8 marks 5 * Questions as per SCERT

Water Resources (8M)

1) What is water Scarcity? What are its main causes? (OR) Explain any three reasons
responsible for water scarcity in India?
Ans) The shortage of water as compared to its demand is known as Water Scarcity.
Causes for water Scarcity:
1) Low rainfall
2) Over exploitation of Water
3) Growing Population
4) Over Irrigation
5) Industrialization.
6) Urbanization
7) Excessive use of water
8) Wastage in use of water
9) Unequal access to water among different social groups

Over exploitation: Excessive use and unequal access to water among different
Social groups.
Growing Population: Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing
population
Over Irrigation: Most farmers have their own wells and tube wells in their
Farms for irrigation to increase their production. Thus. In spite of
abundant water there is water scarcity.

2) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource ?

Ans) www.chaduvu.in
1) Water becomes a renewable resource through natural processes such as the
water cycle.
2) The cycle involves several stages, including:
3) Evaporation: Heat from the sun causes water from oceans, rivers, and other
bodies to turn into water vapor.
4) Condensation: This vapor rises, cools in the atmosphere, and forms clouds.
5) Precipitation: When clouds become heavy, the water falls back to the Earth as
rain, snow, or hail.
6) Collection: The water then gathers in rivers, lakes, and underground sources,
replenishing freshwater supplies.
7) This continuous movement of water between the earth, the atmosphere, and
bodies of water ensures that it remains available, making it a renewable
resource.
8) Thus water is called renewable resource.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
3) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects?

Ans)Advantages:
1) Irrigation of crops
2) Electricity Generation
3) Water Supply for domestic and industrial uses
4) Flood Control
5) Recreation
6) They attract tourists.
7) Inland Navigation
8) Fish Breeding
Disadvantages:

1) They destroy local flora and fauna.

2) They cause environment damage.
3) Many places get submerged with the construction of dams.
4) People living in nearby areas may lose their livelihood.
5) Many people become shelter less.
6) Earthquake prone zones cause destruction of dams.
7) Sometimes dams may cause interstate disputes.

4) Describe how modern adaptations of rainwater harvesting methods are being to

conserve ?

1. Modern adaptations of rainwater harvesting involve the use of advanced

technology and innovative practices to improve water conservation
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2. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting: Rooftop rainwater is collected through a network
of pipes and stored in underground tanks for domestic use. Eg: Gendathur, in
Karnataka
3. In Rajasthan: to store drinking water, “Rooftop rainwater harvesting was
commonly practiced.
4. Percolation Pits: These are dug to allow rainwater to seep into the ground,
recharging the groundwater table.
5. Bamboo drip system: Using bamboo pipes, spring and steam water is tapped in
Meghalaya.
6. Tankas: For storing drinking water all the houses had tankas or underground tanks
in regions of Rajasthan
7. Filters: Advanced filtration systems ensure that rainwater collected is clean and
suitable for various purposes.
8. Public Awareness Campaigns: People are educated on rainwater harvesting
benefits and techniques to encourage participation.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
5) Explain the importance of water resources.

Ans)
1) Essential for Life: Water is vital for the survival of humans, animals, and plants. It is
a key component of biological functions.
2) Agriculture: It is crucial for irrigation to grow crops. Around 70% of global
freshwater is used for agriculture.
3) Industries: Water is used in numerous industries for production, cleaning, and
cooling processes.
4) Energy Generation: Hydropower contributes significantly to energy production in
countries like India.
5) Urban and Domestic Use: Water is needed for drinking, cooking, sanitation, and
cleaning.
6) Ecological Balance: Water bodies sustain aquatic life and maintain ecosystems.
7) Economic Activities: Many activities like fisheries, tourism, and transport depend
on water.
8) Cultural Significance: Rivers and lakes have religious, cultural, and historical
importance.

6) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi- arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out?

Ans)
1) Rainwater harvesting in the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is done using these
methods..
2) Collection in Ponds: Rainwater is collected in small ponds called "khadins,"
which are designed to retain and store water during the rainy season.
3) Traditional Tanks: Structures called "tankas" are built for storing rainwater
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near homes. These are underground tanks covered with stone or concrete to
prevent evaporation and contamination.
4) Johads: Earthen check dams, locally known as "johads," help conserve
rainwater and recharge groundwater.
5) Roofwater Harvesting: Rooftops are used to channel rainwater into tanks,
ensuring an accessible and reliable supply.
6) Eco-Friendly Designs: All these methods are cost-effective and eco-friendly,
demonstrating a sustainable way of water conservation in a water-scarce
region.
7) These practices show the ingenuity of the local communities in managing
water scarcity.
8) These are the methods carried by semi-regions of Rajasthan .

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 Agriculture (8M)
1) Explain the importance of Agriculture in India
Ans) the importance of agriculture in India:

1. Employment Generation: Agriculture provides employment more than 50% of

India's population,
2. Contribution to GDP: Agriculture contributes a significant percentage to India’s
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), supporting economic growth.
3. Source of Food: It ensures food security by providing essential crops like rice,
wheat, and pulses to feed the population.
4. Raw Material for Industries: Many industries like textiles, sugar, and food
processing depend on raw materials from agriculture.
5. Foreign Exchange Earnings: Export of agricultural products like spices, tea, and
coffee brings in foreign exchange.
6. Livelihood Support: Agriculture supports allied activities like animal husbandry,
fishing, and sericulture, enhancing rural livelihoods.
7. Cultural Significance: Agriculture is closely linked with festivals, traditions, and
social practices in India, reflecting its deep-rooted cultural impact.
8. These reflects the importance of Agriculture in India.

2) Suggest the initiatives taken by the government to ensure increase in agriculture

production? (OR) Enlist the various Institutional reforms and programs introduced by
the government in the interest of farmers? (OR) What were the steps taken by the
governments to improve the conditions of farmers in India?
Ans) the initiatives taken by the government to ensure increase in agriculture are-
1) The land reforms : like collectivisation, abolition of zamindari system were
enacted.
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2) Green Revolution : Introduction of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical
fertilizers, and advanced irrigation practices significantly boosted production.
3) White revolution: also called Operation Flood , aim at to increase Milk
Production were initiated.
4) Kisan Schemes : like kissan credit card (KCC), Personal accident insurance
scheme (PAIS) , Provision for crop insurance were introduced for the benefit of
farmers.
5) Weather broadcasting: special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes
for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
6) Minimum Support Price (MSP): The government guarantees minimum prices
for crops to protect farmers from market exploitation.
7) Establishment of Grameena banks, cooperative societies for providing loan
facilities
8) Agricultural Research and Training: Establishment of research institutes to
develop better varieties and impart modern farming techniques to farmers.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
3) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

Ans)
1) Geographical condition required tor the growth of rice
2) It is a kharif crop
3) It requires a high temperature (above 250C).
4) It requires High humidity
5) It requires annual rainfall above 100 cm
6) In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation
7) Alluvial Soil is the best soil for rice cultivation.
8) Plains of North and North-Eastern India, Coastal areas and the deltaic
regions are ideal for rice cultivation

4) Describe any four features of Indian agriculture sector ?

Ans) Four features of the Indian agriculture sector:

1. Predominance of Small and Marginal Farmers: Most Indian farmers own

small pieces of land, and agriculture is predominantly subsistence-based.
2. Dependence on Monsoons: A large part of Indian agriculture still depends
on rainfall due to limited irrigation infrastructure.
3. Diverse Cropping: India grows a variety of crops, from food grains like rice
and wheat to cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, and tea, reflecting its
geographical and climatic diversity.
4. Labor-Intensive: Indian agriculture relies more on human and animal labor
than advanced machinery, particularly in rural areas.
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CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 Nationalism in India (8M)

1) Write a note on Non-Cooperation Movement?

Ans)
1) The Non-Cooperation Movement, initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920-21.
2) It was a response to British injustices like the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala
Bagh massacre
3) The movement was based on non-violent non-cooperation. It is aiming to
attain "Swaraj" (self-rule).
4) Many leaders like Rabindranath Ragore surrendered their titles awarded by
the British
5) Many boycotted government institutions, and promoting indigenous goods
over foreign products
6) Various Social groups participated in this movement
7) Students left the schools, lawyers boycotted courts, and foreign goods were
burned
8) However, challenges like limited alternative institutions and the high cost of
khadi slowed its momentum in cities.
9) Gandhi called off the movement in 1922 following the violent Chauri Chaura
incident, as non-violence was a cornerstone of his philosophy.

2) “The Salt March to make clear way it was an effective Symbol of resistance against
colonialism.” Comment on it (OR) Describe about Salt Satyagraha or Civil Disobedience
Movement?

Ans) The Salt March to make clear way it was an effective Symbol of resistance
against colonialism:
www.chaduvu.in
1) The Salt March, also called disobedience movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in
March 1930.
2) It challenged the oppressive salt laws, which imposed a monopoly on salt
production.
3) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt was a powerful symbol that could unite the
nation.
4) Gandhi's march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi covered 240 miles with his 78
followers
5) On 6 April 1930, he broke the law by making salt from seawater.
6) As the movement spread foreign cloth was boycotted,
7) liquor shops were picketed
8) Peasants refused to pay revenue taxes, Village officials resigned from their job
9) Forest people violated forest rules and laws
10) The Salt March highlighted the injustice of British rule and demonstrated the
strength of nonviolent resistance.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
3) What is the importance of Gandhi in Indian National Movement? (or) “Gandhiji
played a major role in freedom movement of India” - Comment on it.
Ans)
1) Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in India's struggle for independence,
becoming a symbol of peace, non-violence,
2) Gandhi introduced Satyagraha (truth and non-violence) as the core principle of
resistance.
3) His emphasis on self-reliance (Swadeshi) encouraged Indians to boycott British
goods and promote indigenous industries like khadi.
4) The early movements of Gandhiji after returned India from South Africa in 1915:
a) Champaran (1917)
b) Kheda (1917)
c) Ahmedabad Mill strike(1918)
5) The early movements of Gandhiji was:
a) Non-Cooperation Movement (1920),
b) the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
c) the Quit India Movement (1942). He gave a slogan “Do or Die” in this
movement.
6) He connected with both urban and rural masses, bridging the gap between
different sections of society.
7) He actively worked to eradicate social evils like untouchability, promoting equality
and harmony
8) His moral authority and strategic leadership brought the British Raj to its knees,
culminating in India's independence in 1947.

4) Describe about Quit India Movement

Ans)
www.chaduvu.in
1) The failure of Cripps Mission and the effects of World War II created widespread
discontentment in India.
2) This movement was called“Quit India Movement” led by Gandhiji
3) On 8th August, 1942 in Bombay , the Congress Committee called for a non-violent
mass struggle throughout India.
4) On this movement Gandhiji gave a famous slogan “Do or Die” .
5) People observed hartals, demonstrations and processions along with national
songs and slogans.
6) In this mass movement thousands of ordinary people namely students, workers
and peasants , tribals etc, participated.
7) It also saw the active participation of leaders, namely Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna
Asaf Ali and Ram Manohar Lohia
8) Many women such as Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanakalatha Barua in Assam and
Rama Devi in Odisha.
9) The British responded with much force, it took more than a year to suppress the
movement

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 Print and culture (8M)

1) How Print culture assisted the Growth of Nationalism in India?

Ans)
1) Print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India
2) By providing easy access to nationalist ideals about freedom and equality to the
people
3) Social reformers could now print their opinions in newspapers, which sparked off
public debates.
4) The power of reason made the common people question the authority of colonial
power.
5) Interestingly, when the British tried to censor and control print media,
6) Nationalist newspapers grew in number everywhere in the country.
7) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged people to participate in
nationalist activities.
8) Thus it is clear, print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India

2) “Some people in 18th century in Europe think that print culture would bring
enlightenment and end despotism” – Comment
(OR) ‘Print culture would bring enlightenment’ - Do you agree? Justify your opinion
Ans)
1) Some people in eighteenth-century Europe thought that print culture would
bring enlightenment and end despotism.
2) Books became cheaper and helped the individuals to read
3) This developed rational thinking , scientific outlook, liberalism and democratic
ideas.
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4) The writings of the great philosophers like Thomas Paine Rousseau and
Voltaire spread the ideas of democracy.
5) Of course, the people were not influenced directly by everything they read or
saw
6) They accepted some ideas and rejected others. They interpreted things in their
own way.
7) Print did not directly shape their minds but it did open up the possibilities of
thinking differently.
8) It created a new culture of dialogue and debate
9) They exposed them to monarchial and church propaganda which finally helped
to end despotism.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
3) “Some people fear the effect of easily available printed books: - Comment
Ans)
1) Some people especially from upper class and powerful class feared the effect of easily
available printed books.
2) Their cause of fear was that due to the spread of literacy among the common people
they may loose their position or authorities.
3) Some people feared that this may lead to the spread of rebellions and irreligious
thoughts.
4) For example, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticizing
many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church and challenged the
Church to debate his ideas.
5) Erasmus, a latin scholar in Europe and a Catholic reformer expressed deep anxiety
about printing.
6) The Roman Catholic Church tried to curb the printed books through the Index of
Prohibited Books.
7) In India, the vernacular Press Act imposed restrictions on Indian Press and various
local news papers.
8) Also, some religious leaders and some people from upper castes expressed their fear.
9) Many people feared that if there was no control over the printed books, might loose
their positions and authorities.

4) Some people feared that development of print could lead to the growth of dissenting
ideas.” Comment

Ans)
1) Some people feared that the development of print could lead to the growth of
dissenting ideas because www.chaduvu.in
2) print and popular literature encouraged many distinctive interpretations of religious
faith and ideas
3) Some people feared that this may lead to the spread of rebellions and irreligious
thoughts.
4) Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently
5) Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new world
of debate and discussion
6) Example, Manocchio gave a new interpretation of the Bible and formulated a view of
God and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church
7) As a result he was hauled up twice and ultimately executed when the Roman Church
began its inquisition and to repress heretical ideas.
8) Troubled by such an incident, the Roman Catholic Church imposed severe controls
over publishers and book-sellers, and began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books
from 1558.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
5) Comment on “the effect of the spread of print culture for poor people in 19th century
India.” Effects of Print culture on poor people:

Ans)
1) There were many effects of the spread of print culture for the poor people in the 19 th
century in India.
2) Poor people can easily account for the low-priced books.
3) Due to the low cost books, readership increased.
4) Public libraries were set up from early 20th century expanding the access to books.
5) Books could be hired on a nominal fee from some book owners.
6) Many essays were written against the caste discrimination and injustices which came
before the eyes of the people.
7) When issues to caste discrimination were written by Ambedkar, Jyotiba Phule, it was
read by people. ‘Gulamgiri’ of Jyotiba Phule exposed the ill treatment to the low
castes.
8) Self education were also encouraged and supported by the social reformers.

Power-sharing (8M)

1) What are the difference forms of power sharing in modern Democracies? Give an
example for each of them

Ans) Power sharing forms are of 4 types.

1. Horizontal Division of Power:

a) Power is shared among the different organs of the government such as
legislature, executive and judiciary.
b) It is called as horizontal power sharing. Ex: India
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2. Vertical Division of Power:
a) Power is shared at different levels of government such as the Central , State
and Local level
b) It is called as Vertical Division of power sharing. Ex: India
c) Here the power is divided among higher and lower levels of governments.
3. Power shared among different communities (social groups)
a) This type of power sharing is made to give diverse social groups and
Minorities.
b) Ex: Belgium
4. Power-sharing among political parties:
a) In democratic countries the power which we will not stand with a single party
Forever. Powers are shared among political parties.
b) Ex: Netherlands, Sri Lanka, Kenya

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
2) State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example
from the Indian context.
Ans)

Prudential Reason:-
1. Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups.
2. So, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace.
3. Power sharing maintains the unity of the nation.
4. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
5. In India, seats are reserved for weaker sections.
6. E.g.:- Reservation of seats for SC and ST.

Moral reason:-
1) It holds the spirit of democracy.
2) In a democratic setup, the citizens too have a stake in governance.
3) People have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
4) Decentralization of powers in India is the best example of moral reason

3) Evaluate the power sharing System in India?

Ans)
1) India is a democratic and a sovereign country since Independence.
2) It follows a proper power-sharing system since independence.
3) The different power-sharing forms in India are:
4) Power is shared among different organs of a government such as the executive, the
legislature and the judiciary
5) Power is shared among governments at different levels
6) Power is shared among social groups such as linguistic groups, religious groups etc.
7) Power is shared among political parties, movements and pressure groups www.chaduvu.in
8) They try to control and influence the one, who is in power.

4) What do we learn from two stories of Belgium and Srilanka?

Ans) We learnt following things from the example of Belgium and Srilanka:
From Belgium:
1) In Belgium, the leaders realized that the unity of the country is possible only by
respecting the interests of different communities and religious groups.
2) As a result of this realization, mutually acceptable arrangements for power sharing
emerged.
3) In Belgium, the government does not follow preferential policies in matters of jobs
and education
4) It prevented civil war between two communities and the country's possible partition.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
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 Srilanka:
1) Contrary to it, Sri Lankan government aimed to secure dominace over the minorities
2) In Sri Lanka, the major political parties are not sensitive to the language and culture of
the Tamils.
3) In srilanka minority was not given any importance
4) Sri Lanka government follows preferential policies in matters of government, jobs and
education.
5) It refuses to share power, It can undermine the unity of the country

5) Write about the power sharing accommodation in Belgium? (OR) What are measures
taken in Belgium for power sharing arrangement?

Ans)
1) Belgium country amended their constitution four times between 1970 to 1993.
2) Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall
be equal in the Central Government.
3) No single community can make decisions unilaterally.
4) Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State Governments of
the two regions of the country.
5) The State Governments are not subordinated to the Central Government
6) Brussels had a separate government in which both the communities have equal
representation.
7) Apart from the Central and the State Government there is a third kind of government
called the Community Government.
8) This community government is elected by people belonging to one language
community-Dutch, French and German speaking.

Political parties (8M)

www.chaduvu.in
1) State various functions political parties perform in a democracy? (OR) Describe the
functions of Political Parties? (OR) What are the characteristics of a political party?
Ans) Functions of political party
1) They contest in election.
2) Political parties put different policies and programs so that people can make a
choice.
3) Political parties form and run the government.
4) Political parties play a decisive role in making decisions for the country
5) They recruit leaders crying them and appoint them as ministers.
6) Those parties that lose in elections play a role of opposition party
7) Political parties help people to access government missionary and welfare
schemes.
8) Opposition parties shape the public opinion.
9) They Launch movements for the resolving of problems faced by the public

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
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2) What are the suggestions do you suggest the political parties to perform well in a
democracy? (OR) Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform
their functions well?
Ans) A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and
hold power in the government.

Suggestions to parties to function well in our Indian democracy.

1) Parties should give opportunity to sincere and honest persons to contest in
elections.
2) Parties should formulate policies and programs which are beneficial to larger
section of people.
3) Political Parties should work genuinely in getting the support of people.
4) Political Parties should fulfill their promises made before elections to public.
5) The parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to highlight the
problems and demands of public.
6) Political Parties should play a key role in shaping public opinions.
7) Parties should provide people access to government machinery and welfare
schemes.
8) Parties have to be responsive to people’s needs and demands.

3) What are the various challenges faced by political parties?

Ans: Various challenges faced by political parties are:
1) Lack of internal democracy within parties.
2) Dynastic succession
3) The growing role of money and muscle power
4) very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters

1) Lack of internal democracy within parties: a) The parties are lacking internal
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democracy, b) concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. C)
Which keeps many prospective leaders deprived of their rights?
2) Dynastic succession:
In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one
family. This is unfair to other members of that party
3) The growing role of money and muscle power:
a) Since parties are focused only on winning elections,
b) They tend to nominate those candidates who have lots of money
c) In some cases, parties support criminals also
4) very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters
a) Different political parties do not have significant ideological differences
among them.
b) So, there is a lack of meaningful choice before the voters.
c) For example, the difference between the Labor Party and the Conservative
Party

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4) Explain the characteristics of a National party?
Ans)
1) National Party have unit in the various state.
2) They follow the same policies and programmes that is decided at the national level.
3) To become a national party, it secures at least 6% of the total votes in general
elections of Lok Sabha or assembly elections in four states.
4) Wins at least 4 seats in Lok Sabha.
5) According to this classification, the Election Comminssion recognized the national
parties.
6) Major national parties in India are : BJP, Congress, BSP, CPI, CPI(M), NCP ..
7) They have Manifesto for the country.
8) They work for national issues.

5) Why did India adopt a multi-party system?

Ans) If more than two parties compete for power is called Multi-party system.
India adopted multi-party system because :
1) It strengthens democracy.
2) India is such a large county which is not easily absorbed by two or three parties.
3) There is socio-cultural and geographically diversity in India.
4) This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
5) Only this type of system could accommodate the huge population like India
6) Through this system each and every section of the society is represented in the
parliament and assemblies.
7) The needs and aspirations of the people can be fulfilled, such as the emergence of
local parties, regional parties etc. www.chaduvu.in
8) This system also ensures a smooth and healthy competition between parties and
prevents dictatorship of any single party.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
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 Sectors of economy (8M)

1) Analyze the table

Year Primary Secondary Tertiary
2000 52,000 48,500 1,33,500
2013 8,00,500 10,74,000 38,68,000

Ans)
1) The table shows about data on three sectors—Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary—for
the years 2000 and 2013.
2) In 2000, the Primary sector accounted for 52,000, By 2013, it was 8,00,500
3) The share of primary sector in GDP has decreased from 2000 to 2013.
4) In 2000, the secondary sector accounted for 48,000, by 2013, it was 10,74,000
5) The share of Secondary sector has slightly increased
6) The share of Tertiary sector has rapidly increased from 2000 to 2013.
7) The data reveals that the economy seems to be transitioning from an agriculture and
industry-based economy to a service sector.
8) The dominance of the Tertiary sector in 2013 indicates an economic shift towards
service industries

2) Analyze the graph

3)
4)
5)
6) www.chaduvu.in
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
Ans) mostly 1st question answer, and write in your own as possible.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
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 3) Convert the Bar graph into tabular form and write your comments, What you observe

Ans) Tabular Representation: Share of sectors in Employment (%)

Year Primary (%) Secondary (%) Tertiary (%)

1977-78 71 11 18
2017-18 44 25 31

Observations:

1) The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now

2) Nearly half of the workers are working in the primary sector
3) The growth in production in the secondary and tertiary sectors has not been in
employment www.chaduvu.in
4) In the secondary sector GDP increased 9 times, but employment increased only three
times.
5) In the service sector GDP increased 14 times while employment increased only about
5 times.
6) A remarkable fact is there has been a change in the share of GDP, a similar shift has
not taken place in employment.

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PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
4) Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and
tertiary is useful? Explain how?

Ans)
1) Yes, classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is
very useful
2) It helps in classifying the different occupations that are taken up by the people in
the country.
3) Economic Activities are classified as three sectors based on nature of activity.
a) Primary Sector
b) Secondary Sector
c) Tertiary Sector
a) Primary Sector: also called Agriculture sector. It uses natural resources to
produce goods. E.g.: Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry
b) Secondary Sector: also called Industrial Sector. Goods are produced by using
machines and tools. E.g.: Industries, construction
c) Tertiary sector: which provide support to primary and secondary sector eg:
Trading, Transport, trade, communication, banking, insurance …
4) It helps in calculating how much goods and services are produced.
5) It can give information on how and where the people of a country are employed.
6) It also helps in which sector of economic activity is contributing more or less in
GDP of the country and per capita income.
7) It can help in finding the relevant areas of improvement and interdependence in
globalization
8) For example, India is self-reliant in primary sector but depends heavily on China in
secondary sector www.chaduvu.in
5) How are the three sectors of the economy different from each other? Explain

Ans)

Economic Activities are classified as three sectors based on nature of activity.

1) Primary Sector
2) Secondary Sector
3) Tertiary Sector
1) Primary Sector: also called Agriculture sector. It uses natural resources to
produce goods. E.g.: Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry
2) Secondary Sector: also called Industrial Sector. Goods are produced by using
machines and tools. E.g.: Industries, construction
3) Tertiary sector: which provide support to primary and secondary sector eg:
Trading, Transport, trade, communication, banking, insurance …

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
6) Distinguish between Organized Sector and Unorganized Sector

Ans)
On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified
into two:
1) Organized Sector
2) Unorganized Sector

ORGANISED SECTOR UNORGANISED SECTOR

1. They are large enterprises 1) They are small and scattered units
2. They follows government rules 2) They are not follows any rules and
and regulations regulations
3. There is Job Security 3) There is no job security
4. Fixed number of working hours 4) No fixed working hours
5. They get Paid leave 5) No Paid leave
6. They get Medical benefits 6) No provision for medical benefits
7. Working conditions are good like 7) Poor working conditions
drinking water, safe environment
8. They get regular monthly salaries 8) They get daily wages
9. They ensures Pensions 9) There is no Pensions
10. Provident fund and Gratuity 10) No provision for Provident fund...

7) How is tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples?

Ans) www.chaduvu.in
1) The tertiary or service sector different from other two sectors
2) Because the agriculture and industry sectors are producing goods.
3) Tertiary sector does not produce any goods itself, but help or support the
production process.
4) The activities under this sector help in developing the primary and secondary
sectors. Ex: Transportation
5) So it is called Service Sector.
6) Examples of Tertiary sector include Trading, Transport, communication, banking,
insurance …
7) The tertiary sector has been growing rapidly in India
8) And has become the largest producing sector in the country.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 Money and credit (8M)

1) Answer the following questions

1) What does the given pie chart tell us?

Ans) The pie chart tells us about the sources of credit per ₹1000 of rural
households in India in 2012
2) Give two examples for formal credit in India?
Ans) Commercial Banks and Cooperative Banks
3) What is the percentage of Government Credit?
Ans) the percentage of Government credit is 1%
4) Who monitors credit policy in India?
Ans) Reserve Bank of India (RBI) monitors the credit policy in India www.chaduvu.in
5) Of all the loans taken by urban households, what percentage was formal and what
percentage was informal?
Ans) The pie chart focuses on rural households only , not about urban households.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 2) Observe the pie graph and analyses it? Analysis the given chart

Ans)

1) The chart shows the distribution of loans from the formal and informal sectors among
different types of households.
2) 85% of the poor households take loans from the informal sector, only 15% are sourced
from the formal sector
3) 53% of households with few assets take loan from the informal sector, while the
formal sector provides 47%.
4) Where as 72% of Well-off households take loans from formal sector, only 28% of
loans come from the informal sector www.chaduvu.in
5) Finally 90% of Rich Households take loans from formal sector, with only 10% from the
informal sector.
6) Their higher economic status enables them to access more formal sources of credit
7) Whereas poor and asset-light households still heavily depend on informal credit ,
often leading to high interest rates and financial debt.
8) So Formal sources of credit need to be expanded.
9) Cheap and affordable credit is need for the growth of economic development and
betterment in a country.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 3) Analyze the following pie graph.

Ans)

1) The pie chart shows the different sources of credit per Rs 1000 of rural households in
India in 2012.
2) The largest share of credit comes from money lenders, who contribute 33%.
3) Commercial banks provide 25% of the credit
4) Cooperative banks also account for 25%, equal to commercial banks
5) About 8% of rural credit needs are fulfilled by friends and relatives, reflecting informal
borrowing practices www.chaduvu.in
6) Other institutional agencies provide 5% of credit, Other Non-Institutional Agencies
contribute a small share of 2%,
7) Only 1% of credit is sourced from landlords, The government also accounts for just 1%
of the credit
8) Totally formal sector of credit is 48%, where as informal sector of credit is 52%
9) Most of the poor households are still dependent on informal sources of credit.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
4) What are the differences between formal and informal Sources of credit?

Ans) the differences between formal and informal Sources of credit

Formal sources of credit Informal sources of credit
1) Monitored and controlled by 1) No Organization supervised
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) these credit activities

2) Low Interest rate 2) High Interest rate

3) Example : Banks , cooperative 3) Example: Family friends,
Societies. relatives moneylenders

4) Operate within a legal 4) Operate without any legal

framework, ensuring borrowers’ rights framework, making borrowers
are protected. vulnerable to exploitation.
5) Often require collateral, 5) Do not usually require collateral
documentation to issue loans. but may impose informal terms of
repayment.

5) Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country’s development

Ans)
1) Credit is in great demand for various types of economic activities.
2) They could grow crops, do business, setup up small scale industries or trade
3) In rural areas, credit helps in the development of agriculture such as to buy seeds,
fertilizers, expensive pesticides.
www.chaduvu.in
4) Manufacturers need credit for buying raw materials or meet ongoing expenditure
of production.
5) Some people may need to borrow for studies, illness, marriages, etc.
6) It creates opportunities of self-employment.
7) E.g.:- Women in Bangladesh, through cheap affordable credit, set up various
Jobs like sewing for themselves.
8) Thus, cheap and affordable credit is need for the growth of economic development
and betterment

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 4 marks 5*questions as per SCERT
Geography
Forest and Wildlife Resources (4M)

1) What is Bio-diversity? Why is Bio-diversity important for Human lives? (OR) Why is
biodiversity important for human lives?
Ans) Importance of biodiversity for Humans life:
1) The existence of various plants and animals in a particular area is called
Biodiversity.
2) Biodiversity ensures the Ecological Balance
3) It supports our life system - air, water and soil.
4) It provides humans with food, medicines, wood and fibers etc.
5) Without biodiversity human existence won’t be possible
6) It makes Our Planet safe.
7) Thus, it is important to maintain biodiversity

2) How have human activities affected the depletion of Flora and Fauna? Explain
Ans) The reasons for the depletion:
1) Deforestation for agricultural expansion
2) Deforestation due to shifting cultivation
3) Large scale development of river valley projects,
4) Mining activities
5) Habitat destruction,
6) Hunting and poaching
7) Over Exploitation of forest products etc.

3) Write a note on good practice towards conservation of forest and wildlife?www.chaduvu.in

Ans) Good practices towards conserving forest and wild life:
1. Worshiping of trees and animals.
2) Formation of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and bio reserves to protect
endangered species.
3. Punishable penal codes on killing animals.
4. Community programs like Van mahotsav etc. to bring awareness among the
people about the importance of wildlife.
5. Regulated and Planned Cutting of Trees.
6. Control over Forest Fire.
7. Afforestation and Reforestation

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 4) Distinguish between Reserved Forests and Protected Forests
Ans) The distinction between Reserved Forests and Protected Forests is:
Reserved Forests Protected Forests
1) These forests are under strict 1) These forests are less strictly regulated
government protection compared to Reserved Forests.
2) Activities like logging, grazing, and 2) Certain rights, like grazing or collecting
hunting are usually prohibited minor forest products, might be granted to
local communities
3) They are meant to conserve flora 3) They also meant to conserve flora and
and fauna fauna.

Minerals and Energy Resources (4M)

1) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Ans)
1) Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of energy produced from sunlight.
2) It has bright future in India because of the following reasons.
3) Many parts of the country received sunlight on 300 days annually
4) So it becomes possible to generate 20MW solar energy per sq.km in such areas.
5) It is easy to establish solar plants in urban and rural areas
6) It is also becoming popular as used for cooking, heating water, lighting, etc.....
7) It is also a renewable source of energy
8) Thus the Solar energy has a bright future in India.

2) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources? (Or) Explain the importance of

conservation of minerals? www.chaduvu.in
Ans) we need to conserve mineral resources because:
1) Minerals are finite and non-renewable; excessive use can lead to exhaustion.
2) The rate of formation of minerals is very slow in comparison to the rate of
consumption
3) Conserving minerals ensures availability for future generations.
4) Mining and processing minerals harm the environment; conservation reduces this.
5) Efficient use of minerals and conservation helps in maintaining a balanced and
sustainable economy.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 3) Distinguish between the Ferrous Minerals and Non-Ferrous Minerals.
Ans) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
Ferrous minerals Non-ferrous minerals
1) The metallic minerals having 1. The metallic minerals not
iron content are called Ferrous having iron content are called
minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals
2) Ex: Iron ore, Manganese, Nickel, 2. Ex. Copper, Bauxite, Lead,
Cobalt Zinc, Gold

4) Distinguish between conventional and Non-conventional sources of Energy.

Ans) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy
1) They are used as energy 1. They are used in recent times
resources for many years
2. Ex: firewood, cattle dung cake, 2) Ex: solar power, wind energy,
coal, petroleum etc. tidal power….
3) They make the use of non- 3. They use renewable resources
renewable energy resources
4. They are expensive 4) They are comparatively cheaper
5) They can generate a lot of 5. They cause very little or no
pollution pollution

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (4M)

1) How did Germany achieve unification?
Ans) Unification of Germany:
www.chaduvu.in
1) Nationalist feelings were wide spread among middle class Germans.
2) They tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation as a nation
state.
3) Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for Germany unification.
4) The chief minister of Prussia Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of the process of
unification.
5) He is particularly well known for his “ Iron and Blood” policy
6) Prussia fought three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France.
7) Finally it achieved victory and completed the process of unification of Germany.
8) In Jan, 1871 the Prussian king William-I was proclaimed German emperor.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
2) How was the nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe
Ans)
1) Nationalism in Britain was not the result of sudden revolution it was the result of a
long process.
2) Britain was not a nation-state before the 18th century.
3) The region was in fact inhabited by different ethnic groups.
4) Each group had its own cultural and political conditions.
5) Britain accomplished their goals in parliamentary process
6) The British Flag, national anthem are promoted.
7) So unlike the rest of Europe England got it’s unification due to the decisions of the
people not by the movements.

3) Observe the Map and Answer the following

1) Name the Sea located between Europe and Africa?

Ans) Mediterranean sea
2) Name the biggest empire in this map? www.chaduvu.in
Ans) Russian Empire
3) Vienna belongs to which country?
Ans) Austria
4) Mention any one Island in Atlantic Ocean
Ans) Greenland, Iceland, Bermuda.
5) Write any two African countries that share their boundaries with Mediterranean
Sea.
Ans) Morocco, Libya, Egypt
6) Name any two Empires on the given map?
Ans) Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
4) Observe the Map and Answer the following.

1) This map shows the unification of one country. Name that country?
Ans) Germany
2) Write two names of seas you have observed in the map?
Ans) North Sea, Baltic Sea
3) Name any one sea that was located to North in this map
Ans) North Sea
4) Name the Empire that was located to South in this map
Ans) Austrian Empire
5) Who was the chancellor of Prussia during the unification?
Ans) Otto Van Bismarck www.chaduvu.in
6) Who was the first emperor of the German Empire?
Ans) Kaiser William-I

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
5) Observe the Map and Answer the following.

1) This map belongs to a country before its unification. Name that country?
Ans) Italy
2) King Victor Emmanuel-II belonged to which state
Ans) Sardinia-Piedmont
3) Name One Island located in this map.
Ans) Sardinia, Sicily
4) Name the sea located in this map
Ans) Mediterranean Sea

The Age of Industrialization (4M)

1) How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of Cotton and Silk
textiles from Indian Weavers?
Ans) The East India Company adopted various steps to ensure regular supplies of
cotton and silk textiles. www.chaduvu.in
1. After establishment of political power, the East India Company could assert a
monopoly right to trade.
2. Eliminated the existing traders and brokers connected with cloth trade
3. And established direct control over the weaver.
4. Appointed Gomasthas to supervise weavers, examine the quality of the cloth
and collect supplies.
5. Weavers were given advances and were offered a loan to buy raw material
6. Those who took advance or loans could not contact any other trader.
7. The weavers had to sell at a price dictated by the Company
8. All these steps ensure a regular supply of cotton and silk textiles.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
2) Why did some industrialists in 19th century Europe prefer hand labor over
machines?
Ans) Some industrialists in nineteenth – century Europe prefer hand labor over
machines because-
1) In Victorian Britain, there was plenty of human labor was available at low
wages
2) Machines were costly, ineffective, difficult to repair, and needed huge capital
investments.
3) In seasonal industries only seasonal labor was required.
4) Certain products, especially those with intricate designs and specific shapes
could only be made by hand
5) Example, 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes required human skill
only
6) In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the aristocrats preferred hand made
products
7) Because they were better finished and individually designed.
8) So industrialist prefers hand labor over machines.

3) Why did Industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Ans) Industrial production increased in India during WWI due to following reasons.
1) The British mill was busy with war production to meet the needs of the
army.
2) With the decline of Manchester imports suddenly, Indian mills had a vast
home market to supply.
3) As the war prolonged, Indian mills got huge demand to supply jute bags,
clothes for army uniform, tents and other leather boots.
4) It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in the empty with
www.chaduvu.in
their products.
5) The increased demands of variety of products led to the setting up of new
factories and old ones organized multiple shifts
6) Overall, the First World War gave a boost to Indian industries.

4) Why the East India Company appointed Gomasthas to supervise weavers in India?
Ans)
1) To remove the involvement of middlemen and gain direct control over the
weavers.
2) To make sure weavers worked for them and fulfilled orders as needed by the
Company.
3) To monitor production and ensure high-quality output according to company
requirements.
4) To avoid Competition from other traders and ensure monopoly over the trade.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 5) Explain what is meant by Proto-Industrialization?
Ans) The importance of proto-industrialization:
1) proto-industrialization means the phase before industrialization
2) Even before factories began in England and Europe there was large-scale
industrial production for an international market
3) But these goods were produced within their family farms, not in factories.
4) Many historians refer to this phase as “Proto Industrialization”.
5) It was controlled by merchants, most of the goods were produced in the
countryside
6) poor peasants and artisans were working for merchants
7) At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each
merchant
8) This means that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.

6) “Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny” - Why?

Ans) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because:
1) Fear of Job Loss: The machine reduced the demand for manual labor which
threatened their jobs.
2) Economic Struggles: Many women workers relied on spinning; by the use of
machine they lost their income.
3) Resistance to Change: Workers saw the technology as harmful to their
traditional way of life.
4) that is why the women workers attacked Spinning Jenny.

Gender, Religion and Caste (4M)

www.chaduvu.in
1) “Caste has still not disappeared from contemporary India”. Give any three examples
to Justify the statement
Ans)
1) Caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
2) Caste inequalities have not completely disappeared
3) The dominance of the upper castes still continues in the villages
4) Even today, most of the people marry within their caste only.
5) Eating with members of certain castes and attending weddings are still taboo in
Some villages
6) Despite constitutional prohibition, untouchability has not ended completely.
7) Education is not easily available to the low castes.
8) Economic status is also closely linked to the caste system.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
2) Explain the various forms that communalism can take in politics?
Ans) Communalism in politics can take several forms:

1. Everyday Beliefs and Stereotypes: The most common form of communalism is

religious prejudices and stereotypes in everyday life. These beliefs may include a
sense of superiority of one religion over another.
2. Political Dominance: A communal mindset can lead to a quest for political
dominance by one's religious community.
3. Political Mobilization: Political leaders often use sacred symbols, religious
leaders, and emotional appeals to unite followers of one religion, especially during
elections.
4. 4. Communal Violence: Communalism can sometimes leading to violence, riots, and
massacres between religious groups

3) How does caste affect politics in India?

Ans)
1) Political parties consider the caste composition of voters to select candidates.
2) Governments often include representatives from different castes to maintain social
balance and representation
3) Caste-based mobilization has allowed historically disadvantaged communities, like
Dalit’s and OBCs, to voice their demands for equality and access to resources.
4) Caste can divert attention from national issues such as development and
corruption.
5) It can also lead to social tensions.
6) Thus we can say caste can affect politics

4) What is secularism? Why is it necessary to have secularism in India? www.chaduvu.in

Ans) Secularism:
1) Secularism means that the state has no official religion.
2) In a secular state, people of all religions are treated equally
3) Everyone is free to practice, propagate, and follow any religion...

5) Why secularism is necessary in India:

Ans)
1) India is a multi-religious country with diverse faiths. Secularism ensures harmony and
unity among various religious communities.
2) It protects the rights of minorities and prevents majoritarian dominance.
3) It upholds the principle of equality, ensuring that the state does not favor or
discriminate against any religion.
4) It counters communalism and prevents its negative impact on democracy

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
6) Observe the given Bar Graph. Analyze the graph.

Ans)
1) The bar graph shows the percentage of women in national parliaments in different
regions.
2) Nordic countries have the highest representation of women in parliament at 42.3%,
significantly above the world average.
3) India has only 11.8% women in parliament, far below the world average and all other
regions.
4) Regions like the Americas (29.5%) and Europe (26.4%) have higher representation,
5) While the Arab States (18.6%) and the Pacific (11.8%) has lower rates.
6) This graph highlights large disparities between regions
7) Women’s equal participation and leadership in political and public life are essential to
achieving the Sustainable Development.

7)
Analyze the graph.
www.chaduvu.in

Ans)
1) This graph shows the population distribution of different religious communities in
India according to the 2011 Census
2) Hinduism: The majority, with 79.8% of the population
3) Islam: The second-largest community, accounting for 14.2%.
4) Christianity: Representing 2.3% of the population.
5) Sikhism: Making up 1.7%.
6) Other religions like Buddhist, Jain, etc. about 2%

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
7) The graph highlights that India has a diverse religious population, with Hindus forming
the majority.

Outcomes of Democracy (4M)

1) How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate

government?
Ans) Democracy ensures an accountable, responsive, and legitimate government by
the following means:
1 Accountability:
Democracy allows citizens to elect their leaders and hold them accountable through
regular, free, and fair elections.
2 Responsiveness:
Democracies encourage governments to be Responsive to the needs and expectations
of citizens.
3 Legitimacy:
A democratic government is considered legitimate because it represents the will of the
people.
4, such a government fosters trust and cooperation among its citizens.

2) Appreciate democratic government is better than all other forms of governments right.
Ans)
1) Democracy produces an accountable, responsive government.
2) It gives the citizen the right to decision-making.
3) These decisions are made according to norms and procedures
4) And must be acceptable to the people.
5) People have the right to elect their own government. www.chaduvu.in
6) The elected candidate is thought to be capable to fulfill the needs and demands of
people
7) It is a legitimate government
8) It promotes transparency.

3) What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
Ans)
1) Democracy develops in mechanism in which negotiation takes place among
various groups to find out a solution.
2) People of different communities have a chance to raise their voice about any
government decision.
3) Democracy works on the principle of majority decision hence minorities are given
special privileges
4) Thus, the democracies accommodate social diversities

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 4) "Democracy can't reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens." Support
or Oppose your answer
Ans) Democracy can't reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens,
because
1 Unequal Wealth Distribution:
Even in democratic countries, a small number of people may control a large share of the
nation’s resources, leaving the majority with limited access to basic amenities.
2 Limited Efforts on Economic Policies:
Democratically elected governments may not always prioritize reducing inequality,
focusing instead on other political or social goals
3 Structural Challenges:
Deep-rooted social and economic disparities require more than just democratic
governance to resolve; comprehensive policies and structural reforms are essential.
4 Economic Gaps:
Thus, while democracy promotes political participation and freedom, it alone cannot
bridge economic gaps among citizens.

5) Explain the “Right to Information”?

Ans)
The Right to Information (RTI) is a law that gives citizens the power to get information
about government activities.

1. It promotes transparency, allowing people to know how the government works and
www.chaduvu.in
how public money is spent.
2. Citizens can ask questions by filing an RTI application with government offices.
3. The government must respond within a set time, usually 30 days.
4. RTI ensures accountability, helping reduce corruption and making democracy
stronger.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
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 Development (4M)

1) Why do we use averages? Are there any illustrations to their use? Illustrate with your
own examples related to development.
Ans)
Per capita income is the average income of people in a country.
It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by its population

1) It is used by the World Bank to classify countries as rich, middle-income, or

poor.
2) It uses average income because different countries have different population.
3) Per capita income shows how much money, on average, a person earns.
4) A higher per capita income usually indicates a better standard of living.
5) Limitations for Average Income:
a) However, Averages hide disparities among the people
b) It does not show distribution of income
c) Per capita income also ignores the health and education indicators

2) Mention any four characteristics of development.

Ans) Four characteristics of development are:
1) Different Goals for Different People:
Different persons can have different developmental goals.
For instance, a rich family might value quality education, while a poor family might
prioritize basic healthcare.
2) Conflicting Goals: www.chaduvu.in
What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may
even be destructive for the other.
For example, building a dam might generate electricity but also displace local
communities.
3) Material and Non-Material Needs:
Development includes not only better income but also factors like freedom, security,
and respect in society
4) Focus on Sustainability:
True development must also focus on sustainability; ensuring resources are available
for future generations.

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3) List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed
around you.
Ans) Here are a few examples of environmental degradation observed commonly:

1. Air Pollution: Factories, vehicles, and burning of waste increase smoke and harmful
gases in the air. This makes breathing unhealthy and causes diseases.
2. Water Pollution: Waste from factories, homes, and garbage is often dumped into
rivers and lakes, making the water unsafe to use.
3. Deforestation: Cutting down forests for farming, buildings, or roads reduces trees,
affecting wildlife and causing soil erosion.
4. Waste Mismanagement: Improper disposal of plastics and other non-biodegradable
waste leads to land and water pollution, harming animals and plants.
5. These issues reduce the quality of air, water, and land and harm living beings.

4) What do you mean by per capita income of a country? How can it be used to compare
two countries
Ans)
Per capita income is the average income of people in a country.
It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by its population.
For comparison between two countries:

1. Per capita income shows how much money, on average, a person earns. A higher
per capita income usually indicates a better standard of living.
2. It is used by organizations like the World Bank to classify countries as rich, middle-
income, or poor. www.chaduvu.in
3. However, Averages hide disparities among the people
4. It does not reflect income distribution.
5. It also ignores the health and education indicators

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
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5) Why income is not an adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens
are able to use?
Ans)
1. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live
well
2. So, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and
services that citizens are able to use.
3. For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or
ensure that you get unadulterated medicines
4. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole
of your community takes preventive steps.
5. Quality of life also depends on non-material aspects like a clean environment, safety,
and social harmony, which cannot be bought with money.
6. Therefore, not only money other indicators like health, education, and quality of life
must be considered to measure development.

6) Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Ans)
Sustainable development means that development should meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
needs.
The issue of sustainability is important for development because:

1) Overuse of resources like water, soil, and forests can lead to their depletion,
leaving nothing for future use. www.chaduvu.in
2) Sustainable development reduces pollution and environmental harm
3) Sustainability supports steady economic and social growth over time
4) It ensures a balance between economic growth, social welfare, and
environmental health.
5) Sustainable development maintaining a healthy planet for all living beings.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
7) Per capita income of select states.
State income for 2018-19 ( in Rs)
Haryana 2,36,147
Kerala 2,04,105
Bihar 40,982
a) Answer the following questions:
1) Which state has highest per capita income?
Ans) Haryana
2) Which state has lowest per capita income?
Ans) Bihar
3) What is per capita income?
Ans) Per capita income is the average income in a country. It is calculated by dividing
the total income of the country by its population.
4) According to the given per capita income which state is developed?
Ans) Haryana. (However other factors of like health, education etc. also is considered
to measure true development)
(OR)
b) Analyze the given Table
Ans)
1) Haryana has the highest per capita income of ₹2,36,147
2) Kerala comes next with a per capita income of ₹2,04,105
3) Bihar has the lowest per capita income at ₹40,982.
4) Haryana and Kerala are economically better off than Bihar
5) Kerala is slightly lower than Haryana, but known for its higher literacy rate and
better healthcare facilities, making it over-all development

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PMC HIGH SCHOOL
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 8) Table 1.6 Some Data regarding India and its neighbors for the year 2019
Country Gross National Life Mean years HDI Rank in
Income(GNI) per Expectancy schooling of the World
capita (2011 PPP) at birth people aged 25 (2018)
and above
Sri lanka 12707 77 10.6 73
India 6681 69.7 6.5 130
Myanmar 4961 67.1 5.0 148
Pakistan 5005 67.3 5.2 154
Nepal 3457 70.8 5.0 143
Bangladesh 4976 72.6 6.2 134

1) What is the Rank of India?

Ans) The Rank of India is 130.
2) Which country has highest expectancy at birth?
Ans) Sri lanka has highest expectancy at birth.
3) Who releases HDR?
Ans) UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
4) What is the percapita income of India?
Ans) The percapita income of India is 6681.

Consumer Rights (4M)

1) Explain how the consumers are exploited? (OR) Mention a few factors which cause
exploitation of consumers.
Ans)
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1) Unfair Trade Practices : Traders sometimes sell defective goods, use faulty
measurements, or charge more than the stated price
2) Adulteration: Food and edible goods may be mixed with harmful substances to
increase profit.
3) Lack of Consumer Awareness: Many consumers are not aware of their rights,
leading to easy exploitation
4) Market Dominance: Big companies with control over production and advertising
often mislead consumers with false claims

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PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
2) What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution?
Ans)
1) Rampant food shortages, hoarding, and black marketing during the 1960s
2) Adulteration of essential goods like food and edible oils.
3) Lack of legal measures to protect consumers from unfair trade practices and
exploitation
4) In 1960s, it began as a social force primarly addressing issues in ration shops
and public transportation.
5) In 1986, Enactment of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) was a landmark
step, providing legal measures to safeguard consumer rights
6) In recent years more consumer organizations have been formed, creating
awareness and helping consumers fight against exploitation.

3) Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two examples

Ans) Need for Consumer Consciousness:

1. Example of Adulteration: Many food items like milk or spices may be mixed with
harmful substances to increase profits. Consumer awareness helps people identify
and avoid such products to protect their health.
2. Example of Overcharging: Shopkeepers might sell goods at a price higher than the
printed Maximum Retail Price (MRP). An informed consumer can resist this and
demand fair treatment.

4) What is the rationale behind the enactment of consumer protection Act 1986?
Ans) The Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) of 1986 was enacted for the following
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reasons:

1. Protection from Exploitation: Before COPRA, consumers had no legal framework to

protect themselves from unfair trade practices like adulteration, faulty goods, and
overpricing.
2. Awareness of Rights: Consumers were often unaware of their rights, leading to
exploitation in marketplaces. The Act was meant to empower them with rights and
remedies.
3. Easy Redressal: COPRA created a structured system with district, state, and
national consumer courts, making it easier for consumers to seek justice.
4. Encouraging Fair Practices: The Act encourages producers and sellers to follow
ethical business practices, ensuring accountability and fairness.
5. Thus, COPRA was enacted to protect consumers, educate them about their rights,
and provide legal support against exploitation.

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PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
5) Critically examine the progress of consumer movement in India?
Ans) The progress of the consumer movement in India can be critically examined as
follows:
Achievements:

1. Increased Awareness: The movement has helped many consumers become aware
of their rights, such as the right to safety, information, and redressal.
2. Legal Framework: The enactment of the Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) 1986
was a significant milestone, providing legal remedies for consumer grievances.
3. Establishment of Consumer Courts: A three-tier system of consumer courts
(district, state, and national levels) has been established to handle consumer
disputes efficiently.

Challenges:

1) However the consumer redressal process is quite complicated, expensive and time
consuming
2) Filing cases, attending court proceedings make it cumbersome
3) Even after more than 25 years of Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) , a large
section of consumers are unaware of their rights
4) It requires a voluntary effort for the participation of one and all.

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CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 1 MARK 5 * Q & A AS PER SCERT

Resources and Development (1M)

1) Give any two examples for renewable resources.

Ans) Renewable resources are those which are naturally replenished.
E.g.: Solar Energy, Tidal Energy, and Wind Energy
2) Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as ____________ Erosion
Ans) Wind erosion
3) Which type of soil is ideal for growing cotton?
Ans) Black soil
4) Find the odd one. Wind, Water, Forest, Metal.
Ans) Metal
5) Give an example for Recyclable Resources.
Ans) Glass, Paper, Plastic
6) Metals: Recyclable: Fossil fuels: ___________.
Ans) Non-Renewable
7) Solar Energy: Renewable Resources :: Fossil Fuels:_____________
Ans) Non-Renewable
8) The First Earth Summit was held in the year__________?
Ans) 1992
9) Where was the first International Earth Summit held?
Ans) Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
10) Earth summit - 2022 held at ____________ City.
Ans) Stockholm (Sweden) www.chaduvu.in
11) On the basis of Exhaustibility, Resources can be classified as?
Ans) on the basis of exhaustibility, resources can be classified into two types
1. Renewable resources 2. Non-renewable resources
12) What should be the percentage of forest area in Geographical area?
Ans) 33% or 1/3rd
13) Who was the author of the book “Small is Beautiful”?
Ans) E.F. Schumacher
14) What is the total Geographical area of India?
Ans) 3.28 million sq. km.
15) What is Agenda 21?
Ans) Agenda 21 is the plan of action to achieve sustainable development

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16) How did Gandhiji Voice his concern about resources Conservation?
Ans) “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed”

17) Which Erosion does the given image show? (Text Book pg. No. 20, Geography)

Ans) Gully Erosion

18) Which is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

Ans) Over irrigation
19) In which one of the following state is Terrace Cultivation practiced.
a) Punjab b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh c) Haryana d) Uttarakhand
20) The soil which ranges from red to brown in color and saline in Nature.
Ans) Arid Soils
21) In Maharashtra which soil is predominantly found?
Ans) Black Soil
22) Match the following causes of Land degradation States
1. Deforestation due to Mining ( C ) A. Gujarat, Rajasthan
2. Overgrazing ( A ) B. Punjab, Haryana
3. Over irrigation ( B ) C. Odisha, Jharkhand ‡
Ans) 1-C; 2-A; 3-B
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Manufacturing Industries (1M)

1) Find out which is not related to Agro-based Industries? ( C )

A. Sugar B. Rubber C. Cement D. Coffee
2) In which of the following state Kalpakkam Nuclear power plant located? ( B )
A. Kerala B. Tamilnadu C. Delhi D. Sikkim
3) Which industry uses Bauxite as a raw material?
Ans) Aluminium Industry
4) From which raw material is Aluminium extracted?
Ans) Bauxite
5) Which one of the following industries manufacture telephones, computers etc. ( C )
A. Steel B. Aluminium Smelting C. Electronic D. Information Technology
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6) Expand BHEL?
Ans) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
7) Expand TISCO?
Ans) Tata Iron and Steel Company
8) Which city is called “Electronic Capital of India.”?
Ans) Bangalore
9) Which city is called “Silicon city.”?
Ans) Bangalore city
10) Expand NALCO?
Ans) National Aluminum Company Limited
11) Based on raw material, Jute is example of __________ Industry. ( A )
A. Agro-based B. Mineral-based C. A and B D. None of the above
12) Salem : Tamil Nadu : : Bhadravathi : _____________ •
Ans) Karnataka
13) Edible Oil : Agro-based industry : : Cement Industry : ______________
Ans) Mineral-based industry
14) Find the odd one.
Bokaro, Jaipur, Rourkela, Durgapur
Ans) Jaipur
15) Which is called “Golden Fibre”?
Ans) Jute
16) Which was the first successful textile mill established in India?
Ans) Mumbai, 1854.
www.chaduvu.in
The rise of nationalism in Europe (1M)

1) Civil code of 1804 is also known as ________________________.

Ans) Napoleonic Code
2) Choose the odd one out.
Mazzini, Cavour, Bismarck, Garibaldi
Ans) Bismarck
3) Secret Society founded by Mazzini ________________________.
Ans) Guiseppe Mazzini
4) Who was the founder of ‘Young Italy’?
Ans) Guiseppe Mazzini
5) Congress of Vienna held in ___________
Ans) 1815
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6) The state which is not belonged to Italy.
Prussia, Sardinia, Sicily, Piedmont
Ans) Prussia
7) Who hosted the Congress of Vienna In 1815?
Ans) Duke Metternich
8) What is Plebiscite?
Ans) a direct vote by which all people of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal
9) Find out the mismatched pair from the following.
Frederic sorrieu - Artist
Earnest Renan - philosopher
Andreas Rebmann – Historian
Friedrich list - professor of economics
Ans) Andreas Rebman ( He was a journalist)

The Making of A Global World (1M)

1) Expand IMF
Ans) International Monetary Fund
2) Expand IBRD
Ans) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
3) Expand NIEO?
Ans) ) New International Economic Order www.chaduvu.in
4) Find the odd one. IMF, World Bank, IBRD , MNC
Ans) MNC
5) Indenture labor was abolished in the year ____________
Ans) 1921
6) This is not belonged to Caribbean Island Group.
Sicily, Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam
Ans) Sicily
7) Germany: Axis power: Britain: ___________.
Ans) Allied Power
8) The cattle plague also known as __________
Ans) Rinderpest
9) What is “El Dorado” in South America famous for?
Ans) a fabled city of gold
CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)
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10) First world war was started in_________? Ans) 1914
11) Arrange the following in the correct chronological order.
i) The first world war
ii) Potato famine in Ireland
iii) The Great Depression
iv) Rinderpest or cattle plague in Africa
Ans) ii, iv, i, iii
Explanation: potato famine (1845-49); Rinderpest (1890s); First World War
(1914-18); Great Depression (1929-30)

Federalism (1M)

1) What is Federalism?

Ans) Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a

Central authority and various constituent units of the country. E.g.: India, USA,
Belgium...
2) What is unitary government?
Ans) A kind of government which has only one level of government is called unitary
government. In which all powers vests in a centralized government.
3) Mention any two features of federalism?
Ans) 1) there are two or more levels of government. 2) Each level has its own
jurisdiction 3) the division of power 4) Constitutional supremacy 5) written
constitution 6) independent judiciary
4) What is coalition government? www.chaduvu.in
Ans) a type of government in which two or more political parties join together to form
the government is called a Coalition government.
Define a multi-party system.
5) ____________ was the first state created on the basis of language
An) Andhra Pradesh
6) Who Presides over the Meetings of a Municipal Corporation? Ans) The Mayor
7) Identify the odd one that is not related to federalism? ( A )
A. China B. India C. USA D. Switzerland
8) Which of the following subjects is included in the Union list? ( A )
A. Communication B. Trade C. Commerce D. Irrigation
9) Agriculture: State List: Marriage:
10) Which of the following countries is an example for “holding together” federation?
A) USA B) Australia C) Switzerland D) India ( D )
CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)
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GUNTUR.
 Political Parties (1M)

1) What is manifesto?
Ans) The document or statement by a political party containing its promises and
policies to voters is known as an Manifesto.
2) What is political party?
Ans) A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government is called a political party
3) When was the congress party founded?
Ans) 1885
4) India : Multi-party system, USA : _________ _________
Ans) Two-party system
5) Expand N.D.A.
Ans) National Democratic Alliance
6) Expand U.P.A
Ans) United Progressive Alliance
7) How many seats did B.J.P win in 2019 Lok Sabha elections?
8) Samajwadi party : Bicycle :: AIADMK : _______________
Ans) Two leaves
9) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded by ______________
Ans) Kanshi Ram
10) Name two regional political parties of our state.
Ans) TDP, Janasena, YCP
11) Give two examples for National parties www.chaduvu.in
Ans) BJP, Congress, NCP, BSP, CPI(M)…
12) Explain defection?
Ans) Moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit is
called defection.

CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.
 Development (1M)

1) A good way to measure the quality of life in countries across the world is by
comparing their ___ ( B )
A) Per capita income B) Human Development Index c) Gross National
Income D) Sustainable development
2) Match the following : List A List B
A. Percapita income [ 3 ] 1. Total Income
B. National Income [ 1 ] 2. Human Development Index
C. Body Mass Index [ 4 ] 3. Average Income
D. Decent standard of living [ 2 ] 4. Proper nutrition
3) Economic development by maintaining the natural resources for present and
future use is known as _____________
Ans) sustainable economic development
4) Expand UNDP
Ans) United Nations Development Programme
5) Which criterion is used in world development report in classifying countries?
Ans) per capita income
6) What is the full form of BMI?
Ans) Body Mass Index
7) State any two goals of development other than income.
Ans) Equal Treatment, Freedom, Respect, Security
8) What is Literacy rate?
www.chaduvu.in
Ans) Literacy rate refers to the percentage of a population who can read and
write.
9) What is the full form of IMR?
Ans) Infant Mortality Rate
10) Define the term Net Attendance Ratio.
Ans) The total number of children in the age group of 6-10 attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same age group is called Net
attendance Ratio.
11) What is Per capita income? (OR) How do calculate precipitate income?
Ans) when the total income of the country is divided by its population is called Per
capita income.
Per capita income = National Income ÷ Total population

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 12) What is the Rank of India is HDR-2020?
13) Show on a bar graph.
Employment
Primary Sector - 44%
Secondary Sector - 25%
Tertiary Sector - 31%

Globalization and the Indian Economy (1m)

1) What are the main channel connecting distant countries?

Ans) Trade
2) Expand MNC’s?
Ans) Multi National Corporation
3) What is an MNC?
Ans) An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
4) What is globalization?
Ans) Globalization is the process of rapid integration or inter connection between
countries.
5) What are the factors playing a major role in the globalization process?
Ans) Rapid improvement in technology, communication and transportation;
The liberalization of trade etc.
6) Tax on import is an example of ________________.
Ans) Trade Barrier
7) A company that owns or controls production in more than one nation is calledwww.chaduvu.in
____________.
Ans) Multi National Company
8) Explain e-Mail?
Ans) An electronic mail that sends messages using electronic devices.
9) _________ played a major role in spreading out of production of service across
countries
Ans) Information and communication technology
10) Arrange in correct sequence.
1. Manufacture 2. Design 3. Assemble 4. Market

Ans) (2, 1, 3, 4) Design, Manufacture, Assemble, Market

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11) Expand WTO
Ans) World Trade Organization
12) The past two decades of globalization has seen rapid movement in _____ ( )
a. Goods, services and people between countries.
b. goods, services and investments between countries
c. goods, investments and people between countries
13) Globalization has led to improvement in living conditions. ( C )
A. of all the people
B. of people in the developed countries
C. of workers in the developing countries
d. None of the above

14) Find out the mismatched pair.

(a) Tata Motors - Auto-Mobiles
(b) Ran Baxy. - IT
(c) Asian Paints- Paints
Ans) Ran Baxy (medicines)

15) Show on Bar graph. Chinese toys - 70%, other toys - 30%.

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CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

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 Questions related to map

1) Name the eastern most cities from the given list.

Patna, Mathura, Jaisalmer, Imphal
An) Imphal
2) Name the western most cities from the following.
Imphal, Ranchi, Bhopal, Gandhinagar
Ans) Gandhinagar
3) Name the Eastern most country from the given list.
Mexico, USA, China, India
Ans) China
4) Arrange the states from North to South
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Haryana
Ans) Haryana, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala
5) Arrange the following countries from East to West.
Japan, Mexico, France, and China (Ans: Japan, China, France, and Mexico)
U.K, China, USA, India (Ans: China, India, and U.K, USA)
India, China, Japan, and USA (Ans: Japan, China, India, and USA)
Egypt, China, England, Japan (Ans: Japan, China, Egypt, England)
China, USA, England, Japan (Ans: Japan, China, England, USA)
India, USA, Japan, Egypt (Ans: Japan, India, Egypt, USA)

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CH. MANJULA DEVI, SA (SS)

PMC HIGH SCHOOL
GUNTUR.