Chapter - 10

Human eye and colorful world

(weightage 4 marks)
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Introduction:
In this chapter we will study about the function of eye colors of
white light etc

Human eye:
The eyes are an important and one of the complex sensory
organs of the body it helps in visualizing the objects in the
presence of light, diameter of human eye is approx 2.5 cm

Diagram of human eye:

Parts of human eye:
cornea, iris, pupil, sclera, ciliary muscle, eye lens, retina,
aqueous humor, vitreous humor, optic nerve etc

Cornea:
Cornea is the outermost transparent layer of the eye its function
is to protect eye and refract the light entering in the eye

Iris:
Iris is a flat ring-shaped membrane it is the coloured part of the
eye it may be brown, blue, green, gray in color it control the size
of pupil

Pupil:
Pupil is a small black round opening at the center of the iris,
light enter in the eye through pupil, it is black because no light
reflects from it

Eye lens:
Behind the pupil there is a convex lens made up of protein it is
soft and flexible its main function is to converge light rays on
the retina to get the sharp image

Suspensory ligament:
Eye lens are held by suspensory ligament its one end attached to
eye lens and other end is attached to ciliary muscles it maintain
and support the position of eyeball

Ciliary muscles:
Ciliary muscles attached to the suspensory ligament its main
function is to make eye lens thin or thick while focusing a sharp
image on retina

Aqueous humor
The space between cornea and eye lens is filled with watery
liquid called aqueous humor

Function of aqueous humor:

It maintain the pressure needed to inflate the eye
It provides the nutrition for the central cornea and lens It also
drains out any excess material and waste from the eye

Vitreous humor:
The space between the eye lens and retina is filled with a jelly
like substance called vitreous humor

Function of vitreous humor:

Its main function is to maintain the shape of the eye and provide
nutrition and allow light to the retina

Retina:
Retina is a delicate membrane on which images are formed it
consists rod and cone cells

Rods and cone cells:

Rod cells are rod in shape present in the retina of an eye which
are sensitive to dim light and are used in night vision
Cone cells are cone in shape present in the retina of an eye
which are sensitive to bright light it detects colors

Optic nerve:
The optic nerve is a bundle of millions of nerve fibers that carry
visual messages from the retina to the brain

Blind spot:
A small area at the junction of optic nerves and retina there are
no light sensitive cells at this spot due to which no vision is
possible this is called a blind spot

Accomodation of eye:
The ability of an eye to focus the distant objects as well as
nearby objects clearly on the retina by changing the focal length
to make a sharp image is called accommodation of eye

Q. What is the range of human eye

Ans: We can see far objects at infinity and close objects at 25 cm
(4 diopters)

Q. Write the function of Iris and pupil

Ans: Iris muscles control the size of pupil
when light is dim iris expand itself so that pupil also expand and
more light can passes into the eye

when light is too bright iris contract itself so that pupil size also
contract and less light can passes into the eye

Q. Explain how human eyes work

Ans: The light coming from an object enters the eye through the
cornea and pupil then the eye lens converges these light rays to
form a real and inverted and diminished image on the retina then
light sensitive cells present on retina generate electric signals
and take these signals to the brain through nerves then brain
interprets what we are seeing

Myopia (shortsightedness)
In Myopia the image formed before the retina, a person cannot
see distant objects clearly but he/she can see the nearby objects
clearly

Q. What are the reasons of myopia

Ans: It happens due to the high converging power of eye lens
and due to the eyeball been too long

Q. How can we correct the defect myopia

Ans: We can use concave lens because it reduces the converging
power of eye lens

Q. Show the correction of myopia with the help of diagram

Ans:
Hypermetropia
(longsightedness)
In hypermetropia the image of nearby objects is formed behind
the retina, a person cannot see nearby objects clearly but he/she
can see far objects clearly
Q. What are the reasons of hypermetropia
Ans: It happens due to the low converging power of eye lens and
due to eyeball being too short

Q. How can we correct the defect myopia

Ans: We can use convex lens because it increases the
converging power of the lens

Q. Show the correction of hypermetropia with the help of

diagram
Ans:

Q. What do you mean by presbyopia

Ans: In old age ciliary muscles become weak and eye lens
become inflexible and due to this eye loses its power of
accommodation a person cannot see clearly nearby and far
objects this is known as presbyopia

Q. How can we correct presbyopia

Ans: We can use spectacles containing bifocal lens its upper part
consist of concave lens and lower part consist of convex lens
Q. What do you mean by cataract
Ans : In cataract eye lens become cloudy and person loses the
vision this happens due to old age or any injury in eye

Q. What
are the symptoms of cataract
Ans:
Cloudy blurred vision, poor night vision, color seen faded,
multiple vision etc

Q. How can we correct the problem of cataract

Ans:
By removal of cloudy lenses and insert artificial lenses at same
place with the help of surgery
Q. Why do we have two eyes for vision
Ans: One eye gives almost 150⁰ field view but both eyes give
180⁰ field view we can see wider area around us
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Refraction of light in prism:
A white light containing seven colors violet, indigo, blue, green,
yellow, orange, red known as VIBGYOR

Note:
light rays always bent towards the base of the prism

Q. What do you mean by dispersion of light

Ans: When white light is passed through a glass prism it splits
into seven colors is known as dispersion of light

Q. What do you mean by spectrum of white light

Ans: The bend of seven colors obtained on a screen when white
light passes through the prism is known as spectrum of white
light
Q. What is the reason behind the dispersion of white light
Ans: The dispersion of white light into seven colors because the
speed of different colors are also different for example speed of
red color is faster than violet color

Q. Explain how does rainbow produce in the sky

Ans: Each water droplets act as a prism and it disperse the white
light into seven colors and form a beautiful pattern called

rainbow
Q. Which color is most deviated
Ans: Violet
Q. Which color is least deviated
Ans: Red

Q. Define recombination of spectrum

Ans: When dispersion of white light recombines it becomes
again white light

Q. What is angle of deviation

Ans: The angle of deviation is the angle between the incident
ray and the emergent ray
Q. Draw a diagram showing all types of angles in prism
Ans:

Atmospheric refraction:
The refraction of light caused by the earth’s atmospheric layers
is called atmospheric refraction

Effects due to earth’s atmospheric refraction

Twinkling of stars
Early sunrise and delayed sunset
Sky appears blue or red Position of stars
Q. Are the stars really twinkling in the sky
Ans: Stars do not twinkle in the sky but they appear twinkling
due to atmospheric refraction of light

Q. Why do planets do not twinkle like stars

Ans: Stars have their own light but planets do not

Q. Why do stars seems higher than they actually are

Ans: Air higher up in the sky is rarer but that nearer the earth’s
surface is denser, the denser air bend the light more due to this
refraction of star light it appears to be higher position than they
actually are

Q. What is advance sunrise and delayed sunset

Ans: When sun is slightly below the horizon it appears to be
raised about two minutes earlier due to atmospheric refraction
same happens at sunset
Q. Why sky looks red at sunrise and sunset
Ans: At sunrise and sunset sunlight travels a longer path to reach
our eyes, blue color have shorter wavelength and it scattered
most and it disappear and red color have longer wavelengths and
more speed than blue it reaches to us so sky appears red at
sunrise and sunset

Q. Why sky looks blue at noon

Ans: At noon sun light travel short distance to reach our eyes
and blue color have shorter wavelength and it scattered the most
so sky looks blue at noon
Q. How sky looks above the atmosphere
Ans: It looks dark

Q. What do you mean by tyndall effect

Ans: Tyndall effect is a phenomenon in which light is scattered
by particles in its path, it can be observed by dust particles or
smoke particles in room, or when sunlight passes through
canopy of trees, or in colloidal solution etc