CHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND THEORY

A curtain controller is a performance or performer that opens a show or event for the
main attraction. Automatic curtain controller is used to control up to two curtains for
opening ceremony. The controller will open or close curtains depending upon
requirements. Open and close times of the curtain controller can be adjusted by using
relay module. This system is typically powered by a DC gear motor. It is also
convenient and easy to use.

2.1 Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hard-
ware and software. It is intended for anyone making interactive projects. The
Arduino board is the physical platform that contains a microcontroller, which acts as
the brain of project. Arduino software is an integrated development environment
called IDE through which developers write and upload the code to the
microcontroller. The IDE application suitable for different operating systems such as
Windows, Macs OSX and Linux. The Arduino board enables developers to feed the
program in the simplified version of the C++ language, making it easier for them to
learn and code. There are three main types of Arduino pins: digital pins, analog pins
and power pins.
Digital pins can be configured as either input or output. They operate at two
voltage levels, typically 0V (LOW) and 5V (HIGH) and can be used for tasks like
reading switches, controlling LEDs and more. Analog Pins are used specifically for
analog input. They can read voltages between 0V and 5V and convert them into
digital values allowing the Arduino to measure analog sensor such as light sensors,
temperature sensors, etc. Power Pins provide power to the Arduino board and external
components. They include VCC, SV, ground called GND pin and sometimes input
voltage. They are crucial for powering sensors, actuators and other peripherals
connected to the Arduino. These three types cover the primary functions needed for
most Arduino projects combining digital and analog input/output with power
distribution.
Arduino boards are widely used in robotics embedded system, automation,
Internet of Things (IOT) and electronic projects. These boards were initially
introduced for students and non-technical users but nowadays Arduino boards are
widely used in industrial projects, and other applications of the electronics area.

2.1.1 Types of Arduino boards

The list of Arduino boards includes the following such as
 Arduino Uno
 Arduino Nano
 Arduino Micro
 Arduino Due
 Arduino Mega
 Arduino Leonardo
 Arduino Pro
 Arduino Zero
 Arduino Diecimila
 Arduino Ethernet

2.1.2 Arduino UNO

Figure 2.1 Arduino UNO

 The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328p
microcontroller. It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack and a rest button. It is programmed based on
IDE, which stands for Integrated Development Environment. It includes everything
required to hold up the microcontroller; simply attach it to a PC with the help of USB
cable and give the supply to get started with on AC-to-DC adapter or battery. Arduino
Uno is the most frequently used board and it is the standard form apart from all
existing Arduino Boards. The Arduino Uno board is shown in Figure 2.1.

Table 2.1 Technical specification of Arduino UNO

Name Specification of Arduino Uno

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage(recommended) 7-12 V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20 V
DIGITAI I/O Pins 14
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current I/O Pin 10 mA
DC Current for 3.3 Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHZ
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g

2.1.3 Arduino Micro

Figure2.2Arduino Micro
 The Arduino Micro is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32U4
(data sheet), developed in conjunction with Adafruit. It has 20 digital input/output
pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a 16 MHZ
crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, an ICSP header and a rest button. The
Arduino Micro board is shown in Figure 2.2.

2.1.4 Arduino Mega

The Arduino Mega is similar to the UNO’s big brother. It includes lots of
digital I/O pins (from that 14-pins can be used as PWM o/ps), 6-analog inputs, a reset
button, a power jack, a USB connection and a reset button. It includes everything
required to hold up the microcontroller; simply attach it to a PC with the help of a
USB cable and give the supply to get started with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery.
The Arduino Mega board is shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 Arduino Mega

2.1.5 Arduino Due Board

The Arduino Due is the first Arduino board based on a 32-bit ARM core
microcontroller. It has 54 digital input/output pins, 12 analog inputs. Unlike other
Arduino boards, the Arduino Due board runs at 3.3 V. The maximum voltage that the
I/O pins can tolerate is 3.3 V. Providing higher voltages, like 5 V to an I/O pin could
damage the board. The Arduino Due board is shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Arduino Due board

2.1.6 Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano is one type of microcontroller board, end it is designed by
Arduino.cc. It can be built with a microcontroller like Atmega328. This
microcontroller is also used in Arduino UNO. It is a small size board and also flexible
with a wide variety of applications. The Nano lacks a DC power jack and features a
mini-BUSD connector instead of UNO’s standard one. However, it retains similar
functionality. Its breadboard-friendly design makes it easy to use in DIY projects. The
Arduino nano board is shown in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5 Arduino Nano

Table 2.2 Technical specification of Arduino Nano

Name Specification of Arduino Nano

Microcontroller AImega328P (SMD)
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage 6V-20V (7V-12V recommended)
Digital I/O Pins 14 (6PWM)
Analog I/O Pins 8
Currnet Per I/O 40 mA
Flash Memory 32 kB (2kB used by Bootloader)
SRAM 2 kB
EPROM 1 kB
CLOCK 16 MHz
Dimensions 45 mm * 18.5mm
Weight 79
2.1.7 Applications of Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano is a very useful device that comes with a wide range of
applications and covers less space as compare to other Arduino boards. Breadboard
friendlly nature makes it stand out from other boards. The following are the main
applications of Arduino Nano:
 Engineering students’ Projects
 Medical Instruments
 Industrial Automation
 Android Applications
 GSM Based Projects
 Embedded Systems
 Automation and Robotics
 Home Automation and Defense Systems
 Virtual Reality Applications

2.1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Arduino Nano

The advantages of the Arduino Nano are significantly cheaper than other
Arduino boards, making it an attractive option for hobbyists, students and
professionals. The Arduino Nano is easy to use and requires no additional
components, making it a great option for beginners. The disadvantages of the limited
power supply options of the Arduino Nano may not be able to use all the input/output
and analog input pins on the Arduino Nano.

2.2 Motor
A motor is a rotating machine that transforms electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the
motor’s magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the
form of torque applied on the motor’s shaft.

2.2.1 Types of motors

There are generally two types of motors.
 AC motor
 DC motor
 Motor includes AC or DC varities which are further broken out by specific
special purpose electrical motors including gear motors, stepper motors and linear
motors.The AC and DC motor are shown in Figure 2.6 (a) and (b).

Figure 2.6(a) AC Motor Figure 2.6(b) DC Motor

2.2.2 DC Motor

A direct current (DC) motor is a motor that turns energy from a direct
current and turns this into mechanical energy. DC motors were the first form of
motors widely used as they could powered from existing direct current lighting power
distribution systems. The normal voltage for DC motors is typically either 12 or 24
VDC. There are many applications for DC motors that can be used robotics, electric
vehicles and some industrial machinery as well as household devices. DC motor can
be used as such places where speed control is required. That is why DC motors are
often used in trolleys, electric train production systems, elevators etc. Types of DC
Motor are shown in Figure 2.7.Some types of DC Motors are

 Brushed Motor
 Brushless Motor
 Stepper Motor
 Servo
 Spur Gear Motor
 Coreless & Coreless Brushless

Figure 2.7 Types of

DC Motor
2.2.3 Gear Motor
A gear motor is an electric motor coupled with a gearbox. In most cases, the
addition of a gear box is intended to limit the speed of the motor’s shaft and increase
the motor’s output torque. As a structure, the gear motor has two gears of the same
size, they run in opposite directions. The gears meet in the center of the housing,
where they compress the hydraulic fluid.
This creates a torque that is delivered via the output shaft of the motor.
External gear motors are characterized by a compact design and high power density.
The gear motor consists of only a few components. The housing is usually made of an
extruded aluminum profile, which is why the manufacturing costs of gear motors is
low. Electric gear motors are used in applications that require high output torque and
lower output shaft rotational speed, especially where space and available power are
limited. The structure of gear motor is shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8 Structure of gear motor

2.3 Sensor
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the
physical environment. The input can be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure or any
number of other environmental phenomena. It converts signals from one energy
domain to electrical domain. In the field of electronics, it is an input device that sends
data needed for controllers.

2.3.1 Classification of Sensors

In general, there are four types of sensor. These are active sensors, passive
sensors, analog sensors and digital sensors. Active sensors require an external power
source to function. They provide the majority of the output power of the signal. Some
of them are light sensors, sound sensors, pressure sensors and temperature sensor.
Passive sensors generate their own electric signal. There is no requirement for any
external power source. Hence, this sensor technology gather data by detecting
vibrations, light, radiation, heat or other phenomena. Some example of passive
sensors is thermal, photographic, Chemical, Electric field sensing and Seismic.

Analog sensors produce a continuous output signal or measurement. The

classification of analog sensors is the same as active sensors. The analog signals are
directly proportional to the measurement. They have infinite possible values within a
specific range. For instance, an analog sensors detecting changes in external
parameters like wind speed or light intensity can give an output anywhere between its
output range, like 0V to 5V.

Digital sensors are digitalized versions of analog sensors and they include
digital accelerometers and digital temperature sensors. Digital sensors are used in
systems where the presence or absence of something is being detected. Digital sensor
has a binary-based response. Some examples of devices with these sensors are push
buttons or light switch that indicate whether a device is on or off.

2.3.2 IR Sensor

The infrared (IR) obstacle sensor is used to detect the presence of any
obstacle in front of the sensor module by using the infrared signal. An IR sensor can
measure the heat of the object as well as detect the motion. The detection range is
from 2cm to 30cm. The detection range can be adjusted by a built-in potentiometer.
The IR sensor emits or receives infrared radiation and then translates it into an
electrical signal. The IR sensor is shown in Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.9 IR Sensor

Table 2.3 Different Types of Sensors and Their Uses
Some types of sensors Used for

1 Temperature sensor Controlling HVAC systems in homes and

offices
2 Proximity sensor Detecting objects in automatic doors

3 IR sensor (Infrared sensor) Remote controls for TVs and other devices

4 Pressure sensor Monitoring tire pressure in vehicles

5 Light sensor Adjusting screen brightness on smartphones

6 Ultrasonic sensor Parking assistance in cars

7 Smoke, gas and alcohol Detecting smoke and gas leaks in homes
sensor
8 Microphone (sound sensor) Voice recognition in smart speakers

9 Touch sensor Touchscreens on smartphones and tablets

10 Color sensor Color detection in industrial sorting

machines
11 Humidity sensor Controlling humidity levels in greenhouse

12 Position sensor Tracking the position of machine parts

13 PIR sensor Motion detection in security systems

14 Thermal sensor Temperature control in ovens

15 Chemical sensor Monitoring air quality

The fundamental operation of an IR sensor revolves around an IR LED and

IR Photodiode (usually phototransistor). The white LED is an IR LED which works as
the transmitter and the component next to the IR LED is a photodiode that works as
the receive in the IR sensor. This is collectively known as a photo-coupler. The IR
transmitter continuously emits the IR light and the IR receiver keeps on checking for
the reflected light. If the light gets reflected back by hitting any object in front it, the
IR receiver receives the light. This way the object is detected in the case of the IR
sensor. When the IR light hits the photodiode, its resistance and output voltage change
based on intensity. This change is what the sensor reads. The blue knob is a
potentiometer. IT can control the range. i.e. from how far you want to detect the
object by changing the value of the potentiometer.
An IR sensor also has two small LED indicators. One for power, which is ON
the entire time the sensor is ON. The other is the signal LED which detects the object.
The signal LED has two situations. ON (Active) when it detects an object. OFF
(Inactive) when it does not detect any object. The IR sensor is a digital sensor, the
output received from it will either be 1 or 0.1.
The applications across of IR sensor are various industries and scenarios,
including: Proximity Detection: They are used in proximity sensors for object
detection and obstacle avoidance in robotics, automation and consumer electronics.
Motion Sensing: IR sensors are utilized in motion detectors for security system,
automatic lighting control and occupancy sensing in buildings.
The temperature measurement is employed in non-contact temperature
measurement devices for industrial processes, medical devices and environmental
monitoring. The remote controls IR sensors are essential components in remote
controls for TVs, air conditioners and other electronic devices allowing user to control
devices wirelessly.

2.4 Relay
Electromagnetic relays are components that control circuits using an electrical
signal. They are used in applications where it is necessary to control on as more
circuits with electric supply circuits. The supply may as may not be isolated from the
circuits. A solid state is relay that does have a moving contact. In terms of operation,
SSR, employ semiconductors switching elements such as thyristors, triodes, diodes
and transistor. A thermal-overload relay is a relay designed to protect electrical
systems from overheated condition. It does not shut off power to the circuit but
instead senses. When the current has reached a high enough level and opens, allowing
the motor t continue to run.
A phase sequence relay is a protective relay. It guards a 3-phase device against
any potential damage due to sequence change. They are deployed anywhere with a
phase sequence change that can damage the device or circuit. A relay module is a
relay that’s been mounted on a board with other components to procured isolation and
protection. They are ubiquitous electronic components. Moreover, a relay module is
an essential electronic tool used in various devices to act as a switch between low-
powered digital electronics and high-powered devices.

2.4.1 Type of Relay Modules

 Distance relay
 Electromagnetic relay
 Solid state relay
 Automotive relay
 Reed relay
 Sequence relay
 Thermal relay
 Electromechanical relay

Figure 2.10 Relay

The benefits of using Relay Modules Interface Devices are the following. The
ability to control high-powered devices using low-powered digital electronics.
Versatility in bonding different types of input signals. Electrical isolation between the
control circuit and the load circuit enhanced safety and protection for sensitive
electrical components. The relay is shown in Figure 2.10.

2.5 Switch
A switch is a device which is designed t interrupt the current flow in circuit. In
other words, a switch can make or break on electrical circuit. Every electrical and
electronics application uses at least switch to perform ON and OFF operation of the
device. Energy conservation and safely operate equipment in homes, cars and work
places are managed by using switches.
2.5.1 Types of Switch
Generally, there are two types of switch that are used in an electrical circuit.
Electrical switches: These work under the influence of semiconductors. Mechanical
switches: These require manual contact with the switch for operation. Mechanical
switches are classified based on number of poles and throws. They are
 Single-Pole Single-Throw , SPST
 Single-Pole Double-Throw ,SPDT
 Double-Pole Single-Throw ,DPST
 Double-Pole Double-Throw ,DPDT
 Intermediate switch
Mechanical switches can also be categories on the basis of holding the current
state. Latch switch: hold its state (ON/OFF) until the new commands initiated this
switch. Momentary switch: hold the state only when the specific command is
presented only. Further momentary control switches can be divided as:
 Limit switch
 Push-button switch
 Toggle switch
 Pressure switch
 Float switch
 Temperature switch
 Rotary switch
 Joystick switch
Review: A switch is an electrical device, usually electromechanical, used to control
continuity between two points.

Figure 2.11 Limit Switch

A limit switch is an electromechanical device which is operated by a physical
force applied to an object. Limit switches are capable of handling high current values.
They detect if something is there or not, helping to keep the machine’s moving parts
from going too far. Limit Switch is shown in Figure 2.11.
 Push-button switches are two-position devices activated with button that is
pressed and released. Releasing them return to their original position. Push-button
Switch is shown in Figure 2.12.

Figure 2.12 Push-button Switch

The toggle switch is known as the ON/OFF switch, has two states, ON
(closed) and OFF (open). When pressed, the switch will toggle between these two
states, and the state will remain even when released. Toggle switches come in several
type, the SPST and DPOT, depending on the different needs of the application. We
often see fosse switches in homes as light control switches. Toggle Switch is shown in
Figure 2.13.

Figure 2.13 Toggle Switch

2.6 Universal PCB

Any circuit board utilized during the design for prototyping ideas and
validating system concepts is referred to as universal PCB. The creation of new
machines and gadgets that are PCB, compatible depends on the universal PCB. To
prevent waste of money and time, they are extremely important in assisting
manufacturers in perfecting the PCBs’ functionality before moving into mass
production. The production of standalone electronic device components is a
significant additional application for the prototype PCB.
 In contrast to the phenolic paper that emits brown color linked with the brown
PCBs, the majority are constructed of glass fiber. This is so that glass fiber can be
used, which is more economical and more durable. Holes of circuit boards are
frequently timed by some manufacturers to prevent oxidation and facilitate soldering.
The majority of universal PCBs include soldering pads for connecting components;
however some also have the spring terminals that are more suitable to hobbyist
projects than intricate designs. The Universal PCB is shown in Figure 2.14.

Figure 2.14 Universal PCB

2.6.1 The Structure of PCB

A basic PCB consists of a flat sheet of insulating material and a layer of
copper foil, laminated to the substrate. The surface of a PCB may have a coating that
protects the copper from corrosion and reduces the chances of solder shorts between
traces or undesired electrical contact with stray bare wires. For its function in helping
to prevent solder shorts, the coating is called solder resist or solder mask.
The pattern to be etched into each copper layer of a PCB is called the artwork.
The etching is usually done using photoresist which is coated onto the PCB, then
exposed to light projected in the patterns of the artwork. The resist material protects
this copper from dissolution into the etching solution. The etched board is then
cleaned. A PCB design can be mass-reproduced in a way similar to the way
photographs can be mass-duplicated from film negatives using a photographic printer.
One-layer, two-layer and four-layer are not the same in the PCB. Their “top” and
“bottom” may not seem like typical scientific terminology, but they are nonetheless
the official designations in the world of PCB design and fabrication.
2.6.2 Types of PCBs

 Single Sided PCBs

 Double Sided PCBs
 Multi-Layer PCBs
 Rigid PCBs
 Flexible PCBs
 Rigid-Flex PCBs
 High-Frequency PCBs
 Aluminum Backed PCBs

Single Sided PCBs are used in these projects. These are the basic type of
circuit boards, which contain only one layer of substrate or base material. Single sided
is called one-sided PCB. On one end of the substrate, a thin metal layer, usually
copper because it is a good electrical conductor, can be applied. When a protecting
solder mask often is placed on top of a copper layer’s peak, the finishing silkscreen
coat might well be applied to the top to identify the board’s components. Types of
PCB shown in Figure 2.15.

Figure 2.15 Types of PCB

This PCB has many circuits as well as electronic components on just one side.
This type of module actually works for the simple circuits; thus, beginners commonly
design and build such as board initially. Single-sided PCBs are widely used in camera
systems, calculators, power supplies, timing circuits, LED lighting boards and
printers. Single-sided PCBs are good for low-cost electrical or electronic circuit
realization.
Single-sided circuit boards are relatively simple when it comes to their design
meaning they require fewer resources and subsequently have a low density. This
combination allows for highly cost-effective and affordable manufacturing, as due to
their simplicity they can be produced at higher speeds in larger quantities with less
potential problems to encounter and without losing the high-quality performance ABL
strive to produce. Additionally, this means a shorter lead time for clients as these
boards can be produced at speed and in bulk with ease, compared to multi-layer. A
printed circuit board (PCB), also called printed wiring board (PWB), is a medium
used to connect or “wire” components to one another in a circuit.
Printed circuit boards are used in nearly all electronic products.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once
popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to layout the
circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Electronic design
automation software is available to do much of the way of layout. Mass-producing
circuits with PCBs us cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as
components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs can be
fabricated at the same time, and the layout has to be done only once. PCBs can also be
made manually in small quantities with reduced benefits.
Printed circuit boards have been used as an alternative to their typical use for
electronic and biomedical engineering thanks to the versatility of their layers,
especially the copper layer. PCB layers have been used to fabricate sensors, such as
capacitive pressure sensors and accelerometers, actuators such as microvalves and
microheaters, as well as platforms of sensors and actuators for lab-on-chip (LOC), for
example to perform polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fuel cells to name a few.

2.7 Power Supply

A power supply is an electrical device that offers electric power to an
electrical load such as laptop computer, server or other electronic devices. The main
function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the current
voltage, current and frequency to power the load. It could be AC to DC or DC to DC.
Consequently, power supplies are sometimes regarded as electric power converters.
Some power supplies are standalone and separated from equipment to be external
power supplies and other inside the device to be the device to be the internal power
supplies. The power source could be from electric power grid, which generally
provides AC, such as an electrical outlet and energy storage devices, which
commonly offer DC, such as solar power devices, batteries, generators or another
power supply.

2.7.1 12 V 5A Switching Mode AC Power Supply

The switch mode power supply (SMPS) is a common type supply used in
various electronic devices. It is a type of power supply that converts AC voltage to
DC voltage. It uses a switching regulator to control the output voltage and current.
This switching action allows the SMPS to be much more efficient the traditional
linear power supplies. SMPS power supply is widely used in electronic equipment
namely computers and several other devices that need an efficient and stable power
supply.
The basic switch mode power supplies (SMPS) are categorized based on
supply input and output voltage. The main four groups are:
 AC to DC – Off line DC power supply
 DC to DC – Converter
 DC to AC – Inverter
 AC to AC – Cycloconverter of frequency changer
The advantages of SMPS are the following.
 The switch mode power supply has a smaller size.
 The SMPS has light weight.
 Low heat generation in SMPS.
 Isolation from main supply.
 Strong protection function i.e., short circuit in output.
 High precision voltage regulation.
The disadvantage of SMPS is the following.
 The SMPS has higher output ripple and its regulation is worse.
 It has only one output voltage.
 Circuit level is more complex.
 Line filter is necessary to avoid EMT.
 There is no isolation between input and output.
  Radio frequency interference to the neighboring electronics circuits.
Battery based power supply is a third type of power supply and is essentially
a mobile energy storage unit batteries-to-power produces negligible noise to interfere
with electronics but loses capacity and does not provide constant voltage as the
batteries drain. A battery is DC power source with limited stored energy means it
requires recharging before reuse. A power supply may be AC or DC without concept
of energy storing. A battery with output most of the time a constant voltage. A battery
does not store electrical energy.

2.7.2 DC Power Supply

A DC power supply provides direct current (DC) voltage to power and test a
device under test such as a circuit board or electronic product. A DC power supply
typically sits on an engineer’s work area or bench and is often referred to as a bench
power supply.

power supply works by providing a regulated direct current to power a component,

module, or device. Most DC power supplies have two modes of operation. In
Constant Voltage (CV) mode, the power supply controls the output voltage based on
the user settings. In Constant Current (CC) mode, the power supply regulates the
current.
A DC power supply is easy to use. These instruments connect to a device
that’s being tested via leads front panel display, engineers can set voltages or current
levels to power the device for testing. A programmable DC power supply is used by
engineers to test a component, circuit or electronic device, such as IoT devices,
medical products, mobile phones and remote industrial sensors. The DC power supply
allows engineers to set and supply specific voltages to power the device to confirm it
is working as intended. A programmable DC power supply is a device that provides a
stable and adjustable DC voltage and current output. Unlike traditional power
supplies, programmable one allows users to set and control the output parameters
digitally.

2.8 Transceiver, NRF 24L01, Wireless Module

A device that can be both transmit and receive communications, in particular
a combined radio transmitter and receiver. In radio communication-on, a transceiver
is an electronic device which is a combination of a radio transmitter and receiver. It
can both transmit and receive radio waves using an antenna for communication
purposes. In wireless networks, transceiver modules are used to transmit and receive
data over radio frequency channels, enabling wireless communication between
devices.
The wireless communication module supports short message dual channel data
transmission and multi center data communication, has the function of collecting
serial device data and supports remote parameter settings and program upgrades. A
wireless network keeps devices connected to a network while still allowing them the
freedom to move about, unencumbered by wires NRF 24L01 is a radios transceiver
module used to send and receive data at ISM (industrial, scientific and medical)
operating frequency from 2.4 to 2.5 GHZ. This transceiver module is composed of a
frequency generator, best controller, power amplifier, crystal oscillator modulator and
demodulator. This module comes with the 2.4G antenna (2DB), with 250 Kbps
transmission rate on open air and it can reach the 800-1k meters communication
distance. In the transceiver mode, the NRF 24L01 module is used for long distance
and quick transmission of data using the SPI (serial peripheral interface) protocol.
The NRF 24L01 module provides a negative multi transmit and one receive
function, that is multiple senders can send to one receiver, but the maximum number
of senders is 6. The NRF24L01 can send up to 32 bytes of data in a packet.
NRF24L01 only supports 1Mbps and 2Mbps transmission rate and this is the remote
sensor base unit. The NRF24L01 is designed for operation in the world wide ISM
frequency band at 2400-2.4835 GHz. The NRF24L01 module has 5V tolerant inputs
which allows for direct connection of tolerant inputs which allows for direct
connection of SPI pins to MCU. Ultra low power consumption as low as 11.3mA
transmitting. In local area networks, the transceiver is a part of the network interface
card. It can both transmit signals over the network wire and detect electrical signals
flowing through the wire.

2.9 Magic Ball

Opening or resigning events are organized to launch the works or products
or business activities of the business. This is considered an important event for any
company. Therefore, businesses always try to organize these impressive events to
bring the most favorable and lucky start for your business.
 The LED magic ball has the ability to integrate text and images like a
miniature USB that will help the opening ceremony, product launch, contract
resigning ceremony, grand opening, ground opening, groundbreaking or inauguration
become much more spectacular. Available in many different sizes, it is very
convenient for installation and convenient to deliver. It has the ability to store and
display many animations, effects, as well as high resolution product and business
profile descriptions. The LED magic ball can easily change the content of images,
logos according to customer requirements. The LED light system moves continuously
at a very high speed ad creates images on the entire sphere.
Currently, at the opening events, the units often use LED magic balls to
replace the traditional ribbon cutting ceremony. The presence of a LED ball in the
event will help the ceremony be more modern and impressive. When the leaders start
on the podium of honor, the act of placing their hands on the LED magic ball will
show solidarity to create the strength and atmosphere for the ceremony. When the
illuminated LED magic ball combined with the strong applause of the attendees will
make the ceremony become more prominent.
The LED magic ball represents technology, integration, and development,
giving us a much more modern and newer feel than the complicated inauguration
ribbon. Therefore, it gradually replaced the traditional form of ribbon-cutting. The
LED magic ball system is a simple device but extremely effective to help businesses
impress attendees and create a more formal atmosphere.

2.10 Curtain
A curtain is a piece of cloth or other material intended to block light, air
draft or water. It is also the movable screen or drape in a theatre that separates the
stage from the auditorium or that serves as a backdrop/background.
The windows and doors were quite drafty and allowed freezing winds to
blow through. Homeowners started hanging large pieces of heavy fabric in front of
the windows to keep out the draft and the curtain was born. History states that the
earliest curtains were actually made from animal hides.
-Once the trend caught on, people started looking for ways to make these draft-
stoppers fashionable.
-Along came the advancements in textile production and a new generation of fabrics
took center stage.
-Linens and flax were first developed in Egypt.
-Later, wool, silk, and cotton were woven into fabrics that would change the course of
clothing and drapery forever.
 Different types of curtain are
 Single Panel
 Double Panel
 Decorative Side Panels
 Door Panels
 Sheer Curtain
 Light Filtering Curtain
 Blackout Curtain
The curtain known for filter light, provide privacy boost energy efficiency, and offer
UV protection.

2.11 Summary
This chapter is discussed about the background theory of the components. All
these components using in this chapter are described with appropriate figures. These
components work together to create an automatic curtain control system for opening
ceremony.