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The Teach Computer Science Team

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 Teach Computer Science
A-Level

Design of
Relational
Databases

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 1.

Revision notes

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Introduction
In the previous topic, we learnt about the basics of flat file database
and relational database. In this topic, we will learn the various
parameters considered to design a relational database. An important
concept called normalisation is introduced. Normalisation removes
data redundancies and helps us to remove the irregularities in the
database. Maintaining a normalised database is easier. The various
levels of normalisation are explained with examples.

Normalisation
Normalisation is the process of dividing larger tables into smaller
tables such that these smaller tables are related to each other. The
main motive of normalisation is to reduce data redundancy. The basic
rules involved with normalisation are:
• No data is duplicated.
• If data duplication is avoided, consistency of data can be ensured.
As a result, there will no anomalies during data insertion, changes
and deletion.
• Flexible and Proper structure of table: A table must allow a wide
range of number of entries to a table. The structure of table must
allow users to run different types of queries to get result.
There are three different stages of normalisation: first normal form
(1NF), second normal form (2NF) and third normal form (3NF).

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First Normal Form (1NF)

Student ID StudentName … CourseTitle Grades

M14825 Emily Mathematics, A,
Science, A*,
English, C,
Computer Science A
S391771 Sophie Economics, B,
Business, A*,
English, B,
Computer Science A*
E491001 Marian Chemistry, B,
Biology, A,
English, B,
Geography A

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 2.

Activities

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Activity-1
Duration: 20 minutes

A. An e-commerce electronic stores maintains a table as given. Each

customer is given a specific identity number named CustomerID.
Along with this ID, the customers’ name and address are also
stored. The products she bought, along with product quantity,
selling price, cost price and suppliers’ details are also stored. A
product can be obtained from different suppliers.

Custom Custom Ad Prod ProductTitle Product Selling Cost SupplierID SupplierN

erID erNam dr uctCo Qty Price Pric ame
e es de e
s

C13945 George …. P129 Vankyo 1 50 20 S582 Taiyu Tech

MatrixPad EU
H871 Sony
headphones JLP e-shop
2 250 120 S373
C39177 Chrysta … A419 Apple iPad 1 450 350 S981 Amazon
H295 Headphones 3 30 12 S941 OneOdioD
irect

A. This table is in unnormalized form. Convert this database into first

normal form (1NF). Specify the entity descriptions.

B. What is the entity relationship diagram at this stage?

teachcomputerscience.com
Activity-1
Duration: 20 minutes

A. An e-commerce electronic store maintains a table as given. Each

customer is given a specific identity number named CustomerID.
Along with this ID, the customers’ name and address are also
stored. The products she bought, along with product quantity,
selling price, cost price and suppliers’ details are also stored. A
product can be obtained from different suppliers.

Custom Custom Ad Prod ProductTitle Product Selling Cost SupplierID SupplierN

erID erNam dr uctCo Qty Price Pric ame
e es de e
s

C13945 George …. P129 Vankyo 1 50 20 S582 Taiyu Tech

MatrixPad EU
H871 Sony
headphones JLP e-shop
2 250 120 S373
C39177 Chrysta … A419 Apple iPad 1 450 350 S981 Amazon
H295 Headphones 3 30 12 S941 OneOdioD
irect

A. This table is in unnormalized form. Convert this database into first

normal form (1NF). Specify the entity descriptions.

Customer (CustomerID, CustomerName, Address)

Product (ProductCode, ProductTitle, ProductQty, SellingPrice,
CostPrice, SupplierID, SupplierName)

B. What is the entity relationship diagram at this stage?

Customer Product

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Flashcards

The process of dividing

What is larger tables into smaller
tables such that these
normalisation? smaller tables are related to
each other.

A table is said to be in first

What is First Normal Form (1NF) if none
of its attributes are
Normal Form? repeated and there is no
grouping of attributes.

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Glossary

Attribute A characteristic of an entity.

An organised collection of data which allows

Database users to obtain and process information
according to their requirements.

An object in a system for which the

Entity
information is stored.

A table is said to be in First Normal Form

First Normal Form (1NF) if none of its attributes are repeated
and there is no grouping of attributes.

Flat-file database A database with only one table.

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Quiz
1. Which of the following is TRUE about normalisation?
A. It is the process of dividing larger tables into smaller
interlinked tables.
B. Reduces data redundancy.
C. It is the process of dividing larger tables into smaller
independent tables.
D. It is the process of removing duplicate entries in a table.

2. In which stage of normalisation are the grouped attributes

converted to individual attributes?
A. First
B. Second
C. Third

3. A table in 1NF and with ……………….. is automatically in second

Normal Form.
A. composite primary key
B. single primary key
C. multiple foreign keys

4. Which of the following is NOT necessarily an attribute of a table

in second Normal Form?
A. No partial dependencies
B. No non-key dependencies
C. No repeated attributes
D. No grouped attributes

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 Teach Computer Science

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 Teach Computer Science

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