Unit 2: Natural Resources

Renewable and Non-Renewable

Resources

✅ Definition:
Natural resources are materials and components found in nature that are
essential for human survival and economic development. They are classified
into renewable and non-renewable resources based on their availability and
replenishment rate.

1. Renewable Resources
 Resources that can be replenished naturally within a short period.
 They are sustainable if used responsibly.
🔹 Examples:
1. Solar Energy – Unlimited energy from the sun used for electricity and heating.
2. Wind Energy – Generated from wind using turbines.
3. Water (Hydropower) – Energy produced from flowing water.
4. Forests – Trees provide oxygen, timber, and habitat for wildlife.
5. Wildlife & Fisheries – Can be replenished with proper conservation efforts.
6. Geothermal Energy – Heat from the Earth's interior used for power generation.
🔹 Importance:
 Reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
 Environmentally friendly and sustainable.
 Helps in climate change mitigation.

2. Non-Renewable Resources
 Resources that cannot be replenished within a human lifespan.
 Once exhausted, they take millions of years to form again.
🔹 Examples:
1. Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil, Natural Gas) – Formed from ancient organic matter; used for
energy production.
2. Minerals (Iron, Copper, Gold, Uranium, etc.) – Extracted from the Earth's crust for
industrial use.
3. Groundwater (Deep Reserves) – Excessive use can deplete non-replenishable
sources.
🔹 Problems Associated with Non-Renewable Resources:
 Finite supply – Will eventually run out.
 Environmental pollution – Fossil fuels release greenhouse gases.
 Resource conflicts – Competition leads to economic and political disputes.
🔹 Conservation Strategies:
1. Efficient Use – Reducing waste and improving technology.
2. Alternative Energy Sources – Promoting solar, wind, and hydropower.
3. Recycling & Reuse – Minimizing extraction and preserving raw materials.
4. Afforestation & Reforestation – Preventing deforestation and maintaining
biodiversity.

✅ Conclusion:
Both renewable and non-renewable resources are essential for human survival. However,
sustainable management is crucial to prevent depletion and environmental degradation.

FOREST RESOURCES
Introduction
 Forest resources refer to all natural assets found in forests, including trees, plants,
wildlife, soil, and water bodies.
 They play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting biodiversity,
and providing economic benefits.
 Forests cover about 31% of the Earth's surface and are essential for human survival
and environmental sustainability.
Uses of Forest Resources
1. Ecological Uses
o Absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen (carbon sink).
o Prevent soil erosion and regulate climate.
o Act as a natural habitat for wildlife.
2. Economic Uses
o Provide timber, fuelwood, bamboo, rubber, paper, and medicinal plants.
o Support agriculture by improving soil fertility.
o Generate employment in forestry and tourism sectors.
3. Social & Cultural Uses
o Source of livelihood for tribal and rural communities.
o Have religious and cultural significance in many traditions.

Over-Exploitation of Forest Resources

 Over-exploitation occurs when forests are used at a rate faster than they can
regenerate, leading to degradation and loss.
 Causes include rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and urbanization.
Major Causes of Over-Exploitation
1. Deforestation – Large-scale cutting of trees for agriculture and urban development.
2. Timber Extraction – Excessive logging for commercial purposes.
3. Mining Activities – Clearing forests for mineral extraction, leading to land
degradation.
4. Construction of Dams & Infrastructure – Submerges forest land and displaces
wildlife.
5. Shifting Cultivation (Slash-and-Burn Agriculture) – Traditional farming method
causing deforestation.
6. Overgrazing – Excessive feeding by livestock, preventing forest regeneration.

Deforestation
Definition
 Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees and forests for non-forest uses.
 It results in climate change, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and desertification.
Effects of Deforestation
1. Loss of Biodiversity – Destroys habitat and threatens species survival.
2. Climate Change – Increases global warming by releasing stored carbon.
3. Soil Erosion & Desertification – Reduces soil fertility and causes land degradation.
4. Displacement of Tribal Communities – Loss of livelihood and cultural heritage.
5. Water Cycle Disturbance – Reduces rainfall and groundwater levels.

Timber Extraction
 Definition: Timber extraction refers to the process of cutting trees for wood used in
construction, furniture, paper production, and other industries.
 Methods of Timber Extraction:
o Clear-cutting – Removing all trees from a particular area.
o Selective logging – Cutting only specific trees while preserving the rest.
o Shelterwood cutting – Gradual removal of mature trees over time.

Effects of Timber Extraction

1. Deforestation – Large-scale logging leads to forest depletion.
2. Loss of Wildlife Habitat – Affects species dependent on trees for survival.
3. Soil Degradation – Tree roots bind the soil; removing them increases erosion.
4. Climate Impact – Reduction in CO₂ absorption increases global warming.
5. Threat to Indigenous Communities – Many tribal populations rely on forests for
food, shelter, and medicine.
Example:
 Himalayan Deforestation – Large-scale timber extraction in the Himalayan region has
led to soil erosion, landslides, and loss of biodiversity.

Mining and Its Effects on Forests and Tribal People

  Definition: Mining is the process of extracting minerals, metals, and fossil fuels from
the earth. Forests are often cleared to access these resources.
 Types of Mining:
o Open-pit mining – Large pits are dug, leading to widespread deforestation.
o Underground mining – Causes land subsidence and groundwater pollution.

Effects on Forests
1. Deforestation – Large forest areas are cleared to create mining zones.
2. Soil and Water Pollution – Toxic chemicals from mining contaminate water bodies.
3. Loss of Biodiversity – Mining disrupts ecosystems and endangers species.

Effects on Tribal People

1. Displacement – Many tribal communities are forced to leave their ancestral lands.
2. Loss of Livelihood – Dependence on forests for food and medicine is disrupted.
3. Health Issues – Exposure to mining pollutants causes diseases.
Example:
 Niyamgiri Hills (Odisha, India) – Protests against bauxite mining by the Dongria
Kondh tribe, fearing loss of their land and culture.

Dams and Their Effects on Forests and Tribal People

 Definition: Dams are large structures built across rivers to store water for irrigation,
hydroelectric power, and flood control.
 Major Dams in India:
o Sardar Sarovar Dam (Narmada River, Gujarat)
o Tehri Dam (Bhagirathi River, Uttarakhand)

Effects on Forests
1. Deforestation – Large forest areas are submerged under dam reservoirs.
2. Loss of Biodiversity – Aquatic and terrestrial species are affected.
3. Disruption of River Ecosystems – Alters water flow, affecting fish migration and soil
fertility.

Effects on Tribal People

1. Displacement – Many indigenous communities lose their homes.
 2. Loss of Cultural Heritage – Sacred tribal lands are submerged.
3. Livelihood Destruction – Fishing and agriculture-dependent communities suffer.
Example:
 Sardar Sarovar Dam (Narmada River, India) – Displaced thousands of people,
leading to major protests under the Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Case Studies on Deforestation

1. Amazon Rainforest (Brazil)
 One of the largest rainforests, covering 5.5 million km².
 Deforestation due to cattle ranching, logging, agriculture (soybean farming), and
infrastructure projects.
 Effects:
o Loss of biodiversity (threat to species like jaguars, macaws, and giant otters).
o Increased carbon emissions contributing to global warming.
o Displacement of indigenous Amazonian tribes.
2. Chipko Movement (India, 1970s)
 A grassroots environmental movement in Uttarakhand to prevent deforestation.
 Villagers, especially women, hugged trees to stop logging.
 Led to a ban on commercial tree cutting in Himalayan forests.
 Impact:
o Inspired global environmental movements.
o Highlighted the importance of community participation in conservation.

Conservation Measures
1. Afforestation & Reforestation – Planting trees to restore degraded forests.
2. Sustainable Forest Management – Regulated logging and eco-friendly alternatives.
3. Strict Environmental Laws & Policies – Enforcing bans on illegal deforestation.
4. Tribal Rights Protection – Empowering indigenous communities to manage forests
sustainably.
 5. Public Awareness & Community Participation – Involving local people in forest
conservation efforts.

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WATER RESOURCES
Introduction
 Water is a vital natural resource essential for life, agriculture, industry, and
ecosystem balance.
 About 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, but only 2.5% is freshwater.
 Sources of water: Surface water (rivers, lakes, reservoirs), groundwater (wells,
aquifers), rainwater, and glaciers.

Use of Water Resources

1. Domestic Use
o Drinking, cooking, sanitation, and household activities.
o An average person requires 2-4 liters of drinking water daily.
2. Agricultural Use
o Irrigation for crops – consumes nearly 70% of global freshwater.
o Essential for food production and livestock.
3. Industrial Use
o Used in manufacturing, cooling systems, and power generation.
o Industries like textiles, chemicals, and steel require large amounts of water.
4. Hydropower Generation
o Dams and hydroelectric power plants use water to generate electricity.
o Considered a renewable energy source.
5. Ecosystem Support
o Maintains aquatic life and biodiversity.
o Supports wetlands, forests, and fisheries.
Over-Utilization of Surface and Groundwater
 Overuse occurs when water consumption exceeds the natural replenishment rate.
 Major causes: Population growth, industrial expansion, and excessive irrigation.
Effects of Over-Utilization
1. Groundwater Depletion – Excessive extraction lowers water tables.
2. Reduced River Flow – Overuse reduces water levels in rivers and lakes.
3. Soil Degradation – Over-irrigation leads to waterlogging and salinization.
4. Water Scarcity – Affects drinking water supply, agriculture, and industries.
Example:
 Punjab & Haryana (India) – Over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation has led to
severe water table decline.

Floods
Definition
 Floods occur when excess water submerges land due to heavy rainfall,
dam failure, or river overflow.
Causes of Floods
1. Heavy Rainfall – Monsoons, cyclones, and cloudbursts.
2. Deforestation – Lack of trees reduces water absorption by soil.
3. Dam Failure – Sudden release of water from reservoirs.
4. Urbanization – Encroachment on floodplains reduces drainage capacity.
Effects of Floods
1. Loss of Lives & Property – Homes, infrastructure, and livelihoods are
destroyed.
2. Soil Erosion – Loss of fertile land and silt deposition.
3. Waterborne Diseases – Contaminated water causes cholera, typhoid,
etc.
 4. Displacement of People – Mass migration due to flooding.
Example:
 2013 Uttarakhand Floods – Cloudburst and heavy rainfall caused
landslides, killing thousands.

Drought
Definition
 A drought is a prolonged period of insufficient rainfall, leading to water
shortage and crop failure.
Types of Drought
1. Meteorological Drought – Low rainfall over a long period.
2. Hydrological Drought – Decrease in water levels in rivers and lakes.
3. Agricultural Drought – Soil moisture deficiency affects crops.
Causes of Drought
1. Deforestation – Less vegetation reduces rainfall.
2. Climate Change – Rising temperatures increase evaporation.
3. Over-Irrigation – Excessive use of water in agriculture.
4. El Niño Effect – Natural climate pattern affecting rainfall.
Effects of Drought
1. Crop Failure – Leads to food shortages and economic losses.
2. Water Scarcity – Affects drinking water supply.
3. Soil Degradation – Dry conditions cause desertification.
4. Famine & Malnutrition – Lack of food leads to health crises.
Example:
 Vidarbha, Maharashtra – Severe droughts have led to farmer suicides
due to crop failures.
Conflicts Over Water
Definition
 Water conflicts arise when different regions, countries, or communities
compete for limited water resources.
Causes of Water Conflicts
1. Unequal Water Distribution – Some regions have abundant water,
others face scarcity.
2. Interstate Disputes – Sharing of river water between states causes
tension.
3. International Disputes – Rivers flowing across multiple countries lead to
conflicts.
4. Over-Exploitation – Excessive groundwater extraction reduces
availability.
Major Water Conflicts in India
1. Cauvery River Dispute (Karnataka-Tamil Nadu) – Conflict over sharing
river water for irrigation.
2. Indus Water Treaty (India-Pakistan) – Agreement over sharing of Indus
River water.

Dams – Benefits and Problems

Benefits of Dams
1. Hydropower Generation – Provides renewable electricity.
2. Irrigation – Ensures year-round water supply for crops.
3. Flood Control – Stores excess rainwater to prevent floods.
4. Drinking Water Supply – Reservoirs provide clean water for cities.
Problems Caused by Dams
1. Displacement of People – Submerges villages, forcing relocation.
2. Loss of Biodiversity – Flooded forests destroy habitats.
 3. Sedimentation – Reduces dam storage capacity over time.
4. Seismic Activity – Large reservoirs can trigger earthquakes.
Example:
 Sardar Sarovar Dam (Narmada River, India) – Displaced thousands of
people, leading to the Narmada Bachao Andolan protest.

Case Studies on Water Resource Management

1. Rajasthan's Traditional Water Conservation
 Johads (small reservoirs) and stepwells were used for rainwater
harvesting.
 Helped in groundwater recharge and drought prevention.

2. The Tehri Dam (Uttarakhand, India)

 One of India's highest dams, built on the Bhagirathi River.
 Benefits: Generates electricity, provides irrigation water.
 Problems: Displaced thousands of villagers, caused ecological imbalance.

Water Conservation Measures

1. Rainwater Harvesting – Collecting and storing rainwater for future use.
2. Drip Irrigation – Reducing water wastage in agriculture.
3. Watershed Management – Sustainable water resource planning.
4. Desalination – Converting seawater into freshwater.
5. Public Awareness & Government Policies – Promoting water
conservation laws.
 MINERAL RESOURCES
Introduction
 Mineral resources are naturally occurring inorganic substances found in
the Earth’s crust.
 They include metals (iron, copper, aluminum), non-metals (limestone,
gypsum), and fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas).
 Minerals are non-renewable resources and take millions of years to
form.

Use of Mineral Resources

1. Industrial Uses
 Used in manufacturing steel, cement, electronics, automobiles, and
machinery.
 Examples: Iron ore (steel production), copper (electrical wiring), bauxite
(aluminum production).
2. Energy Production
 Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas are used for power
generation and transportation.
 Uranium is used in nuclear power plants.
3. Construction & Infrastructure
 Limestone, sand, and granite are used in building materials.
 Minerals like gypsum are used in cement and plaster.
4. Agricultural Uses
 Minerals like phosphates and potash are used in fertilizers to enhance
soil fertility.
5. Medicinal & Technological Uses
 Rare earth metals (lithium, cobalt, nickel) are used in batteries,
smartphones, and medical devices.
 Gold and silver are used in dental and medical applications.

Exploitation of Mineral Resources

 Mineral exploitation refers to excessive and unsustainable mining for
economic benefits.
 Over-extraction leads to resource depletion and environmental
degradation.
Major Causes of Over-Exploitation
1. High Demand – Industries and urbanization require large amounts of
minerals.
2. Advanced Mining Technology – Makes deep mineral deposits accessible,
increasing extraction.
3. Economic Growth – Countries extract more minerals to boost GDP and
exports.
4. Illegal Mining – Unregulated extraction depletes resources and damages
ecosystems.

Environmental Effects of Extracting and Using

Mineral Resources
1. Land Degradation
 Mining removes topsoil and vegetation, leading to soil erosion and
barren lands.
 Example: Coal mining in Jharkhand, India has led to severe
deforestation.
2. Deforestation & Biodiversity Loss
 Forests are cleared for mining, destroying wildlife habitats.
 Example: Amazon rainforest is severely affected by gold mining.
3. Water Pollution
 Acid mine drainage (AMD) contaminates rivers and lakes with toxic
metals.
 Example: Mica mining in Jharkhand has polluted local water sources.
4. Air Pollution
 Mining releases dust, toxic gases (SO₂, NOx), and heavy metals into the
air.
 Smelting of metals produces sulfur dioxide, leading to acid rain.
5. Climate Change
 Burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) increases
greenhouse gases, causing global warming.
 Example: Excessive coal usage in China has contributed to high carbon
emissions.
6. Health Hazards
 Mining workers suffer from lung diseases (silicosis, asbestosis) and
heavy metal poisoning.
 Example: Coal miners in Jharia, India, suffer from severe respiratory
issues.

Case Studies on Mineral Resource Exploitation

1. Kudremukh Iron Ore Mining (Karnataka, India)
 One of the largest iron ore mines in India.
 Effects:
o Caused deforestation and soil erosion in the Western Ghats.
o Water pollution in the Bhadra River, harming aquatic life.
o Supreme Court banned mining in 2005 due to environmental
concerns.

2. Bauxite Mining in Niyamgiri Hills (Odisha, India)

 Mining proposal by Vedanta Group faced opposition from Dongria
Kondh tribals.
 Effects:
o Loss of tribal land and displacement of communities.
o Destruction of sacred forests and biodiversity.
o Mining was stopped due to protests and environmental concerns.

3. Coal Mining in Jharia (Jharkhand, India)

 One of the largest coal reserves in India, suffering from uncontrolled
underground fires.
 Effects:
o Severe land degradation and air pollution.
o Health issues (respiratory diseases) in local communities.
o Displacement of thousands of families due to land subsidence.

Conservation and Sustainable Management of Mineral

Resources
1. Recycling & Reuse
 Recycling metals (aluminum, copper, iron) reduces the need for new
mining.
 E-waste recycling prevents excessive mineral extraction.

2. Sustainable Mining Practices

 Eco-friendly techniques like underground mining instead of open-pit
mining.
 Reforestation and land reclamation after mining.

3. Strict Environmental Regulations

 Enforcing pollution control laws and rehabilitation programs.
  Example: Indian government’s Sustainable Sand Mining Guidelines
(2016).

4. Use of Alternative Materials

 Using biodegradable and renewable resources instead of mineral-based
products.
 Example: Bamboo-based materials instead of aluminum or plastic.

5. Community Participation & Awareness

 Involving local communities in decision-making to prevent exploitation.
 Educating people about sustainable consumption of mineral resources.

FOOD RESOURCES
Introduction

 Food resources refer to all sources of food, including crops, livestock,

fisheries, and dairy products.
 Food security ensures that people have access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food for a healthy life.
 The world faces food production challenges due to population growth,
climate change, and unsustainable agricultural practices.

World Food Problems

1. Food Scarcity & Hunger

 Unequal distribution of food leads to malnutrition and starvation.

 Causes: Population growth, climate change, poor agricultural practices,
food wastage.

2. Unequal Food Distribution

 Developed countries have food surplus, while developing nations face

shortages.
 Example: Sub-Saharan Africa faces frequent food crises due to drought
and poverty.
3. Soil Degradation

 Overuse of land for farming leads to loss of soil fertility.

 Example: The Dust Bowl (USA, 1930s) resulted from over-cultivation
and drought.

4. Climate Change & Natural Disasters

 Floods, droughts, and extreme weather reduce crop yields.

 Rising temperatures increase pest attacks and soil degradation.

5. Food Wastage

 Nearly one-third of global food production is wasted.

 Poor storage, transportation, and consumer habits contribute to wastage.

Changes Caused by Agriculture & Overgrazing

1. Soil Erosion

 Intensive farming and overgrazing remove the topsoil, reducing land

productivity.
 Example: Overgrazing in Rajasthan (India) has led to desertification.

2. Deforestation

 Expanding agricultural land leads to forest loss, affecting biodiversity.

 Example: Amazon rainforest is rapidly cleared for soybean farming.

3. Desertification

 Overuse of soil without replenishing nutrients turns fertile land into a

desert.
 Example: Sahel region in Africa faces desertification due to overgrazing.

4. Loss of Biodiversity

 Monoculture farming (growing only one type of crop) reduces natural

plant and animal diversity.
 Indigenous plant species are replaced by high-yield commercial crops.
Effects of Modern Agriculture
1. High-Yield Crop Production

 Introduction of HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds during the Green

Revolution increased food production.
 However, excessive fertilizer and pesticide use led to soil and water
pollution.

2. Mechanization

 Use of tractors, harvesters, and irrigation pumps improves efficiency

but increases fossil fuel consumption.

3. Dependency on Chemical Inputs

 Farmers rely on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, harming soil and

water quality.

4. Loss of Traditional Farming Methods

 Indigenous farming techniques are replaced by chemical-intensive

commercial farming.
 Example: Organic farming is declining in many regions.

Fertilizer & Pesticide Problems

1. Soil & Water Pollution

 Excess fertilizers (NPK - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) cause soil

degradation and eutrophication in water bodies.
 Example: Excess nitrogen runoff into rivers causes algal blooms,
depleting oxygen.

2. Health Hazards

 Pesticide residues in food cause cancer, neurological disorders, and

hormonal imbalance.
 Example: Endosulfan pesticide poisoning in Kerala led to severe
health issues.

3. Pest Resistance
  Overuse of pesticides leads to pest mutation, requiring stronger
chemicals.
 Example: Cotton bollworm became resistant to pesticides in BT Cotton
farming.

4. Loss of Beneficial Microorganisms

 Pesticides kill useful soil bacteria and insects essential for soil fertility.

Waterlogging
Definition

 Waterlogging occurs when excessive irrigation saturates soil, reducing

oxygen availability for roots.

Causes

1. Over-irrigation – Flooding fields for crops like rice.

2. Poor Drainage – Stagnant water in low-lying areas.
3. Canal Seepage – Leakage from irrigation canals increases soil moisture.

Effects

1. Reduces Crop Yield – Roots rot due to lack of oxygen.

2. Soil Salinization – Salts accumulate, making land infertile.
3. Increases Mosquito Breeding – Leads to diseases like malaria and
dengue.

Salinity
Definition

 Salinity refers to accumulation of salt in soil, reducing its fertility.

Causes

1. Excess Irrigation – Evaporation leaves salt deposits.

2. Use of Saline Water – Irrigation with salty water increases soil salinity.
 3. Deforestation – Less tree cover reduces groundwater absorption, causing
salt accumulation.

Effects

1. Soil Becomes Unproductive – Crops cannot grow in high-salt

conditions.
2. Reduces Water Absorption – Salt affects root water intake.
3. Loss of Agricultural Land – Leads to desertification.

Example:

 Indira Gandhi Canal (Rajasthan) – Excess irrigation led to severe soil

salinity in nearby farmlands.

Case Studies on Food Resource Management

1. Green Revolution (India, 1960s-70s)

 Introduced HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation techniques.

 Positive Impact: Increased food production, prevented famine.
 Negative Impact: Soil degradation, groundwater depletion, pesticide
pollution.

2. Organic Farming in Sikkim, India

 Sikkim became India’s first organic farming state in 2016.

 Benefits: No chemical fertilizers, improved soil fertility, sustainable
farming.

3. The Dust Bowl (USA, 1930s)

 Over-cultivation and drought led to severe soil erosion and agricultural

collapse.
 Forced migration of farmers to other regions.
Sustainable Solutions for Food Resource
Management
1. Sustainable Agriculture

 Use of crop rotation, mixed farming, and organic fertilizers.

 Encouraging agroforestry (planting trees alongside crops).

2. Efficient Water Management

 Drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting reduce water wastage.

 Preventing over-irrigation to control waterlogging and salinity.

3. Reducing Food Wastage

 Improving storage facilities and promoting food redistribution

programs.

4. Promoting Organic Farming

 Reducing chemical fertilizers and pesticides, using biological pest

control.

5. Government Policies & Awareness

 Implementing food security policies like PDS (Public Distribution

System) in India.
 Encouraging sustainable farming practices through education

ENERGY RESOURCES
Introduction

 Energy resources are essential for industrial, agricultural, and domestic

activities.
 They are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources based
on availability and replenishment.
 Due to rapid industrialization and population growth, energy demand
is increasing globally.
Growing Energy Needs
1. Population Growth

 More people require electricity, fuel for transportation, and cooking

energy.
 Developing nations face energy shortages due to high demand.

2. Industrialization & Urbanization

 Industries need coal, petroleum, and electricity for production.

 Expanding cities increase power consumption.

3. Agriculture & Transportation

 Irrigation pumps, tractors, and processing units require energy.

 More vehicles and airplanes increase fuel consumption.

4. Lifestyle Changes & Technological Advancements

 Growing use of electronic appliances, air conditioners, and gadgets

raises power consumption.
 Data centers and artificial intelligence require vast energy supplies.

5. Depleting Fossil Fuels

 Non-renewable sources like coal, oil, and natural gas are being depleted
due to excessive use.
 There is a shift towards alternative energy sources to reduce
dependence on fossil fuels.

Types of Energy Resources

1. Non-Renewable Energy Sources

 Definition: These are finite resources that take millions of years to form
and are being depleted rapidly.

a) Fossil Fuels

 Includes coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

 Formed from decomposed plants and animals over millions of years.
  Example: Coal reserves in India (Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh).
Environmental Impacts

1. Air Pollution – Releases CO₂, SO₂, and NOx, causing global warming
and acid rain.
2. Deforestation – Coal mining leads to loss of forests and biodiversity.
3. Health Hazards – Smog and particulate matter cause respiratory
diseases.

b) Nuclear Energy

 Generated through nuclear fission (splitting of uranium atoms).

 Example: Nuclear power plants in Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu) and
Tarapur (Maharashtra).
Environmental Impacts

1. Radioactive Waste – Nuclear waste disposal is hazardous.

2. Risk of Accidents – Example: Chernobyl (Ukraine, 1986), Fukushima
(Japan, 2011).
3. Thermal Pollution – Hot water discharge affects marine life.

2. Renewable Energy Sources

 Definition: These are naturally replenished and have minimal

environmental impact.

a) Solar Energy

 Energy harnessed from the Sun using solar panels.

 Example: India’s Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission promotes
solar power.
Advantages

1. Unlimited & Pollution-Free – No greenhouse gas emissions.

2. Reduces Dependence on Fossil Fuels – Used for electricity, water
heating, and agriculture.
Challenges

1. High Initial Cost – Solar panels and battery storage are expensive.
2. Weather Dependent – Less effective in cloudy regions.
b) Wind Energy

 Energy generated using wind turbines.

 Example: Jaisalmer Wind Park (Rajasthan) – Largest in India.
Advantages

1. Clean & Renewable – No air pollution.

2. Efficient in Windy Areas – Ideal for coastal and desert regions.
Challenges

1. High Land Requirement – Large areas needed for wind farms.

2. Noise Pollution – Turbines produce noise, affecting nearby communities.

c) Hydropower

 Energy generated from flowing water in dams and rivers.

 Example: Bhakra Nangal Dam (India) – Major hydroelectric project.
Advantages

1. Renewable & Reliable – Provides continuous power supply.

2. Flood Control & Irrigation – Dams store water for multiple uses.
Challenges

1. Displacement of People – Large dams submerge villages and forests.

2. Aquatic Ecosystem Disruption – Affects fish migration and river flow.

d) Biomass Energy

 Derived from plant and animal waste (wood, cow dung, agricultural
residues).
 Example: Biogas plants in rural India use cow dung for cooking gas.
Advantages

1. Reduces Waste – Converts organic waste into energy.

2. Eco-Friendly – Low carbon emissions.
Challenges

1. Limited Efficiency – Biomass burning can still cause pollution.

2. Deforestation Risk – Excessive wood use depletes forests.
e) Geothermal Energy

 Uses heat from Earth’s interior to generate power.

 Example: Puga Valley (Ladakh, India) – Potential geothermal site.
Advantages

1. Eco-Friendly – No emissions.
2. Continuous Energy Source – Not dependent on weather conditions.
Challenges

1. High Drilling Cost – Expensive to extract geothermal heat.

2. Limited Locations – Only available in geologically active areas.

f) Tidal & Wave Energy

 Uses ocean tides and waves to generate power.

 Example: Sundarbans (India) – Proposed tidal power projects.
Advantages

1. Predictable & Reliable – Tides are consistent.

2. No Carbon Emissions – Environmentally friendly.
Challenges

1. Expensive Technology – High cost of construction.

2. Limited Suitability – Only feasible in coastal regions.

Use of Alternate Energy Sources

 To reduce dependence on fossil fuels, countries are investing in
renewable energy.
 Hybrid systems combine solar, wind, and hydropower for efficiency.
 Research on hydrogen fuel and electric vehicles aims to replace
petroleum-based fuels.

Case Studies on Energy Resource Management

1. India’s Solar Mission (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, 2010)
  Goal: Achieve 100 GW solar capacity by 2022.
 Impact: Reduced coal dependency, promoted solar industries.

2. Germany’s Renewable Energy Revolution (Energiewende Program)

 Focus on solar and wind energy, reducing nuclear and coal use.
 Impact: 40% of Germany’s energy now comes from renewables.

3. Three Gorges Dam (China)

 World’s largest hydroelectric project.

 Impact: Generates clean energy but displaced 1.3 million people.

4. Nuclear Disaster – Chernobyl (Ukraine, 1986)

 Nuclear explosion caused radioactive contamination.

 Impact: Long-term health hazards and abandoned cities.

Sustainable Energy Solutions

1. Energy Conservation

 Using LED lights, fuel-efficient vehicles, and smart grids to reduce

energy waste.

2. Government Policies & Subsidies

 Encouraging renewable energy adoption through tax benefits and

incentives.

3. Public Awareness & Lifestyle Changes

 Promoting energy-efficient appliances and green buildings.

4. Technological Innovations

 Developing hydrogen fuel cells, electric vehicles, and carbon capture

technologies.
BIODIVERSITY
Introduction
 Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including
plants, animals, and microorganisms, along with their ecosystems.
 It plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and providing
essential resources for human survival.
 India is one of the richest countries in biodiversity due to its diverse
climate, geography, and ecosystems.

Definition of Biodiversity
 Biodiversity = "Biological + Diversity" → Variety of all living
organisms, genes, and ecosystems.
 Defined by E.O. Wilson as the totality of genes, species, and
ecosystems in a defined area.

Levels of Biodiversity

1. Genetic Diversity – Variation in genes within a species.

o Example: Different varieties of rice and wheat in India.
2. Species Diversity – Variety of species in an ecosystem.
o Example: Western Ghats have tigers, elephants, and numerous
plant species.
3. Ecosystem Diversity – Different types of ecosystems in a region.
o Example: Deserts, rainforests, mangroves, and coral reefs.

Biogeographical Classification of India

India is classified into 10 biogeographical zones based on climate, soil, and
biodiversity:

1. Trans-Himalayan Region – Cold desert (Ladakh, Lahaul-Spiti).

2. Himalayan Region – Alpine forests and high-altitude species.
3. Indian Desert – Hot and dry (Thar Desert).
4. Semi-Arid Zone – Grasslands (Rajasthan, Gujarat).
5. Western Ghats – Tropical rainforests with high biodiversity.
6. Deccan Plateau – Dry deciduous forests (Madhya Pradesh, Telangana).
7. Gangetic Plains – Fertile land with diverse fauna.
8. North-East India – Dense forests, highest rainfall, and rich species
diversity.
 9. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems – Mangroves, coral reefs.
10.Islands (Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep) – Unique and endemic
species.

India as a Mega-Diversity Nation

 India is one of 17 mega-diverse countries in the world.
 It occupies only 2.4% of the world’s land area but harbors 8% of
global biodiversity.
 Key reasons for high biodiversity in India:
1. Diverse climate – Ranges from deserts to rainforests.
2. Varied topography – Includes mountains, plateaus, and coasts.
3. Rich flora and fauna – Over 45,000 plant species and 91,000
animal species.
4. Traditional conservation practices – Sacred groves and
community forests.

Hotspots of Biodiversity in India

 Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and high
endemism but are also under threat.
 There are 4 biodiversity hotspots in India:

1. Himalayas – Rich in medicinal plants, snow leopards, and red pandas.

2. Indo-Burma – High diversity of amphibians, reptiles, and birds.
3. Western Ghats – Home to endemic species like Nilgiri tahr and
Malabar civet.
4. Sundaland (including Nicobar Islands) – Mangroves, dugongs, and
saltwater crocodiles.

Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity is declining due to human activities. Major threats include:

1. Deforestation – Habitat destruction for agriculture, urbanization, and

industries.
2. Pollution – Air, water, and soil pollution affecting ecosystems.
3. Climate Change – Global warming, leading to species extinction.
4. Overexploitation – Overfishing, poaching, and illegal wildlife trade.
 5. Invasive Species – Introduction of non-native species disrupting native
ecosystems.
o Example: Water hyacinth affecting Indian water bodies.

Endangered and Endemic Species of India

Endangered Species (Threatened with extinction)

According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature):

 Animals:
1. Bengal Tiger – Threatened due to habitat loss and poaching.
2. Indian Elephant – Affected by deforestation and human-wildlife
conflicts.
3. One-Horned Rhinoceros – Found in Assam (Kaziranga National
Park).
4. Ganges River Dolphin – Endangered due to pollution and river
dams.
 Plants:
1. Sandalwood Tree – Overexploited for oil and wood.
2. Nepenthes Khasiana (Pitcher Plant) – Carnivorous plant found
in Meghalaya.

Endemic Species (Found only in a specific region)

 Animals:
1. Lion-tailed Macaque – Endemic to the Western Ghats.
2. Malabar Civet – Found only in Kerala forests.
3. Nicobar Megapode – A bird unique to the Nicobar Islands.
 Plants:
1. Sapria Himalayana – A rare parasitic flowering plant.
2. Blue Vanda Orchid – Endemic to North-East India.

Conservation of Biodiversity
1. In-Situ Conservation (On-site Conservation)
  Protecting species in their natural habitat.
 Examples:
1. Biosphere Reserves – Nilgiri, Sundarbans.
2. National Parks – Kaziranga (Assam), Gir (Gujarat).
3. Wildlife Sanctuaries – Periyar (Kerala), Ranthambore
(Rajasthan).
4. Sacred Groves – Forest patches protected by local communities.

2. Ex-Situ Conservation (Off-site Conservation)

 Protecting species outside their natural habitat.

 Examples:
1. Botanical Gardens – Indian Botanical Garden (Howrah).
2. Zoological Parks – Mysore Zoo, Delhi Zoo.
3. Seed Banks – Storing seeds for future use.
4. Gene Banks – Conserving genetic material (National Gene Bank,
New Delhi).

Case Studies on Biodiversity Conservation

1. Project Tiger (1973) – Launched to protect the Bengal tiger.
o Increased tiger population from 1,411 in 2006 to 3,167 in 2022.
2. Project Elephant (1992) – Aims to protect Indian elephants.
3. Chipko Movement (1973, Uttarakhand) – Local communities protested
against deforestation.
4. Silent Valley Movement (Kerala, 1970s-80s) – Prevented the
construction of a hydroelectric dam in a rainforest.

Conclusion
 Biodiversity is vital for ecological balance, climate regulation, and
human survival.
 India, as a mega-diverse country, must take serious conservation
measures to protect its rich natural heritage.
 Government policies, community participation, and scientific
advancements play a key role in biodiversity conservation.