“A Review of Secondary Aluminum Products & Its byproducts”

INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (Dual)

Submitted by:
SUDEEP KUMAR SINHA
Enrolment No.: K0126
MBA (Dual)3rd Semester
Guided by:

Dr. BHAVNA PRAJAPATI

Assistant Professor, Management Department
Submitted to:

SCHOOL OF COMMERCE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH

ITM UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR (CHHATTISGARH) INDIA

“A Review of Secondary Aluminum Products & its byproducts”

INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP PROJECT

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Award of the Degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (Dual)

Submitted by:
SUDEEP KUMAR SINHA
Enrolment No.: K0126
MBA (Dual)3rd Semester

Guided by:
Dr. Bhavna Prajapati
Assistant Professor, Management Department

Submitted to:

SCHOOL OF COMMERCE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH

ITM UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR (CHHATTISGARH) INDIA
 Declaration by the Candidate

This is to declare that this report has been written by me. No part of the report is
plagiarized from other sources. All information included from other sources has
been duly acknowledged. I aver that if any part of the report is found to be
plagiarized, I shall take full responsibility for it.

Sudeep Kumar Sinha Signature of the Candidate

Enrolment Number: K0126 Date:
 Certificate by Institute

This is to certify that this project report A Review of Secondary Aluminum

Products & Its byproducts for is a Bonafide work carried out Sudeep Kumar
Sinha of MBA (Dual Specialization) of School of Commerce, Management &
Research for fulfilment of MBA degree course of ITM University, Raipur.

Dr. Bhavna Prajapati Dr. Yasin Sheikh

Assistant Professor Head, SCMR
Date:
 Certificate by the Examiner

This is to certify that the project A Review of Secondary Aluminum Products & Its
byproducts submitted by Sudeep Kumar Sinha.
Roll No.: 131230122020
Enrolment No.: K0126 has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the
examination for the award of Master of Business Administration degree of ITM
University, Raipur (C.G.).

Name of the Examiner Signature of the Examiner

Date:
 Acknowledgement

This project consumed huge amount of work, research, and dedication. Still,
implementation would not have been possible if I did not have a support of my
company mentor Mr. Hukum Chand Yadav and Mr. Aditya Tiwari and my
faculty guide Dr. Bhavna Prajapati. Therefore, I would like to extend my
sincere gratitude to them.

Thank you is a small word to show my gratitude towards my mentors Mr.

Hukum Chand Yadav and Mr. Aditya Tiwari who guided and helped me
throughout the entire project. I wish to express my sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to for his inspiring guidance, constructive criticism, and valuable
suggestions throughout the project work. I am very much thankful to him, for
being a great support during my internship period and for introducing the present
topic and his inspiring support and guidance. I would also like to show my
gratitude to Dr. Bhavna Prajapati, for always being there and supporting me in
my entire project.

I would like to extend my heartily thanks to all other staff members of

Maa Kudargarhi Group, for providing all the support and information to
complete the project with the blessings of God.

I extend my heartily thanks to Dr. Yasin Sheikh Head and all other faculty
members of School of Commerce, Management & Research, ITM University
for their support and valuable suggestions in one or other occasions to complete
the project.

I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my

parents and members of my family, who supported me morally as well as
economically. At last, but not the least gratitude goes to all my friends who
directly and indirectly helped me to complete my project report.
Executive Summary

This report is prepared as part of the curriculum and as a partial MBA requirement. The report
is on A Review of Secondary Aluminum Products & Its byproducts The research report
has two sections, in its first section company and industry profile is being described, whereas
in the second section, research methodology is described which includes, analysis and
interpretation.

The main purpose of this study is to understand the growth And Various uses of Aluminum
market in the next five years, identifying the major players of the market and its growth
drivers, the Growth in the Flame Retardant.

The study is done on the global basis and the data was collected through primary and
secondary mode. MS Excel was used for prediction. The result in this report is shown via
charts and graphs.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE PAGE NO.
NO.

I Introduction 1-15

II Company Profiling 16-23

III Review of Literature 24-28

IV Research Methodology 29-31

V Analysis and Data Interpretation 32-44

VI Results and Findings 45-46

VII Conclusion 47-48

VIII Limitations 49-50

VIII Bibliography and References 51-53

IX Annexure 54-65
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION:
ATH stands for Alumina Trihydrate, which serves as the filler in solid surface. ATH is found in its
physical form as a powder. This powder, as previously mentioned, is similar to the dry ingredients in
a cake mix that are held together by the eggs and oil, or, in solid surface, by the resin. ATH is made
from bauxite ore, a natural material that is the main source of aluminum. The ore, it is refined to a
powder using the Bayer Process. From there, the powder is used to create a variety of alumina
chemicals. Alumina trihydrate (also known as ATH and alumina Tri hydroxide, chemical formula
(Al2o3. 3h2o), initially derived from bauxite ore, before being refined into a fine white powder.

Alumina Trihydrate is the most widely used flame retardant in the world due to its versatility and
low cost. Available in different particle sizes, Alumina Trihydrate can be used in a wide range of
polymers at processing temperatures below 220°C.
Alumina Trihydrate is non-toxic, halogen-free, chemically inert, and has low abrasiveness.
Additional benefits are arc and track resistance in plastics exposed to electrical arcing, acid
resistance, and smoke suppression.

At about 220°C, Alumina Trihydrate begins to decompose endothermically releasing approximately

35% of its weight as watervapor. Alumina Trihydrate acts as heat sink thereby retarding pyrolysis
and reducing the burning rate. The water vapor released has an added effect of diluting combustion
gases and toxic fumes. The vast majority of aluminium trihydrate is derived from bauxite ore.
Aluminium trihydrate is used as a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds such
as calcined alumina, aluminium sulphate, polyaluminum chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites,
sodium aluminate, activated alumina, aluminium nitrate. A white, translucent powder that is also
called aluminium hydroxide. Alumina trihydrate is obtained from Bauxite. When Alumina Trihydrate
is strongly heated, alumina trihydrate will convert to Aluminium oxide with the release of water. Due
to their good chemical resistance and physical properties, aluminium trihydrate is a basic raw
material for the manufacture of solid surface. The solid surface is a material widely used in sanitary,
kitchen, hotels, hospitals, façade cladding and construction in general. Aluminum trihydrates also is
used in the ceramic industry, in the manufacture of enamel and pigments and catalyst for chemical
reactions. Alumina trihydrate is a white filling material that provides flame retardant and self-
extinguishing properties for polyester resins and gelcoats.

Alumina trihydrates thermodynamic properties, endothermic dehydration cools the plastic 6 rubber
parts and dilutes the combustible gases with water vapours that is generated in case of fire. ATH
widely use in Paper Industries as a whitening agent in place of titanium dioxide. Alumina trihydrate
is also use in Paints Industries. Alumina trihydrate can replace up to 25% of the Titanium dioxide
pigment & therefore is an economical extender reducing production cost. Ideal for the manufacture
of mortars used for floors with epoxy resins, polymer concrete parts, decorative resin parts, etc.
Alumina trihydrate is an inorganic white fine crystalline, non-hygroscopic powder. Alumina
trihydrates solubility in water and organic solvents is very low.
By volume, Alumina trihydrate is the largest flame retardant (FR) used in diverse end applications.

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Production:
Virtually all the Aluminum hydroxide used commercially is manufactured by the Bayer process which
involves dissolving bauxite in sodium hydroxide at temperatures up to 270 °C (518 °F). The waste
solid, bauxite tailings, is removed and Aluminum hydroxide is precipitated from the remaining solution
of sodium aluminate. This Aluminum hydroxide can be converted to Aluminum oxide or alumina
by calcination. The residue or bauxite tailings, which is mostly iron oxide, is highly caustic due to residual
sodium hydroxide. It was historically stored in lagoons; this led to the Ajka alumina plant accident in 2010
in Hungary, where a dam bursting led to the drowning of nine people. An additional 122 sought treatment
for chemical burns. The mud contaminated 40 square kilometres (15 sq. mi) of land and reached
the Danube. While the mud was considered non-toxic due to low levels of heavy metals, the associated
slurry had a pH of 13.

Fig. Red mud reservoirs Fig. Bauxite mines

1.1Bauxite Mining
Bauxite is used as the main raw material in the manufacture of Aluminum. The bauxite is often
mined from only a few metres below the ground level. 3 tonnes of bauxites are required for 1 tonne of
Aluminum. To extract pure alumina, the Bayer process is used.

➢ Bayer process: The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to
produce alumina (Aluminum oxide) and was developed by Carl Josef Bayer. Bauxite, the
most important ore of Aluminum, contains only 30–60% Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), the rest
being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide.[1] The Aluminum oxide
must be further purified before it can be refined into Aluminum metal. The Bayer process is
also the main source of gallium as a byproduct despite low extraction yields.

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 1.2 Bauxite grinding
The bauxite mineral is transported to refineries where the clay is washed off and the bauxite
Passes through a grinder to produce a more consistent material.

1.3 Bauxite crushing and digesting – producing sodium alumina

The ground mineral is pumped into large pressure tanks with a caustic soda or sodium
hydroxide solution, and a steam heat is applied. The caustic soda reacts with the
aluminium compounds in the bauxite material to produce a solution of sodium aluminate
(also known as slurry). The unwanted residues (also known as red mud), containing iron,
silicon and titanium, gradually sink to the bottom of the tank and are removed.

1.4. Settling
The sodium aluminate solution is then passed through into lower pressure settling tanks.
The solution at the top of the tanks is directed downwards through a series of filers to remove
excess red mud. The remaining alumina is then passed through huge “leaves” or cloth filters to
remove any solids in the solution.

1.5. Precipitation
The sodium aluminate solution is then cooled and pumped into large precipitators (sometimes
as tall as a 6-story building). Aluminum hydroxide seed crystals added to the solution to start the
precipitation process. At this point, large Aluminum crystals are formed.

1.6. Calcination
The crystals are then heated in rotary kilns to temperatures over 960°C. This extracts the last
impurities and creates a white powder, known as alumina or Aluminum oxide. The refined alumina
is transformed into Aluminum through the smelting or Hall–Héroult process.

1. 7. Smelting process
The alumina is poured into a reduction cell with 950°C molten cryolite. 400kA electrical
currents are passed through the mixture to break the bond between the Aluminum and oxygen.
The result is 99.8% pure Aluminum.

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Application of ATH:

Non-Ferric Alum:

Non-Ferric Alum is a purer form of Aluminum sulphate. It is used

in better grades of paper for loading and sizing purposes. Non-
Ferric Alum is manufactured from Aluminum trihydrate whereas
ferric alum uses bauxite as the raw material. The raw material is
cooked with sulphuric acid under suitable conditions.
non-ferric alum is soluble in water. Therefore, it can be used as a
chemical reagent for water purification. But there can be primary
hazards for the environment. It is used as a chemical reagent in
chemical analysis.

Flame Retardant:
Alumina Trihydrate (Al₂O3.3H₂O) is the most widely used flame
retardant in the world due to its versatility and low cost. Available in
different particle sizes, it can be used in a wide range of polymers at
processing temperatures below 220°C. ATH is non-toxic, halogen-free,
chemically inert, and has low abrasiveness. Additional benefits are arc
and track resistance in plastics exposed to electrical arcing, acid
resistance, and smoke suppression. At about 2200C, ATH begins to
decompose endothermically releasing approximately 35% of its weight as
water vapor.

Al203.3H20 + HEAT

Alumina Trihydrate acts as heat sink thereby retarding pyrolysis and reducing
the burning rate. The water vapor released has an added effect of diluting
combustion gases and toxic fumes.

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP):

Alumina Trihydrate for FRP is utilized to enhance fire retardant

capacity of reinforced polymer. The inclusion of ATH in FRP
production helps to minimize smoke generation rate as it tends to
absorb maximum amount of heat as a result of endothermic reaction.
Nontoxic formulation, precise content, long storage life, white powder
form, free flow quality and low price are the key attributes of this
chemical. We are a renowned manufacturer and exporter of good
quality Alumina Trihydrate for FRP.

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Sheet moulding compound (SMC):

Industrial grade ATH for SMC Compounds is known for its high
flame-retardant properties. Available in white powder form, the
offered Aluminum trihydrate easily dilutes in alkali and acid.
Known for its low organic content, the offered ATH is appreciated
for its long shelf life, moisture free content, high efficacy rate,
impure composition, competitive price and easy handling method.
It can be accessed in different packaging standards.

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC):

Dimethyl carbonate is an environmentally friendly solvent
used to make coatings, adhesives, and cleaning agents. DMC
is also used as a raw material for organic synthesis, and in
reactions that include methylation, carbonylation, and
carbomethoxylation. UBE is the sole manufacturer in Japan.
Dimethyl carbonate is used as an electrolyte in lithium -ion
batteries (LIB), which are experiencing a rapid increase in
demand for use in notebook PCs and cell phones. Demand is
also expected to grow for use in hybrid el ectric vehicles
(HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).

Byproducts Application type of ATH:

Aluminum sulphate [Al2(SO4)3]:
Aluminum sulphate is also called Filter Alum or Dialuminium Tri
sulphate. It is a white crystalline solid in its anhydrous form and in its
solution form it appears as a colourless liquid. Both the forms are non-
toxic and non-combustible.

Aluminum sulphate is a chemical compound produced with Al2(SO4)3. It

is soluble in water and is primarily used in purification of drinking water
and wastewater treatment plants as a coagulating agent (promoting
particle collision by neutralizing charge) as well as in paper processing.

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 Manufacturing process:
This manufacturing process is the most commonly used as bauxite is a
ubiquitous material.
It involves reacting liquid sulfuric acid with either bauxite ore containing
Aluminum hydroxide
(Al (OH)3) and hydrated Aluminum (Al2O3 ∙ 3H2O), or synthetic hydrated
Aluminum previously refined from bauxite. Bauxite ore is the main source of
aluminium for the world and contains various aluminium minerals and two
iron minerals). The process creates hydrated aluminium sulphate per the
following reactions:
From bauxite: 3 H2SO4 + 2 Al (OH)3 + 8 H2O → Al2(SO4)3 ∙ 14 H2O
Adding 3 molecules of sulfuric acid to 2 molecules of aluminum hydroxide and
8 molecules of water results in 1 molecule of aluminum sulphate and 14 molecules of water.
From hydrated aluminum: 3 H2SO4 + Al2O3 ∙3H2O + 8 H2O → Al2(SO4)3 ∙ 14 H2O
Adding 3 molecules of sulfuric acid to 1 molecule of hydrated aluminium and 8 molecules of
water results in 1 molecule of aluminium sulphate and 14 molecules of water.

➢ Uses

• In Banking Soda: Some of the most common

uses of aluminum sulphate are found within
the home. The compound is often found in
baking soda, although there’s some
controversy over whether it’s appropriate to add
aluminum to the diet.

• Purification of water: One of the most important uses of aluminum sulphate is

in water treatment and purification. When added to water, it causes microscopic
impurities to clump together into larger and larger
particles. These clumps of impurities will
then settle to the bottom of the container or
at least get large enough to filter them out
of the water. This makes the water safer to
drink. On the same principle, aluminum
sulphate is also sometimes used in swimming
pools to decrease the cloudiness of the water.

• Sewage Treatment: Aluminum sulphate is used in

water purification and for chemical phosphorus
removal from wastewater. the coagulant of
choice for many industrial and sanitary
wastewater treatment applications, due to its
high efficiency, effectiveness in clarification,
and utility as a sludge dewatering agent.

7|Page
 • Treatment Printing of clothes: Another one of the
many uses of aluminum sulphate is in dyeing and
printing on cloth. When dissolved in a large amount of
water that has a neutral or slightly alkaline pH, the
compound produces a gooey substance, aluminum
hydroxide. The gooey substance helps dyes stick to
the cloth fibres by making the dye water insoluble.
The role of aluminum sulphate, then, is as a dye
“fixer,” which means that it combines with the
molecular structure of the dye and the fabric so the dye
doesn’t run out when the fabric gets wet.

POLY ALUMINUM CHLORIDE [AL2CL(OH)5]

Poly Aluminum chloride (Aluminum chlorohydrate) also simply

called PAC, is used in deodorants and as a coagulant in water
purification. This compound is preferred in some cases because of
its high charge, which makes it more effective at destabilizing and
removing suspended materials than other Aluminum salts.

Grades of Poly Aluminum Chloride:

• PAC 18%: mid-basicity liquid PAC, containing 17.5 ± 0,5% AL2O3 specific for waste
waters and neutral sizing in paper making. It is used as primary coagulant aid for any
clarifying/flocculation process relating to the treatment of surface or underground water
and urban or industrial effluents.
PAC 18 is based on highly charged Aluminum which results in lower dosage and
therefore reduces sludge volume and pH adjustment demand. It also improves solids
and/or phosphorous removal over conventional coagulants.

• PAC 9% HB: high-basicity liquid PAC, containing 9 ± 0,5% AL2O3, specific for
potable waters.
PAC 9 is based on highly charged Aluminum which results in lower dosage and
therefore reduces sludge volume and pH adjustment demand. It also improves solids
and/or phosphorous removal over conventional coagulants.

• PAC 30%: mid-basicity powder form, containing 30 ± 0,5% Al2O3Basing on Consito

know-how, the final product from our plants is a Poly Aluminum Chloro Hydroxy
Sulphate {Al2(OH)x Cly (SO4)6-(x+y)/2} 9%, adjustable 60÷68 basicity, containing a
second basifier as sequestering agent.

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 ➢ Uses
• Water treatment - The Poly Aluminum chloride (PAC) is used for settling of solid particles
present into drinkable waters and for the flocculation of
civil and industrial effluents. It has also a high ant
bactericide effect, due to the presence of chlorine into
the product formula, and can be utilized for large range
of pH and with higher turbidity.

• Paper manufacture - The main features of PAC are

its high Al2O3 content and polymeric nature, which give rise
to products of hydrolysis characterized by a high molecular
weight and a large number of positive electric charges able
to interact with the cellulose fibers and size, optimizing the
sizing phase and the retention of fibers.

Aluminum Fluoride [AlF3]:

Aluminum Fluoride is an odorless, white or
colorless, Crystalline (sand-like) powder. it is used in the
production of Aluminum, as a flux in welding applications,
and in ceramic glazes and enamels. Aluminum Fluoride
comprises a white bulk material of crystal structure. 95 per cent
of global Aluminum Fluoride production are used to
manufacture Aluminum and Glass, optical products and leather
products.The majority of Aluminum fluoride is produced by
treating alumina with hydrogen fluoride at700 °C:

Hexafluoro silicic acid may also be used make aluminum fluoride.

H2SiF6 + Al2O3 + 3 H2O → 2 AlF3 + SiO2 + 4 H2O

Alternatively, it is manufactured by thermal decomposition of ammonium hexafluoro aluminate.

❖ Manufacturing Process:

high-density aluminum fluoride through the “dry process” according to the following
reactions:

1. dry acid grade fluorspar (CaF2) reacts with sulphuric acid (H2So4) in externally heated
rotary kilns, generating gaseous hydrogen fluoride (HF) and calcium sulphate (CaSO4 ),
4
2. the gaseous HF reacts with dry aluminum hydrate Al (OH) in fluidised bed reactors to
produce high density aluminum fluoride.

3. The addition of aluminum fluoride to the raw materials used in the aluminum smelting
process reduces the temperature and improves the conductivity of the molten bath,
reducing the electric power consumption.

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 ➢ Uses
• Used as an additive for the production of Aluminum by electrolysis:
Aluminum fluoride sees its primary use as an additive in aluminum
production and by electrolysis. Aluminum manufacturing must include
extracting the aluminum from its ore, in which the ore is covered in pure
aluminum oxide and is then electrolyzed by a solution of aluminum fluoride
and cryolite.

• Used in the fermentation process in beer and wine factories:

In another instance of seemingly surprising uses for a chemical such as aluminum
fluoride, it is widely used in beer and wine making
industries, where it has the ability to inhibit the
fermentation process.

• Used in the production of low index optical thin film:

Together with zirconium fluoride, aluminum fluoride is an
ingredient for the production of glasses. It is also used to
inhibit fermentation. Like magnesium fluoride it is used as
a low-index optical thin film, particularly when
far UV transparency is required.

• Used as a catalyst in the organic compound synthesis process:

Aluminum chloride is the preferred aluminum halide in preparation of

our catalysts although others such as the bromide may be utilized. The
aluminum halide may be either anhydrous or a hydrate. Aluminum
chloride and bromide have been proposed for catalysing
disproportionation (redistribution of halogen among the molecules of
compounds containing more than one variety of halogen atom) out
yields have not been as high as desired and again, the less expensive
aluminum chloride is limited with respect to operation at high
temperature by the shortcoming of high volatility.

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 ACTIVATED ALUMINA:
Activated alumina is used for a wide range of adsorbent and catalyst applications including the
adsorption of catalysts in polyethylene production, in Hydrogen peroxide production, as a selective
adsorbent for many chemicals including Arsenic, fluoride, in Sulphur removal from fluid streams
(Claus catalyst process).
Available in white balls form, the offered Activated Alumina has wide applications in semiconductor,
fertilizer and metal processing industries. This chemical is an effective fluoride and arsenic remover for
waste water. It is also required for re circulation of cooling tower. Due to its large surface area, its
adsorption capacity is higher than other chemicals. Due to its stable chemical properties, it easily integrates
with solid materials. As a good desiccant, Activated Alumina is useful for quick drying of moisture enriched
gases.

❖ Manufacturing Process:

A method of making activated alumina including the steps of dissolving a double salt of
aluminum in a solution of pure water at 85°C., recrystalizing the double salt at a pressure about
250 psi and temperature ranging from 200°C. to 250°C., precipitating out the purified basic
double salt, drying the precipitated double salt to drive off water and roasting it at 850°C. to
950°C to drive off the sulphate, washing to remove the potassium sulphate and then drying the
remaining alumina to yield activated alumina for use as a high-grade catalyst. A method for
producing activated alumina suitable for use as a catalyst, comprising the steps of:
(a) dissolving a double salt of aluminum potassium sulphate Al2 K2 (SO4)4 in a
solution;
(b) heating and pressurizing the resulting solution in a pressure vessel to crystallize
and precipitate out a crystal material from said solution;
(c) drying and calcining said crystal material to produce a combination of alumina
and potassium sulphate;
(d) washing with water to remove said potassium sulphate from said combination of
alumina and potassium sulphate;
(e) drying said alumina remaining after the step of washing to produce an activated
alumina.

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 PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM TRIHYDRATE:
-Physical Form: Powder
-Particle Morphology: Hexagonal
-Colour: White
-Specific Gravity:2.42 g/cm3
-pH Value: 9 - 10
-Hardness, Mohs: 2.5 – 3.5
-Refractive Index: 1.57
-Temperature of Decomposition: 220°C / 428°F
-Heat of Decomposition, Cal/g: 280
-Theoretical loss on ignition: % 34.6

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM

TRIHYDRATE:
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
The following properties are important to most applications:
-Exceptional whiteness
-Good translucency
-Resistance to chemicals and weathering
-Impact resistance
The softness of the mineral contributes to making materials machinable with loading levels between
40% and 70% becoming possible and providing the best properties.
-Soluble in mineral acids and caustic soda.
-Insoluble in water.
-Fine grains.
-No birefringence.
-Under plane-polarized light, particles are colourless with low relief

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
-Powdery substance
-Odourless
-Non-carcinogenic
-Contains thermal characteristic that provides translucency and whiteness to
-Solid surface material
-Non-smoking
-Low-toxicity
-Halogen-free
-Flame retardant

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 CHAPTER II
COMPANY PROFILING

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 2.1 Minning:
Mining is the process of extracting useful materials from the
earth. Some examples of substances that are mined include coal,
gold, or iron ore. Iron ore is the material from which the metal
iron is produced.

The process of mining dates back to prehistoric times.

Prehistoric people first mined flint, which was ideal for tools
and weapons since it breaks into shards with sharp edges.
The mining of gold and copper also dates back
to prehistoric times. These profitable substances that are mined
from the earth are called minerals. A mineral is typically
an inorganic substance that has a specific chemical composition
and crystal structure. The minerals are valuable in their pure
form, but in the earth, they are mixed with other, unwanted rocks and minerals. This mix of rock
and minerals is usually carried away from the mine together, then later processed and refined to isolate the
desired mineral.

The two major categories of modern mining include surface mining and underground mining. In surface
mining, the ground is blasted so that ores near Earth’s surface can be removed and carried to refineries to
extract the minerals. Surface mining can be destructive to the surrounding landscape, leaving huge open
pits behind. In underground mining, ores are removed from deep within the earth. Miners blast tunnels
into the rock to reach the ore deposits. This process can lead to accidents that trap miners underground.
Along with accidents, a career in mining can also be dangerous since it can lead to health problems.
Breathing in dust particles produced by mining can lead to lung disease. One of the most common forms is
black lung disease, which is caused when coal miners breathe in coal dust. Many other types of mining
produce silica dust, which causes a disease similar to black lung disease. These are incurable diseases that
cause breathing impairment and can be fatal.

Extraction:
Metal extraction can occur when the thermodynamics Favors it, or when the Gibbs free energy for the
associated reaction is negative as discussed previously. Pourbaix diagrams utilize Gibbs free energy
information to provide useful insights into the conditions needed for extraction. Thermodynamics
feasibility must be accompanied by reasonable reaction rates to make extraction viable on a commercial
scale.
Commercial extraction of metals from minerals is usually practiced by dump leaching, heap leaching, tank
leaching, or pressurized leaching. Dump leaching is performed by percolating a leaching solution through
mined ore that contains low concentrations (low grade) of desired elements. Heap leaching is
accomplished by applying solution to a bed of crushed ore of low to medium grade that is often
agglomerated prior to leaching. Tank leaching utilizes stirred tanks containing leaching solution with
medium to high grade ore that is crushed and ground to fine particles. Pressurized leaching is often
practiced on crushed and ground sulphides concentrates and aluminum ore to accelerate dissolution at
elevated temperatures of 110–230 °C, which is only possible for aqueous solutions in pressurized vessels.

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 Founded in the year 1985 by Shri Anil Agrawal and Shri Sunil Agrawal. The group has
come a long way from Taking contracts from PWD
to Setting up a calcined Bauxite Unit from Owned
Bauxite Mines. The group expanded in iron steel,
Food Processing and Trading in between. About the
groups objective is to be one of the most cost group
efficient producers of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous
Metals along with continuous nurturing of human as
well as natural resources. Till Date the group has
achieved a topline of over Rs 1,500 Cr. and provides
direct employment to over 900 strong taskforces
across all verticals.
Vision:
“To Become one of the most respected and admired Global Metal and Food Processing
Company from India, Focused on technology, innovation & Imaginative treatment of Natural
Resources”.

Mission:
“To Become the most cost-efficient processors of Minerals & Metals and to be Agri one of the
prominent commodity players in India carefully nurturing the Natural available Human and
Resources in the region.”

Industry: - Production and Manufacturing

Founded: - 1985
Type: - Privately Held
Branches: - 1
Head Office: - Raipur, Chhattisgarh
Number of Employees: - 1800-2000
Website: https://maakudargarhi.com

2.2.1 EXISTING GROUP COMPANIES:

Maa Kudargarhi Steels Pvt Ltd: Company has its manufacturing plant spread over
15 Acres in Arla Industrial Area of Raipur, it has been consistently performing
and growing over the years. Entity engaged in Manufacture of TMT Bars, Wire
Rod Mill and Wire Drawing Unit under brand named "BUNIYAD".
The company has a fully automated its Re-rolling mill with grade FE 500 and got certified
by Bureau of Indian standards in 2013.In 2012 Company tied up with M/s. Kamdhenu
Ispat Ltd. to manufacture under the brand "KAMDHENU".
Company was ranked 7th in the country in Re bar Section of secondary steel plants,
Further, CNBC awarded the company for excellence in SME sector - Re bar business.

15 | P a g e
 Maa Kudargarhi Energy & Ispat Pvt Ltd: Maa Kudargarhi Energy and Ispat Private
Limited is in the business of Integrated Steel Plant. The Proposed plant is
coming at district Jashpur, state of Chhattisgarh with capacity of 4 Lakh TPA
finished steel. Plant will have DRI, melting facility for rolling mill of the same
capacity.150 MW captive solar power plant is part of the project. Land has already been
acquired and procedings of environmental clearance is in process.

Maa Kudargarhi Power & Ispat Pvt Ltd: Maa Kudargarhi Power and Ispat Private
Limited is a company to support backward integration of Maa Kudargarhi
Steels Private Limited. Plant will have DRI, melting facility for existing
rolling mill.150 MW captive solar power plant is part of the project. Land has
already been acquired and proceedings of environmental clearance is in process.

Maa Kudargarhi Alumina Refinery Pvt Ltd: Maa Kudargarhi Minerals and
Refractory Private Limited is in the business of Mining and Processing of
Bauxite in Ambikapur region of Surguja district in Chhattisgarh, India. We mine
Bauxite and produce our own calcined bauxite and also supplies to aluminum
industries, cement plants, etc. The plant is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, with
full- fledged calciner along with a crushing and grading facility. The company is led by
efficient and highly skilled manpower.
We have the capacity to supply any grades required by the customer. Today, the Indian
mineral industries are in scarcity of Calcined bauxite and we at MAA Kudargarhi is here
to bridge this gap to a possible extent. Our mining capacity is 4 Lacs Tonnes per annum
and we have raw materials in abundance which is one of our greatest strengths. Our
products are used in Refractories, Mortars, Emery, Castable & Allied Products, Welding
flux and as an Anti- Skid for Roads and Runways.

Maa Kudargarhi Minerals and Refractories Pvt Ltd: Maa Kudargarhi Minerals
and Refractory Private Limited is in the business of Mining and Processing of Bauxite
in Ambikapur region of Surguja district in Chhattisgarh, India. We mine Bauxite and
produce our own calcined bauxite and also supplies to aluminum industries, cement
plants, etc. The plant is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, with full-fledged
calciner along with a crushing and grading facility. The company is led by efficient and
highly skilled manpower. We have the capacity to supply any grades required by the
customer. Today, the Indian mineral industries are in scarcity of Calcined bauxite and
we at Maa Kudargarhi is here to bridge this gap to a possible extent.
Our mining capacity is 4 Lacs Tonnes per annum and we have raw materials in
abundance which is one of our greatest strengths. Our products are used in Refractories,
Mortars, Emery, Castables & Allied Products, Welding flux and as an Anti- Skid for
Roads and Runways. Our product has been approved by leading names in the industry
like Carborundum, Premier Refractories, Maithan Ceramics etc.

16 | P a g e
 The future products in our basket are brown fused alumna, white fused alumna,
calcined alumna, pink fused alumina, mullite, etc. These minerals are well in demand
in the Indian industry now. Our technical team is working in these projects to bring
these products into the market by 2022.

BM Foods: The Firm also has two operational Rice mill at Ambikapur and
Ramanuganj, one of the major Rice hubs of Chhattisgarh. Capacity of both the rice
mills is of 400 TPD. The Firm is also engaged in trading of various qualities of rice,
Grains and Pulses We foresee a major upsurge in Agri commodity business in near
future.

Mahamaya Food and Grains Pvt Ltd: Company is involved in processing of Wheat
Flour, Semolina, Gram Flour, Refined Flour Etc. Unit is located at
Ambikapur with capacity of 200 TPD. Major supplies are made in market
under the brand "Chetak”. The company wants to expand this business by
adding few values added products in FMCG sector by capitalizing its brand.

Farmer Bridge Food Park Pvt Ltd: This segment includes packaging materials,
packaging and allied, packaging equipment, processes and technology, labels and tags.

Maa Kudargarhi Biofuels Pvt Ltd: Maa Kudargarhi Biofuels Private Limited is in the
business of production and/or processing of various biofuels from agro based products
and also in trading of byproducts made out of such biofuels.

Helio Renewable Power Pvt Ltd: Helio Renewable Power Private Limited will be
nodal company for setting up Solar Power Plant from concept to commissioning for total
captive demand of the group companies. Manufacturing of solar PV panels is also
proposed in the same company.

Kawatiya Steels: The firm is in the business of steel and cement trading around
Ambikapur through own network of traders and distributors.
Capitalising on group's strength in TMT bars, the firm has strengthened its position in
supply to construction sector in the region.
This trading business has enabled better understanding of TMT rod Market in the area.
Justifying expansion of group's steel manufacturing plant around Ambikapur.
The firm has big plans to expand the trading of steel rods to prepare ground for the
upcoming TMT rod facilities in the new plant, we foresee a major upsurge in trading
business in immediate future.

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 Group Milestones

Plant of 1000
PWD Oil Mill TPM Raipur Flour Mill

1985 1986 1987 2005 2006 2008

Set up of Clay Set Up Of Semi Automatic mill

For bricks plant

Acquistion of Acquistion of
New Rice Mill at 1 more
2 Bauxite
Ramanujganj and Bauxite Mines
Mines at
Rice Mill and Raw Rice Plant Pulses Refining unit at Chhatisgarh
Chhatisgarh

2010 2012 2015 2015 2017 2019

Automatic Rolling Mill Wire

10, 000 Second unit- Rod
TPM increased Plant
capacity to at
Rolling Raipur
20,000 TPM
Mill
Expansion
At Raipur

Bauxite
Calcination 2020

at Ambikapur
Chhatisgarh

18 | P a g e
 Corporate Management Team

. Mr. Anil Agrawal

Managing Director

. Mr. Ravi Agrawal . Mr. Bimla Nanda Senapati

Group CEO CEO - Alumina Division

. Mr. Manish Agrawal . Mr. S.K. Acharya

Financial Advisor President Mining

. Mr. Rajkumar Singh . Mr. Hukum Chand Yadav

Head Alumina Project Group HR Head

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2.2.4 CLIENTS:

NIKNAM CHEMICALS PVT LTD

REWA CHEMICALS PRIVATE

LIMITED

20 | P a g e
 CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF LITRATURE

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 1. Research Paper-1 Sonthalia, Behara& Kumaresan (2013) states that:

The Bayer process used for refining bauxite to smelting grade alumina serves as the
linchpin of the Aluminum production industry worldwide. Even though the process is well
established, the presence of impurities in the liquor affects the quality of product and
imposes a major economic cost on the industry. This review article focuses on the issues
pertaining to Gibbsitic (Al2O3.3H2O) precipitation. The comprehensive review provides a
basic understanding of the aluminum trihydrate precipitation and agglomeration
phenomena. Crystal growth rate and agglomeration play a significant role in determining
the output particle size distribution (PSD) of agglomerates. Hence, the effect of certain
thermodynamic and hydrodynamic parameters along with the impact of natural impurities
and additives (artificial impurities) on hydrate growth has been reviewed.

2. Research Paper-2. Akoijam (2012) states that:

Indian Aluminum Industry is one of the leading industries in the Indian economy.
aluminum industry sector in the previous decade experienced substantial success among
the other industries. The India aluminum industry is developing fast and the advancement
in its technologies is boosting the growth even faster. The industry has a bright future as it
can become one of the largest players in the global aluminum market as in India the
consumption is fairly low. The industry may use the surplus production to cater the
international need for aluminum which is used all over the world for several applications
such as aircraft manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, utensils, etc. India has the fifth
largest bauxite reserves with deposits of about 3 bn tones or 5% of world deposits. India’s
share in world aluminum capacity rests at about 3%. This paper is an attempt to identify
the scope and potential of aluminum industry not only in the Indian economy but
throughout the world. Strategic models like SWOT analysis and Michael Porter’s five
Forces theory are used to analyse the Indian aluminum Industry in the best possible way.

3. Research Paper-3 Satchidananda (2012) reveals that:

Aluminum is the third abundant element in the earth crust. It never occurs as a free
element. It is a silvery white metal with a wide range of application in the transport,
construction, packaging industry, electronic production, household appliances, etc., and
consequently the economic activities of these industrial sectors determine the overall
demand for aluminum.
A model is designed to be a flexible tool in accommodating certain factors that impacts
the metal ‘s growth and its subsequent production in India. Consumption of Aluminum
goes hand in hand with production. So, a future prediction of Aluminum production is
projected considering the Gross Domestic Product, Population, Power and Automobiles.
The aluminum model simulates the technology evolution of the industry from 1980 to
2030, prior to primary Aluminum production. Several future projections have also been
portrayed and correlated in the model to illustrate the technology dynamics of the
sector ‘s future.

4. Research Paper-4 Khattab, Sadik, F Feteha& Elsayed Abdel Bary (2016) describes in
their paper that:
In this work, different concentrations, per hundred rubbers (phr), of aluminum trihydrate
(ATH) were added to thermoplastic rubber nanocomposite based on ethylene propylene
diene monomer and linear low-density polyethylene. The effect of the added compound
on the flammability, rheological, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of
22 | P a g e
 the composite was studied. The results of the cone calorimeter showed a significantly
reduction in the flammability of the composites occurred when the composite was
treated with ATH. The peak heat release rate was reduced by about 66% when the
composite was loaded with 180 phr of ATH. Moreover, the time to ignition prolonged up
to 160%. The total smoke released decreased significantly as the concentrations of the
ATH were increased. A reduction of about 69% in the total smoke released was observed
when the composite was treated with 180 phr. The thermogravimetric analysis showed a
reduction in the overall weight loss as the concentrations of ATH were increased. A
reduction of about 50% of the original weight was observed when 180 phr of ATH was
used. An appreciable decrease in tensile stress and strain with increasing ATH contents
had been observed. The addition of ATH markedly reduced the conductivity of the
thermoplastic rubber nanocomposite

5. Research Paper-5 Li, Franco, Yang, Zhu, Zhang, yhao, Zhang and J Zhu. (2019)
states that:

Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) is one of the most widely used fillers in solvent-borne
coatings and polymer industries. To investigate its performance in powder coatings, four
different pigments to binder ratios (P/B) were used in respect to different ATH
concentrations in four most widely used resin systems (epoxy, epoxy-polyester,
polyurethane and polyester). The angle of repose (AOR) and specific gravity of powder
paints increase accordingly with ATH concentration. The mechanical properties,
corrosion and UV resistance performances of coating films are enhanced or only slightly
decreased with the addition of ATH. Pencil scratch hardness increase significantly with
the increase of ATH content. Impact resistance decreases within 5% of the initial
resistance at the maximum ATH loading. There is a slightly decrease in corrosion
resistance performances of less than 2 mm of failure at scribe in all formulations. The
incorporation of ATH has slight effect on the UV resistance performance of all the
samples. Moreover, the matting effect of ATH is observed for all the resin systems,
especially epoxy, with the specular gloss decreasing more than 70% at P/B of 0.75.

6. Research Paper-6. Horn, Willy, Parker (1994) states that:

A method of reducing the agglomeration of inorganic powdered material, the method

comprising: (a) providing an inorganic powdered material comprising ceramic particles;
(b) coating the ceramic particles with a solution containing from 0.05-0.5 wt. % of a
polysiloxanol oligomer of a trialkoxysiloxane monomer having the structure Si(OR')3
wherein R' represents a C1-C4 alkoxy group selected from the group consisting of
methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and n-butyl and wherein the oligomer has chains having a
number average distribution with a number average degree of polymerization Xn in the
range above 2 but below the gel point; and (c) drying the inorganic powdered material.

23 | P a g e
 7. Research Paper-7 Wang, F Guo, & J Chen (2006) describes that:
Wet surface modification of nano-Al (OH) 3 has been carried out with a silane coupling
agent; the optimum results were obtained with a silane coupling agent dosage of 1.5%
(by weight) and a pH of the Al (OH) 3 slurry of 5-6. The modified composite particles
have been studied by means of FTIR spectroscopy, settlement tests and mechanical
testing. Settlement tests show that the sedimentation rate of the modified particles in
liquid paraffin is markedly below that of the unmodified particles. IR spectroscopy
confirms that the organic groups are chemically grafted to the Al (OH)3 surface. The
mechanical properties of the composite with the modified ATH were significantly
enhanced. When the modified ATH was used as a flame retardant with EVA, the
mechanical properties and the flame-retardant properties of the composite with 55%
inorganic filler (mostly ATH) were shown to meet national standards.

8. Research Paper-8 Xiang-yang, -lin, -wei, Jie, Shang-yuan (2008) states that:

The thermal stability, particle size and morphology and oil absorption of aluminum
hydroxide (ATH) treated by dry modification with three different modifiers were
investigated. The experimental results show that the thermal stability of ATH powder is
markedly improved by dry modification technology with the following modifiers such as
phosphoric acid, polyacrylic acid and the mixture of phosphoric acid and polyacrylic acid.
The best effect comes from pure phosphoric acid, and the initial temperature for the loss
of crystal water of ATH powder modified with pure polyacrylic acid can reach about 202
°C that is approximately 10 °C higher than that of ATH powder before modification. The
phenomena of agglomeration and macro-aggregate badly exist in ATH powder modified
with the modifiers containing phosphoric acid. The growth of particles and
agglomerations of powders are not evident in ATH powder modified with pure polyacrylic
acid. The oil absorption of ATH powder modified with the modifiers containing
phosphoric acid is apparently larger than that of original ATH powder and ATH powder
modified with pure polyacrylic acid. The oil absorption of the ATH powder modified with
pure polyacrylic acid is slightly smaller than that of original ATH powder.

9. Research Paper-9 Bautista (2006) states that:

The role of aluminum trihydrate as an arc suppressant has long been recognized in
the plastic industry. As early as 1953 an application by Jones and Wilkinson was
received at the U.S. Patent office for an arc-suppressing device. This consisted of a
shield made up of an organic-type binder such as phenolic, urea, melamine, silicone,
or polyester. With these binders were included asbestos along with aluminum,
magnesium oxide, or hydrate as a filler. The study of Jones and Wilkinson showed that
hydrates are more effective arc-suppressing substances than were oxides. Similar
behaviour was observed by Kessel and Norman in electrical equipment subjected to
contaminating atmospheric conditions such as moisture, dust, fog, and salt. This
scrubbing action of aluminum trihydrate was described by Norman and Kessel as the
most important function of this type of filler electrical application. This use of
aluminum trihydrate as an arc suppressant involves the release of the chemically
combined water at a temperature of ∼250°C. All grades of aluminum trihydrate contain
3 moles of combined water per mole of alumina. When this water of hydration is
released, the surface temperature is lowered, thereby reducing the tendency of the
substance to carbonize and form a conductive path.
24 | P a g e
 10. Research Paper-10Rai, Chaddha, Nimje. Kulkarni, Agnihotri (2020):

Low soda or high purity hydrates/alumina with less than 0.1% Na2O by weight are
high-tech materials having extremely special and versatile high-tech applications.
When calcined, they are used especially in electronics applications for making high-
end refractories and ceramics and are precursor materials for activated alumina used
for catalysts supports. Caustic soda is one of the main impurities in alumina and has
an undesirable effect on alumina properties when used in specific applications
The paper thoroughly explains the origin, mechanism, and factors affecting the
formation of caustic soda in alumina hydrate. It gives an overview of the special
hydrate/alumina and reviews comprehensively the manufacturing processes,
properties, and vast applications of these special products. It also gives an insight into
a process developed by JNARDDC for its production of 3N (99.9%) purity alumina.
The paper would largely help in identifying the existing knowledge gap and surely
assist in the production of these advanced materials.

25 | P a g e
 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

26 | P a g e
 4.1 OBJECTIVE
The following objectives have been developed based on the review of literature and the
identified research gap:
• To analyse the different aspects of Aluminum industry.
• To identify the top players of the industry.
• To identify the major regions in which top players have significant presence.
• To identify the growth drivers of the market.
• To forecast the global market share of industry and production of alumina up to 2030.

4.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a way to describe a researcher’s intended research process using their
approach. A methodology explains how a researcher will conduct the study in order to get
accurate, legitimate data that meet their goals and objectives.
The chapter discusses the research methodology that is employed during the research process.
Also, how the final research findings will be attained in accordance with accomplishing the
study's objective. In this chapter, the author frames the research approach, research tools and
techniques, research methodology, data sources such as primary sources and secondary sources.

4.2.1 RESEARCH SCOPE

The research is based on widespread market analysis at global level which is further echeloned
to regional and country level.

4.2.2 DATA SOURCE

The study is intended to understand the market state in the upcoming five years and to identify
the major players. The data is collected through various secondary sources as well as primary
sources to deliver the most precise market predictions and research data information to develop
the unmatched industry knowledge. Also, taking into account the accomplishment of the
intended objective.

27 | P a g e
 4.2.3 SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data is any information collected form pre-existing sources. In-depth surveys and
trade publications are used to collaborate on technical facts and trends. The dynamics of the
industry and market trends are assessed from reliable sources. Data is accumulated through
government sources and corporate filings including annual reports, investors presentations,
white papers, news releases, and others.

4.2.4 PRIMARY DATA

Primary data are collected directly by the researcher through telephonic conversation and
LinkedIn with industry experts such as sales representatives, suppliers, and other market
players.

4.2.5 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

MS Excel is used for this study to identify the market share and the major players of the aircraft
sensors market.
For interpretation, opinion from experts in this industry is considered.

28 | P a g e
 CHAPTER V
ANALYSIS AND DATA INTERPRETATION

29 | P a g e
5.1 MAJOR PLAYERS AND THEIR MARKET SHARES

MARKET SHARE

24%
27%

2%

3%

21%
7%

16%

Aluminium Corporation of China Limited J.M. Huber Corporation

Sumitomo Chemical's Aditya Birla Management Corporation Pvt ltd
Alcoa Corporation Nabaltec AG
Others

Given the Big players controlling the majority of market shares, the market is fairly
concentrated. Major players are using a variety of tactics to enter, create, test, and introduce
more efficient products.
The top six players of Aluminum Tri Hydrate market are, Aluminum Corporation of China
Limited, J.M. Huber Corporation, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd, Aditya Birla Management
Corporation Pvt Ltd, Alcoa Corporation, Nabaltec AG.
These players hold 73% of the global Aluminum Tri Hydrate market. The major market
participants have adopted a number of contracts, partnerships, agreements, acquisitions, joint
ventures, and new product launches as significant strategies.

30 | P a g e
 5.2 GLOBAL SEGMENT MARKET SHARE
5.2.1 Application Type:

MARKET SHARE
40.00% 36.76%
35.00%
30.00% 25.00%
PERCENTAGE

25.00%
20.00%
14.70% 13.23%
15.00% 10.29%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
Non Ferric Flame FRP SMC DMC
alum Retardent
APPLICATION

Five types of ATH (On basis of application) are considered for this study, they are, Non-Ferric
Alum, Flame Retardant, FRP (Fibre-reinforced polymer), SMC (Sheet moulding compound),
DMC (Dimethyl carbonate). FRP (Fibre-reinforced polymer) is the dominated ATH type in
the global market with 36.76%. Flame Retardant is the second largest ATH type in the global
market. DMC (Dimethyl carbonate) has the least market share with 10.29%.

5.2.2 Byproducts Application Type:

MARKET SHARE
40.00%
35.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
PERCENTAGE

25.00% 23.00%

20.00% 17.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
ALUMINIUM POLY ALUMINIUM ALUMINIUM ACTIVATED
SULPHATE CHLORIDE FLUORIDE ALUMINA
BYPRODUCTS

Aluminum Sulphate, Poly Aluminum Chloride, Aluminum Fluoride, Activated Alumina are
some of the Biproducts application types. Activated Alumina is the major Biproducts
application type of holding 35.28% of the market followed by Aluminum Fluoride with 24.25%
and Aluminum Sulphate capturers minor sector of Biproducts application type with 17.21%.

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5.2.3 ATH Market Share (Global):
MARKET REGION
OCEANIA
1% AFRICA
1%
N.AMERICA
23%

ASIA
S.AMERICA 45%
4%

EU 27
22% OTHER EUROPE
4%

Asia has shown the largest annual increase in consumption of ATH, driven largely by the
increased industrial consumption especially in China and India with 45% market share global.
Whereas Africa and Oceania have the least market share with 1-1% each.

5.2.4 Top 10 ATH Production Country Across world:

Iceland
United States
Norway
Australia
COUNTRY

Bahrain
United Arab Emirates
Canada
Russia
India
China

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
MILLIOM (MT)

These are top 10 ATH Production countries in globe:

1.China: 40 million MT (highest), 2. India: 4.5 million MT, 3. Russia: 3.7 million MT, 4.
Canada: 3 million MT, 5. United Arab Emirates: 2.7 million MT, 6. Bahrain: 1.6 million MT, 7.
Australia: 1.5 million MT, 8. Norway: 1.4 million MT, 9. United States: 860,000 MT, 10.
Iceland: 750,000 MT (lowest).

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5.2.5 State-wise ATH consumer in India:

MADHYA PRADESH
others(south
2% UTTAR PRADESH CHHATTISGARH
telangna,hyderabad,
3% 3%
bihar)
17% WEST BENGAL
5%

ODISHA
1%
DELHI(PUNJAB&HARYANA)
7%

PERCENTAGE

MAHARASHTRA GUJRAT
21% 40%

RAJASTHAN
1%

For ATH, Gujrat is dominant in India of all other state with 40% customer, whereas Rajasthan
and Odisha have least dominant with 1% customer in India.
5.2.5 Top 5 Company Market capture in percentage (ATH) in India:

Market capture
40%
35% 38%
30%
PERCENTAGE

25%
27%
20%
15%
17%
10%
12% 3%
5% 2%
0%
NALCO HINDALCO CREDO PIONEER ALUMINIUM OTHERS
CHEMICAL
COMPANY

In India Nalco has the highest market capture with 38% and other players has the lowest market
capture with 2%.

NALCO: National Aluminum Company Limited

HINDALCO: The Hindustan Aluminum Corporation Limited
GCACL: Gujarat Credo Alumina Chemicals ltd.
PAIL: Pioneer Aluminum Industries Limited.
ACC: Alumina Chemicals & Castable (MUMBAI)
33 | P a g e
5.3 PREDICTION AND FORECAST:

ATH market
2.29 2.38
2.5 2.2
2.11
1.93 2.02
2 1.75 1.84
1.66
BILLION(USD)

1.5

0.5

0
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
YEAR

ATH market

Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) Market Size was valued at USD 1.57 billion in 2021. The
aluminum trihydrate (ATH) market industry is projected to grow from USD 1.66 Billion in 2022
to USD 2.38 billion by 2030, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.58%
during the forecast period (2023 - 2030). Growing demand for flame retardants across major
industries and surging use of the product in the paints and coatings industry are driving the
market growth. The inclusion of ATH in FRP production helps to minimize smoke generation
rate as it tends to absorb maximum amount of heat as a result of endothermic reaction. Nontoxic
formulation, precise content, long storage life, white powder form, free flow quality and low
price are the key attributes of this chemical.
The global demand for alumina has witnessed significant growth over the years, driven by its
widespread use in industries such as transportation, construction, packaging, and electrical
engineering. As a result, assessing the adequacy of bauxite reserves and identifying potential
supply constraints are crucial for meeting the escalating demand. In addition to bauxite reserves,
market reserves for aluminum also include existing inventories of refined aluminum. These
inventories play a crucial role in balancing supply and demand fluctuations and act as a buffer
during periods of disruption or volatility in production. Tracking the levels of refined aluminum
inventories and understanding their distribution across regions provide valuable insights into
market stability and the potential for short-term adjustments in supply. Factors such as economic
growth, technological advancements, environmental regulations, and geopolitical developments
significantly influence the market reserves for aluminum. Economic growth, particularly in
emerging markets, drives the demand for aluminum, necessitating the evaluation of bauxite
reserves to support future production capacities. Technological advancements, such as improved
extraction techniques and recycling technologies, impact the availability and utilization of
aluminum reserves.

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5.4 GROWTH DRIVERS
5.4.1 Driver 1: GROWING DEMAND FOR FLAME RETARDANTS ACROSS MAJOR
INDUSTRIES

14

12

10
BILLION(USD)

6 11.4 12
10.4 10.8
9.2 9.8
4 8.1 8.5
7.6

0
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
YEAR

The Global Flame-Retardant Market size was valued at USD 7.6 Billion in 2022 and is expected
to reach USD 12 billion in 2030 growing at a CAGR of 5.21% during the forecast period of
2023-2032. Chemicals called flame retardants are added to combustible materials like textiles,
plastics, and coatings to either stop a fire from starting or slow it down. They are a variety of
chemicals with various physical and chemical properties and molecular structures. Growing
demand for non-halogenated flame retardants over halogenated flame retardant across industries
is a factor driving the growth of the alumina trihydrate market. The increasing incidence of fire
accidents drives the demand for alumina trihydrate as a flame retardant.
5.4.2 DRIVER 2: INCREASED IN FIBRE-REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP):

Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) MARKET SIZE

60

50 53.5
51.2
48.66
40 46.3
BILLION(USD)

44.6
39.2 41.3
37.6
30 35.2

20

10

0
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
YEAR

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Market Size was valued at USD 35.2 Billion in 2022.
The Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Market industry is projected to grow from USD
37.6 Billion in 2023 to USD 53.8 Billion by 2030, exhibiting a compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 4.83% during the forecast period (2023 - 2032).
35 | P a g e
5.4.3 DRIVER 3: INCREASE IN UTILIZATION AND RISING DEMAND FOR
CATALYSTS

Global Catalyst Market

40

35

30 33.4
32.2
30.1 30.9
29.1
BILLION(USD)

25 27.8
25.4 26.4
24.4
20

15

10

0
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
YEARS

There is a growing demand for catalysts in many eases of application, including chemical
synthesis, petroleum refinery, polymers, petrochemicals, and environmental, and drives the need
for process optimization, yield improvement, and cost savings. Furthermore, ecological catalysts
can help manufacturers comply with all mandates regarding NOx and Sox, as well as carbon
dioxide emissions. The global catalyst market size was valued at USD 24.4 Billion in 2022, and
it is expected to grow to USD 33.4 Billion in the forecast period 2023-2030 with an anticipated
CAGR of 3.5%.

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 CHAPTER VI
RESULTS AND FINDINGS

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RESULTS AND FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
• The finding of the study id that the market is highly concentrated with major 6 players.

• Aluminum Tri hydroxide (ATH) is a low-cost, inert, odourless filler powder than can be
used to bulk-out, reduce shrinkage, add weight and add fire retardancy to casting resins
including polyurethane, epoxy and polyester.

• Alumina trihydrate (ATH) is commonly used in powder coatings to facilitate transfer of

the heat to the substrate.

• By 2030, the market is anticipated to grow to USD 2.38 billion.

• Most of the consumer in India for ATH is in Gujrat with 40% of customer.

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 CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSION

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 CONCLUSION
The purpose of this study is to understand the past, present, and future scenario of ATH and
Products developed from ATH to sell in the market. The study provides information on the
major industry growth factors and key market drivers for ATH global market. Also, depicts
the current trends and future estimations.
The aim of studying different products developed by aluminum and aluminum trihydrate can
vary depending on the specific research objectives and context. However, the general aims of
such studies can include the following:

1. Characterization and Understanding: The aim is to thoroughly characterize the properties,

behaviour, and performance of various aluminum-based products and aluminum trihydrate
compounds. This involves examining their physical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal
properties, as well as understanding their behaviour under different environmental conditions
and in specific applications.

2. Performance Optimization: The aim is to optimize the performance of aluminum-based

products and aluminum trihydrate compounds for specific applications. This involves
identifying and analysing factors that affect product performance, such as alloy composition,
processing techniques, surface treatments, and additives. By understanding these factors,
researchers can propose improvements and modifications to enhance the performance,
durability, and efficiency of the products.

3. Application Development: The aim is to explore and develop new applications for
aluminum-based products and aluminum trihydrate compounds. This involves studying their
unique properties and characteristics and identifying potential areas where these materials can
be utilized effectively. The aim is to expand the range of applications, improve existing
processes, and explore innovative solutions in industries such as construction, transportation,
packaging, electronics, and fire safety.

4. Sustainability and Environmental Impact: The aim is to evaluate the sustainability and
environmental impact of aluminum-based products and aluminum trihydrate compounds
throughout their life cycle. This involves assessing factors such as raw material sourcing,
energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, recyclability, and waste management. The
aim is to identify opportunities to reduce the environmental footprint and promote sustainable
practices in the production, use, and disposal of these materials.

5. Safety and Regulatory Compliance: For studies focusing on aluminum trihydrate

compounds, the aim is to investigate their flame-retardant properties and assess their
effectiveness in enhancing fire safety. This involves understanding the mechanisms of flame
retardancy, evaluating the performance of aluminum trihydrate-based materials in various fire
scenarios, and ensuring compliance with relevant safety standards and regulations. Overall,
the aim of studying different products developed by aluminum and aluminum trihydrate is to
advance knowledge, promote innovation, improve performance, and contribute to sustainable
and safe practices in various industries.

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 CHAPTER VIII
LIMITATIONS

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 LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY
• Limited period is taken for this study leading to inaccuracy of data.

• The outcome if this study may be inaccurate as it is dependent on the opinion of the
industry players and representatives, the results based on their opinion may be
ambiguous.

• Reluctancy of industry representatives of provide information about the market, which

can affect the outcome of the study.

• This study is not backed by any state of art tools or software and the results are only
derived by using MS Excel. Data outsourcing partner Want Stats Research and media
Pvt Ltd., Source: https://www.marketresearchfuture.com.

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 CHAPTER IX
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFRENCES

1. Review on alumina trihydrate precipitation mechanisms and effect of Bayer impurities

on hydrate particle growth rate.by Rohit Sonthalia, Pavan Behara, T. Kumaresan
2. Scope and Potential of Indian Aluminum Industry: An In-depth Analysis.by Sunildro
L.S. Akoijam
3. Future Of Aluminum Industry in India By Saswat Satchidananda
4. Effect of aluminum trihydrate as flame retardant on properties of a thermoplastic rubber
nanocomposite: Effect of Aluminum Trihydrate as Flame Retardant. By M. A. Khattab,
Wagih A. Sadik, Feteha Feteha, Elsayed Abdel Bary
5. Investigation of the Performance of ATH Powders in Organic Powder Coatings by
Weihong Li, Diego Cárdenas Franco, Marshall Shuai Yang, Xinping Zhu, Haiping
Zhang, Yuanyuan Shao, Hui Zhang and Jingxu Zhu.
6. Surface treating aluminum trihydrate powders with prehydrolized silane. By William E.
Horn, Jr. Willy M. Balaba Anthony A. Parker
7. Surface modification of nano-aluminum trihydrate (ATH) and its flame-retardant
application with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)by Z Wang, F Guo, J Chen
8. Thermal stability and oil absorption of aluminum hydroxide treated by dry
modification with different modified By ZHOU Xiang-yang, LI Chang-lin, HUO Deng-
wei, LI Jie, WU Shang-yuan
9. Aluminum Trihydrate: A Powerful Additive for Track and Flame Retardancy of
Reinforced Plastics By T. O. Bautista
10. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of High Purity Hydrate and Alumina By Suchita
Rai, M. J. Chaddha, M.T. Nimje, K. J. Kulkarni, A. Agnihotri

44 | P a g e
 CHAPTER IX
ANNEXURE

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 Weekly Progress Report IIP

School of Commerce Management & Research

Week Number: 1

Day Summary of Activity Performed

Monday Training

Tuesday Training

Wednesday Training

Thursday Allotment of topic: Market definition/understanding

Friday Market segmentation/Research

Saturday Market segmentation/Research

Seal & Signature of Company

Signature of Student

Guide
Remarks from the Company Guide:

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 Weekly Progress Report IIP

School of Commerce Management & Research

Week Number: 2

Day Summary of Activity Performed

Monday Identifying key players of the market

Tuesday Product Research

Wednesday Product Research

Thursday Product Research

Friday Product slide preparation

Saturday Product slide preparation

Seal & Signature of Company

Signature of Student

Guide
Remarks from the Company Guide:

47 | P a g e
 Weekly Progress Report IIP

School of Commerce Management & Research

Week Number: 3

Day Summary of Activity Performed

Monday Biproduct Analysis

Tuesday Biproduct Analysis

Wednesday Biproduct Analysis

Thursday Product mapping

Friday Product mapping

Saturday Product mapping

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Guide
Remarks from the Company Guide:

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 Weekly Progress Report IIP

School of Commerce Management & Research

Week Number: 4

Day Summary of Activity Performed

Monday Product mapping

Tuesday Product mapping

Wednesday Product mapping

Thursday Supply side estimation

Friday Contact list excel sheet preparation

Saturday Contact list excel sheet preparation

Signature of Student
Seal & Signature of Company
Guide
Remarks from the Company Guide:

49 | P a g e
 Weekly Progress Report IIP

School of Commerce Management & Research

Week Number: 5

Day Summary of Activity Performed

Monday Contact list

Tuesday Contact list

Preparation of
Wednesday
excel sheet

Preparation of
Thursday
excel sheet

Discussion with
Friday
guide

Saturday scrutiny of data

Signature of Student Seal & Signature of Company

Guide
Remarks from the Company Guide:

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 THIS PROJECT REPORT IS THE PROPERTY OF
SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH,
ITM UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR (CHHATTISGARH), INDIA.

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