the foreign body
Control bleeding

Do not
Try to move or get out the foreign body
 Burn
Heat
Chemical
Electrical
Radiation
Degree of burn
 Heat burn
Do Do Not
Wash burn area immediately with Use running water with force
running water Try to neutralize the chemical
Remove gently the clothes effect
contaminated with chemical Expose yourself to the burned
material chemical substance during first
Cover the burn area and ask for aid measure
help
 Chemical burn
Do Do Not
Open airway & restore respiration Let the victim run away
Wrap the victim with blanket to Leave victim in standing position
stop fire Use force to remove staked
Remove the burned clothes or cut clothes
around if it is staked to the skin Put any ointment or cream or
Remove any jewelry or rings tooth paste…
Cover the burn area with a plastic
material
Cover burn area with moist
dressing
 Electrical burn
Do Do Not
Before touching the victim close Try to touch victim before closing
the electrical source electrical source
Check signs of life Use water
Check if there is any associated
injuries
Cover the victim and elevate his
leg & ask for help immediately
 Poisoning
Routes of poisoning
 Ingested Poisoning
Signs & Symptoms First Aid Measures
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or Check pulse & respiration
diarrhea. Call 997, or poison control center & give the
Abnormal respiration. following information:
Unconsciousness. Who? What? How much? How? When?
Convulsion Is the victim consciousness or
Burn around mouth and lips in ingesting unconsciousness?
corrosive substance Presence of vomiting or convulsions
Keep a sample of the victim’s vomit, urine &
stool.
Do not give water or milk to dilute poisons
unless instructed by the physician or
poisoning center
Do not induce vomiting unless advised by the
physician or poisoning center
Contact poisoning
Signs & symptoms
Decrease blood pressure
Dyspnea and slow pulse
Blurred vision
Contracted pupil
Convulsion and excessive sweating
First aid measures:
Remove clothing.
Flush the affected skin with cool water for several minutes.
If the poison has entered eyes; flush them for at least 15 min.
Go to the nearest hospital emergency room.
 Inhaled poisoning
Signs& Symptoms First Aid Measures
Headache , chest pain and muscle Turn off the source of gas.
weakness call 123.
Blurred vision Open windows to ventilate or go
Nausea & vomiting out in open air.
Pink color of the skin turned to Remove the victim from area then
blue color check breathing & pulse, if the
Decrease in heart & respiratory victim is not breathing start CPR.
rate Place unconscious victim on his
Loss of conscious side & loosen tight clothing.
Triage
Definition:
Is the sorting of casualties into categories of priorities for care based on
injuries and medical emergencies.
Goals of triage
To rapidly identify clients with urgent, life threatening conditions.
To determine the most appropriate treatment area for clients.
To facilitate clients flow.
To provide ongoing assessments.
To provide information to clients and families regarding expected care
and services
Thank You