11.

1 Introduction

●​ Digital Technologies have transformed daily life, making tasks faster and more
convenient.
●​ Sectors like banking, aviation, e-commerce, and industrial production heavily rely on
digital technology.
●​ Digital technologies became widespread due to personal computers, the Internet, and
smartphones.

11.2 Digital Footprints

●​ Digital Footprint: The trail of data left behind from online activities.
○​ Includes websites visited, emails sent, and information shared.
○​ Contains device-specific details like IP address and location.

Types of Digital Footprints:

1.​ Active Digital Footprint: Data intentionally shared online (e.g., social media posts,
emails).
2.​ Passive Digital Footprint: Data collected without direct knowledge (e.g., browsing
history, cookies).
●​ Digital footprints can be stored on browsers and servers, making them difficult to erase
permanently.

11.3 Digital Society and Netizen

●​ Digital Society: A society where most activities (banking, communication, shopping) are
conducted digitally.
●​ Netizen: An individual using the Internet responsibly and ethically.

11.3.1 Net Etiquettes

1.​ Be Ethical
○​ Avoid copyright violations.
○​ Share credible expertise and information.
2.​ Be Respectful
○​ Respect others' privacy and diversity.
3.​ Be Responsible
○​ Avoid cyberbullying.
○​ Ignore Internet trolls.

11.3.2 Communication Etiquettes

1.​ Be Precise
 ○​ Respect others' time.
○​ Avoid sending large attachments; use cloud storage.
2.​ Be Polite
○​ Maintain a respectful tone in online interactions.
3.​ Be Credible
○​ Ensure your communication is accurate and reliable.

11.3.3 Social Media Etiquettes

1.​ Be Secure
○​ Use strong passwords.
○​ Verify the authenticity of new connections.
○​ Be cautious of fake information.
2.​ Be Reliable
○​ Think before uploading content.
○​ Understand that deleted content may still exist.

11.4 Data Protection

●​ Data Privacy: Ensuring sensitive data is accessible only to authorized users through
encryption and authentication.

11.4.1 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

1.​ Copyright: Legal protection for creative works (e.g., books, software, videos).
2.​ Patent: Protects inventions and gives the owner exclusive rights for 20 years.
3.​ Trademark: Protects symbols, logos, and brand names.

11.4.2 Violation of IPR

1.​ Plagiarism: Presenting someone else's work as your own without giving credit.
2.​ Copyright Infringement: Unauthorized use of copyrighted material.
3.​ Trademark Infringement: Using protected trademarks without permission.

11.4.3 Public Access and Open Source Software

●​ Creative Commons (CC): Allows free distribution of copyrighted works with specific
usage conditions.
●​ GNU General Public License (GPL): Allows free use, modification, and distribution of
software.
●​ Apache License: Allows open-source software distribution with fewer restrictions,
enabling both personal and commercial use.
●​ Software Piracy: Unauthorized use or distribution of copyrighted software.

11.5 Cyber Crime

 ●​ Cyber Crime: Criminal activities conducted in a digital environment.

Types of Cyber Crimes:

1.​ Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems.

○​ White Hat Hackers: Ethical hackers who improve security.
○​ Black Hat Hackers: Criminal hackers who exploit vulnerabilities.
2.​ Phishing and Fraud Emails: Deceptive methods to steal personal information (e.g.,
fake emails).
○​ Identity Theft: Using stolen personal information for financial gain or other
purposes.
3.​ Ransomware: Malicious software that locks users out of their data until a ransom is
paid.
4.​ Eavesdropping: Unauthorized interception of private communications, including emails
and phone calls.
5.​ Cyberbullying: Using digital platforms to harass, intimidate, or threaten individuals.
6.​ Cyber Trolls: Individuals who deliberately post offensive or provocative content online to
disturb others.

Preventing Cyber Crime:

●​ Use updated antivirus software.

●​ Regularly back up important data.
●​ Use strong, unique passwords.
●​ Avoid downloading from untrusted websites.
●​ Practice safe browsing habits and verify links before clicking.

11.6 Indian Information Technology Act (IT Act)

●​ IT Act, 2000 (amended in 2008) governs cyber activities and provides a legal framework
for e-governance.

Key Provisions:

●​ Recognizes electronic records and digital signatures.

●​ Addresses crimes like hacking, data theft, and publishing sensitive data.
●​ Cyber Appellate Tribunal handles cyber crime disputes.
●​ Provides legal support for online transactions and protects user data.

11.7 Malware

Malware refers to malicious software designed to harm, exploit, or disrupt digital devices.

Types of Malware:

1.​ Viruses: Malicious code that attaches itself to legitimate programs.

 2.​ Trojans: Malware disguised as legitimate software.
3.​ Adware: Software that displays unwanted advertisements.

Preventing Malware Attacks:

●​ Install and update antivirus software regularly.

●​ Avoid downloading files from untrusted websites.
●​ Keep operating systems and applications updated.
●​ Use firewalls to block unauthorized access.

11.8 E-Waste Management

E-Waste (Electronic Waste) refers to discarded electronic devices and gadgets.

Methods of E-Waste Management:

1.​ Reduce: Minimize the purchase of unnecessary gadgets.

2.​ Reuse: Extend the life of electronic devices through repair and upgrades.
3.​ Recycle: Properly dispose of devices through certified e-waste recycling programs.

Safe Disposal Practices:

●​ Donate functional electronics to charities.

●​ Use authorized e-waste collection centers.

Importance of E-Waste Management:

●​ Protects the environment from hazardous chemicals.

●​ Conserves natural resources.

11.9 Cyber Safety

Cyber safety involves practices and measures to protect digital devices and personal
information from cyber threats.

Best Practices for Cyber Safety:

1.​ Safe Browsing: Use HTTPS websites, avoid suspicious links.

2.​ Identity Protection: Use strong, unique passwords and enable 2FA.
3.​ Confidentiality: Avoid sharing sensitive information online.

11.10 Technology and Society: Gender and Disability Issues

Gender Issues in Technology:

●​ Representation Gap: Women are underrepresented in STEM fields.

 ●​ Access Disparity: Socio-cultural barriers can limit women's access to technology.

Disability Issues in Technology:

●​ Accessibility Challenges: Digital platforms may lack features for visually or

hearing-impaired users.
●​ Assistive Technologies: Tools like screen readers improve access.
●​ Inclusive Design: Implementing WCAG ensures equal access for all.