PROBLEM SOLVING STEPS AND TYPES OF ERRORS (Week 4)

1. System development life cycle SDLC

The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a step-by-step process used to develop a system. It
includes several phases that help in creating a system that works as expected. These phases are: Planning,
Analysis, Design, Development, Testing, Implementation, and Maintenance. Each phase is important
to make sure the system is built successfully, with the Design phase being especially important in shaping
how the final product will look and work.

Stage 1: Planning

In the Planning phase, the foundation for the project is set. This includes figuring out what the system
needs to do, setting goals, deciding on timelines, and organizing resources. Good planning makes sure the
project stays on track and meets the organization’s goals.

Stage 2: Analysis

During the Analysis phase, the team focuses on understanding exactly what the system needs to do. They
gather information from people involved in the project, look at current processes, and figure out what’s
required for the system. This phase helps in creating a system that meets the needs of users and solves
problems the organization faces.

Stage 3: Design

The Design phase takes the information gathered during the Analysis phase and turns it into a plan for
how the system will work technically. This includes designing how the system will be structured, how the
database will be set up, and what the user interfaces will look like. The design is like a blueprint for the
system.

Stage 4: Development

In the Development phase, the actual building of the system happens. Developers write the code, create
databases, and add the features according to the design plan. They also test the system internally to make
sure everything works as expected.

Stage 5: Testing

Testing is a very important phase to make sure the system works without any problems. The system is
tested in different ways, like checking each part individually (unit testing) or testing the system as a whole
(system testing). This phase helps find and fix any issues before the system goes live.

Stage 6: Implementation

The Implementation phase is when the system is set up and used for real. This includes installing the
system, moving data from the old system, training users, and making sure everything is ready to run
smoothly. Proper planning during this phase helps avoid problems when switching to the new system.

Stage 7: Maintenance

After the system is running, the Maintenance phase takes over. This phase involves fixing any problems
that come up, improving the system, and adding updates when needed. It helps keep the system working
well and ensures it can grow or change as the business needs evolve.
 2. Role of System Analyst

Systems analysts are computer professionals who evaluate a company’s current systems and work to
implement new ones to improve the organization’s performance and efficiency.

They manage and improve IT systems for companies or their clients. This involves reviewing and
analyzing how well the existing systems work, identifying any weaknesses or errors, and planning
solutions to address them. Once the improvements are identified, systems analysts create new
requirements and updates, help implement these changes, and monitor their performance. They may also
suggest additional features if needed.
Systems analysts have various responsibilities as part of their role. Below are some common duties you
might perform if you pursue a career as a systems analyst:

 Review existing IT systems, such as networks, software, and hardware, to identify errors or
issues.
 Collaborate with employees and department heads to determine the system requirements needed
to improve efficiency.
 Develop new systems to address and fix issues in current systems.
 Create cost-benefit analysis reports for proposed upgrades.
 Assist the IT team in implementing newly designed systems.
 Test and troubleshoot recently implemented systems to ensure they work effectively.
 Train employees on how to use new systems through programs and documentation.
 Deliver all systems within strict deadlines and budget constraints.
 Gather and analyze system requirements.
 Design and document system structures.
 Facilitate communication between stakeholders.
 Ensure the quality and performance of systems.
 Oversee system implementation and integration.

3. Role of Programmer

Role of a Programmer

A programmer is a professional who writes, tests, and maintains code that enables software applications
to function as intended. Their role involves transforming problem statements or user requirements into
efficient, executable programs. Below are the primary responsibilities and roles of a programmer:

1. Understanding Requirements

 Collaborate with clients, project managers, or stakeholders to understand the goals and
requirements of a project.
 Analyze the problem and devise a logical solution.

2. Designing Algorithms and Flowcharts

 Create structured algorithms to solve specific problems.

 Use flowcharts or diagrams to visualize program logic before implementation.

3. Writing Code

 Write clean, efficient, and maintainable code using programming languages like Python, Java,
C++, or others depending on the project needs.
 Follow coding standards and practices for consistency.

4. Testing and Debugging

 Test the code to ensure it performs correctly under various scenarios.

 Identify and fix errors or bugs during the development process.

5. Optimizing Code

 Refactor and improve code for better performance, readability, and scalability.
 Optimize algorithms to minimize time and space complexity.
6. Documentation

 Create detailed documentation to explain how the code works and how it can be maintained.
 Ensure that the documentation is clear for future developers or stakeholders.

7. Collaboration and Teamwork

 Work with other programmers, designers, and IT professionals in a team environment.

 Use tools like Git for version control and collaboration.

8. Continuous Learning

 Stay updated with the latest technologies, frameworks, and best practices in programming.
 Adapt to new tools and techniques to improve development efficiency.

9. Maintaining and Upgrading Software

 Fix issues reported by users after deployment.

 Update the software to meet evolving requirements or integrate new features.

In summary, a programmer is not just a coder but a problem solver who plays a crucial role in the
software development lifecycle. Their expertise is critical for creating functional, reliable, and efficient
software solutions.

4. Errors (Syntax Error and Logical Error)

Syntax errors in programming occur when the code doesn't adhere to the rules or grammar
of the programming language. For instance, forgetting a semicolon, parenthesis, or quotation mark can
result in a syntax error. These errors are easily noticeable and fixable, as most programming tools or
compilers highlight them and provide information about their location. While syntax errors may be
frustrating and time-consuming, correcting them is necessary to enable the program to run or compile
successfully.

Logical errors are errors that occur when the program follows the syntax of the programming language,
but does not do what you want it to do. For example, if you use the wrong variable, operator, or function
in your code, you will get a logical error. Logical errors are harder to spot and fix, because they do not
cause any obvious error messages or warnings. However, logical errors can also be more serious and
costly, because they can lead to wrong results, unexpected behaviors, or security risks.

Introduction to IoT (Its impact on daily life and advantages and disadvantages)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected, embedded devices that can capture and
transmit data without the need for human interaction over a wireless network.
IoT applications in everyday life include smart wearables, smart health monitoring, traffic monitoring,
IoT in agriculture with many sensors, smart devices, robots in hospitals, smart grid and water supply,
and so on.
Introduction to IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that communicate and share
data to perform tasks autonomously. This revolutionary technology integrates smart devices like home
appliances, wearable gadgets, medical equipment, and industrial machines, enabling seamless
connectivity and real-time decision-making.
Impact on Daily Life
IoT has transformed daily routines by automating tasks, enhancing convenience, and improving
efficiency. Smart home systems allow users to control lighting, security, and appliances remotely,
while wearable devices monitor health metrics in real-time. In industries, IoT optimizes operations,
reduces waste, and boosts productivity. Transportation and urban planning have also seen
advancements with smart traffic management and vehicle tracking systems.

 Smart Control of Homes and Cities:

IoT enables smarter management of homes and urban areas through mobile devices, enhancing
convenience and operational efficiency.
 Enhanced Security and Personal Protection:
IoT strengthens safety by providing real-time alerts and personal protection measures. For
instance, systems like GM OnStar detect car accidents and immediately call for help.
 Time-Saving Through Automation:
Automating daily tasks reduces human effort, allowing us to focus on other priorities.
 Remote Accessibility and Real-Time Updates:
IoT ensures information is easily accessible regardless of location and frequently updates in real
time.
 Energy Efficiency:
Connected devices communicate with controllers like smartphones to optimize electricity usage,
preventing unnecessary power consumption.
 Personal Assistance:
IoT apps can serve as personal assistants, sending reminders about daily schedules and tasks.
 Safety and Hazard Detection:
IoT devices can detect potential dangers and alert users, improving safety measures.
 Healthcare Advancements:
IoT allows real-time patient monitoring and evidence-based care, reducing the need for frequent
doctor visits.
 Improved Tracking and Management Systems:
Asset tracking, inventory control, transportation, delivery, and surveillance are more cost-
effective and efficient with IoT-powered tracking systems.
 Reduced Human Intervention:
Devices communicate and perform tasks independently, minimizing the need for manual effort.

Disadvanatges

 Security Risks: IoT devices are vulnerable to hacking, leading to potential breaches of sensitive
data.
 Privacy Concerns: Extensive data collection can compromise personal privacy.
 Complexity: Managing interconnected devices can be challenging and prone to errors.
 High Cost: Initial setup, maintenance, and upgrades of IoT systems can be expensive.
 Dependency on Internet: IoT devices rely heavily on stable internet connectivity, which may not
always be available.
 Compatibility Issues: Different devices and platforms may not integrate seamlessly.
 Reduced Human Control: Over-reliance on automation can lead to a lack of manual oversight
and decision-making.
 Job Displacement: Automation may replace jobs in certain industries.
 Environmental Impact: Increased use of devices contributes to electronic waste and energy
consumption.
 System Vulnerability: A single failure or bug in the network can disrupt entire operations.