The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Setting the Stage
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A grand alliance to decide the fate of European nations
Metternich of Austria hosted the Congress. What countries made up the other four “great powers”?
Russia
Prussia
Britain
France
Metternich’s goals at the Congress of Vienna were:
Turn the clock back to 1789 - undo what napolean had done, reduce French land
Containment of France – surround France with powerful countries
Legitimacy – restore old monarchies
Compensation – countries get a bunch of land from France, and Britain gets british colonies
Balance of power – didn’t excessively punish France, power players didn’t change
There is always an alternative to war – 100 years of peace
Concert of Europe – Holy alliance, Quadruple alliance
What happened in Latin America (1804-1828)
Many Latin American countries rebelled
What do conservatives like? No change/going back
What do liberals like? Change, moving forwards
What was the context for each of the big 5 for the period 1815-1830?
Austria
Prussia
Britain
France
Russia
What state was referred to as the “Sick Man of Europe”
What was the “Eastern Question” and how might it impact the balance of power between the big 5?
Greece (1821-1830)
End of Round One 1815-1830. How is the Concert of Europe holding up?
THE REVOLUTIONARIES
THE GROUP THE GOALS
LIBERALS
NATIONALIST
RADICALS DEMOCRATS SOCIALIST
Round Two The Revolutions of 1830 ‘When France sneezes Europe catches cold”
France
“The Restoration Era” 1815-1830
The Ultras-Charles X 1824-1830
Louis Phillippe The “Citizen King” 1830-1848
Belgium 1830
Poland 1830
Italian States 1831-1832
Tom Richey Video Outline
British Reforms 1815-1848
Why did Karl Marx assume there would be a Communist Revolution in Britain?
Was Parliament democratic? Explain.
What was a Rotten Borough?
Were cities like Manchester and Liverpool represented?
Where on the political spectrum were the two political parties?
What were the Corn Laws?
What were some of the changes enacted by the Reform Act of 1832?
The Chartist
Was the Reform Act of 1832 democratic? Explain.
Who were the Chartist?
What was the Peterloo Massacre of 1819?
What were the 6 points of the 1830 Peoples Charter?
Why did the Entrenched Class think of the 1830 Charter as being radical?
How many signatures did it get?
What was the House of Commons reaction to the 1830 Charter?
What happened with the Chartist between 1838-48?
What was going on in Europe in 1848? Britain in 1848?
Attendance Estimates (POV/SAP)
Short Term vs. Long Term
What 3 laws were passed by Parliament?
What did Engels say?
What does Reform from above or revolution from below mean?
LEQ 6.6
Analyze the degree to which the revolutions of 1848 were successful in achieving their goals.
Round Three The Revolutions of 1848 ‘When France sneezes Europe catches cold”
1848: A Year of Revolutions
Every European country had a revolution or rebellion except Britain, Russia & Sweden
Economy was bad
People took up arms
Expanding populations & food crisis
Grain & potato harvests had been poor
Unemployment was widespread
Revolutions were mostly urban and led by liberals & nationalists
Liberals pushed for representative government, civil liberty & an unregulated economy
Appealed for working class support by advocating improved working & economic
conditions
National groups sought their own nation-states
Never in a single year had Europe witnessed so many uprisings
Liberals refused to follow political revolution with social reform, which isolated them
from the working class
Revolutions of 1848
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Louis Napoleon Bonaparte King Charles Albert
Emperor Napoleon III (France) Piedmont (N. Italy)
France
Causes Events Effects
Feb. 1848 – Louis Philippe abdicated as
king
Government Liberals organized a provisional gov’t
corruption New gov’t created organized national
Poor harvests in workshops to provide work & relief
1846 & 1847 led April 1848 – new National Assembly is
to high food elected; conservative property holders still
prices & held the most power
unemployment Troops clashed w/ unemployed, leading to
Parisian workers the closing of workshops (which were
marched & perceived to be socialistic)
demanded Late 1848 election – Louis Napoleon
reforms Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon, is elected
president
Louis often quarreled with the National
Assembly & they refused to allow him to
seek reelection
Austria/Habsburg Empire
Causes Events Effects
Government
rejected liberal
institutions
Louis Kossuth, a
Magyar
nationalist, calls
for Hungary’s
independence,
which led to
student
disturbances in
Vienna
Italy
Causes Events Effects
Italians wanted to
drive Austria out
of Northern Italy
Many Nationalists
wanted to unify
the Italian city-
states &
kingdoms
German States
Causes Events Effects
Insurrections
occurred in
Saxony, Hanover
& Bavaria
Many called for a
liberal
government &
unified Germany
Effects of the Revolutions of 1848
Defeat for Liberalism & Nationalism
Most revolutions failed
Liberal changes did occur (ex. Prussian Parliament created and end of serfdom in some
places)
Ended the Congress/Concert of Europe system
European states became stronger by creating professional armies
First time that workers put forward organized demands for political rights
Habsburgs survived again!
After failed revolution, many Germans came to America & spread progressive ideas
(German-Americans are America's largest single ethnic group); most immigrants settled
in the Midwest, Pennsylvania & Western states
