GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KALAHANDI

Lecture notes
on
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(Module IV)

Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,

Government College of Engineering, Kalahandi, Bhawanipatna, Odisha,
India, PIN-766003.
Email: [email protected]
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 MODULE-IV
TRANSFORMER: One of the more common magnetic structures in everyday applications is the
transformer. An ideal transformer is a device that can step an AC voltage up or down by a fixed ratio,
with a corresponding decrease and increase in current. A simple magnetic transformer is shown as
below

Here coil L1 represents the input side of the transformer or primary winding of it, where as the coil L2
is the output coil or secondary winding ; both winding are wound around the same magnetic
structure. The operation of a transformer requires a time-varying current; if a time-varying voltage is
applied to the primary side of the transformer, a corresponding current will flow in L1 ;this current acts
as an mmf and causes a (time-varying) flux in the structure.

Thus, a transformer operates by converting electric energy to magnetic, and then back to electric
energy.

Here N1 and N2 are the primary and secondary turns, respectively. As the ideal

transformer does not dissipate any power, since

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:

It is based on the principle of mutual induction i.e. whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked
with the coil charges, and emf is induced in the coil. Whenever alternating voltage V1 is applied to
the primary winding,I0 (exciting current) flows which sets up ∅ in magnetic core. This flux links with
both windings and E1& E2 are induced.

IDEAL TRANSFORMER:

1-Primary and secondary winding resistance are negligible, hence no resistive voltage drop.

2- leakage flux and leakage inductance are zero. There is no reactive voltage drop in the windings.

3- power transformer efficiency is 100% i.e. there are no hysteresis loss, eddy current loss or
heat loss due to resistance.

4- permeability of the core is infinite so that it requires zero mmf to create flux in the core.

Power In the primary= power in the secondary .

E 1I1= E2I2

I1 /I2= E 2 /E1 = N2 /N1 = K= V2 /V1

EMF Equation:
Voltage Transformation Ratio:

Practical Transformer on no load:

A transformer is said to be on no load if its primary winding is connected to AC supply and secondary is
open. i.e secondary current is zero

• When an A.C voltage is applied to primary, a small current I0 flows in primary.

• I0 = N0-load current

Im = magnetizing current. It magnetizes the core and sets flux. So, in phase with it.

Im is called the reactive or wattless component of no load current

• Iw produces eddy current and hysteresis losses in the core and very small copper loss in primary. It is
called active or wattful component of no load current.

• Iw is in phase with the applied voltage (V1) at the primary.

• No load current I0 is small. So drops in R1 and X1 on primary side are very

small. At no load V1= E1.

No load primary copper loss is very small. So, no load primary input power is equal to iron loss
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC MACHINES

The operation of the three major classes of electric machines—DC, synchronous, and induction—
first is described as intuitively as possible. The second part of the chapter is devoted to a discussion of
the applications and selection criteria for the different classes of machines. The emphasis of this
chapter is on explaining the properties of each type of machine, with its advantages and
disadvantages with regard to other types; and on classifying these machines in terms of their
performance characteristics and preferred field of application.

ROTATING ELECTRIC MACHINES:

The range of sizes and power ratings and the different physical features of rotating machines are such
that the task of explaining the operation of rotating machines in a single chapter may appear
formidable at first. Some features of rotating machines, however, are common to all such
devices. This introductory section is aimed at explaining the common properties of all rotating
electric machines. We begin our discussion with reference to Figure 14.1, in which a hypothetical
rotating machine is depicted in a cross-sectional view. In the figure, a box with a cross inscribed
in it indicates current flowing into the page, while a dot represents current out of the plane of the
page.

In Figure 14.1, we identify a stator, of cylindrical shape, and a rotor, which, as the name indicates,
rotates inside the stator, separated from the latter by means of an air gap. The rotor and stator each
consist of a magnetic core, some electrical insulation, and the windings necessary to establish a
magnetic flux (unless this is created by a permanent magnet). The rotor is mounted on a bearing-
supported shaft, which can be connected to mechanical loads (if the machine is a motor) or to a prime
mover (if the machine is a generator) by means of belts, pulleys, chains, or other mechanical couplings.
The windings carry the electric currents that generate the magnetic fields and flow to the electrical
loads, and also provide the closed loops in which voltages will be induced.
DC MACHINE
INTRODUCTION: DC machine is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
and vice versa. When the device acts as a generator (or dynamo), mechanical energy is converted
into electrical energy.

ESSENTIAL FEATURES:

There is no real difference between a dc. motor and dc generator either from the point of view of the
essential components or of the fundamental principles involved. In the generator there is a
conversion of mechanical to electrical energy while in the motor there is the reverse conversion
of electrical to mechanical energy. The structure difference is merely one of the enclosure. Most
generators work in sheltered situations e.g. in power stations and an open type of construction is thus
possible, the advantage being that all the parts are in consequence, easily accessible.
STATOR & ROTOR

All conventional electrical machines consist of a stationary member called the stator separated by an
air gap from a rotating member called rotor. In d.c machines the stator usually consists of salient poles
with coils wound round them so as to produce a magnetic field.

The rotor is familiarly called the armature and consists of a series of coils located in slots around
its periphery and connected to a commutator.

Yoke/Frame :

Yoke is the outer frame dc m/c. It carries the magnetic flux provided by the pole and acts as a
protecting shield for the entire machine. In small generators yokes are made of cast iron whereas in
large machine cast sheet is used.

Field magnet :

It is a strong permanent magnet (in case of a small dynamo) or an electromagnet (in case of large
dynamo) of intense magnetic field.

Pole core & Pole shoe : The field magnet has two parts

Pole core

Pole shoes.

Pole core is made of cast steel or cast iron with laminated.

pole shoes screwed on to the holes in the yoke.

ARMATURE CORE:
ARMATURE WINDING:
The flux linked with the coil is maximum but the rate of change of flux is minimum. Hence, emf
cannot be generated . Therefore current flows through the conductors.
Three phase Induction Motor:

Three-phase induction motors are the most common and frequently encountered machines in industry.

▪ simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance

▪ wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10 MW

▪ run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load

Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source

Stator :- three phase winding in star or delta

Rotor :- Squirrel cage rotor, Slip ring or phase wound rotor

Rotating Magnetic Field: Balanced three phase windings, i.e. mechanically displaced 120 degrees form
each other, fed by balanced three phase source

A rotating magnetic field with constant magnitude is produced, rotating with a speed.

P is the no. of poles and nsync is called the synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions per minute).

Principle of operation:

This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and produces an induced

voltage in the rotor windings.

• Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for both squirrel

cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows in the rotor windings

• The rotor current produces another magnetic field A torque is produced as a result of the interaction
of those two magnetic fields

The rotor current produces another magnetic field

A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two magnetic fields