The composition of matter
Atomic structure
The periodic table of the elements
The chemical bond
Fundamentals of inorganic chemistry
Chemical reactions and stoichiometry
Solutions
Oxidation and reduction
Acids and bases
Fundamentals of organic chemistry
1
2
Atomic structure
1 An atom has atomic number x and a mass number of 2x + 6 How many neutrons are
in the nucleus of this atom? (2020)
A 6
B x–6
C x+3
D x+6
E x–3
2 An atom has a mass number of 18 and contains 10 neutrons. A common ion of this
atom has a charge of – 2.
What is the electron configuration of this ion in its lowest energy state? (2021)
A 1s2 2s2 2p2
B 1s2 2s22p6 3s2
C 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p4
D 1s2 2s2 2p4
E 1s2 2s2 2p6
3
79 −
3 Which of the following particles has the same number of neutrons as the 35𝐵𝑟 ion?
(2022)
𝟏𝟎𝟏 +
A 𝟒𝟒𝑹𝒖
𝟕𝟖
B 𝟑𝟒𝑺𝒆
𝟖𝟏 𝟐+
C 𝟑𝟓𝑩𝒓
𝟖𝟏 −
D 𝟑𝟓𝑩𝒓
𝟖𝟐
E 𝟑𝟔𝑲𝒓
4
The periodic table of the elements
4 Which of the following is the equation for the reaction of magnesium with excess cold
water? (2020)
A Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
B Mg + H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
C 2Mg + 2H2O → 2MgOH + H2
D Mg + H2O → MgO + H2
E 2Mg + H2O → Mg2O + H2
5 As Group VII of the Periodic Table (F to I) is descended, which of the following
properties of the elements DECREASE? (2021)
1 melting points
2 electronegativities
3 first ionisation energies
A 2 and 3 only
B 1, 2 and 3
C 2 only
D 1 and 3 only
E 1 only
5
6 Which of the following equations is associated with the first electron affinity of
chlorine? (2021)
A 2Cl–(g) – 2e– → Cl2(g)
B Cl 2(g) + 2e– → 2Cl–(g)
C Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g)
D Cl(g) → Cl–(g) + e–
E Cl–(g) + e– → Cl(g)
7 Which of the following lists the given elements in order of DECREASING first
ionisation energies? (2022)
[Atomic numbers: Li = 3; Be = 4; Na = 11]
A Be, Li, Na
B Na, Be, Li
C Be, Na, Li
D Li, Be, Na
E Li, Na, Be
6
The chemical bond
8 What does the formula Br2 represent? (2020)
A a compound of the element bromine
B two separate atoms of the element bromine
C a molecule of the element bromine
D a molecule of the compound bromine
E two bromide ions
9 Which of the following substances has the weakest overall intermolecular forces?
[atomic numbers: H = 1; C = 6; N = 7; O = 8; F = 9] (2020)
A H2O
B CH4
C HF
D NH3
E CO2
10 Which of the following molecules has a permanent overall dipole moment? (2020)
[C is in Group IV; N and P are in Group V; O and S are in Group VI; F and Cl are in
Group VII]
A NF3
B PCl5
C SF6
D CCl4
E CO2
7
11 At room temperature and pressure, which of the following substances has
the strongest hydrogen bonds between their molecules? (2021)
A trimethylamine, (CH3)3 N
B hydrogen sulfide, H2 S
C ethanoic acid, CH3 COOH
D fluoromethane, CH3 F
E propanal, CH3 CH2 CHO
8
12 Which row gives the correct shapes around the aluminium centres in AlCl3
and Al2Cl6 molecules? (2021)
[atomic numbers: Al = 13; Cl = 17]
A row 1
B row 3
C row 4
D row 2
E row 5
9
13 Which of the following substances in pure liquid form has/have hydrogen bonds
between their molecules? (2022)
1 H2 O
2 HF
3 CH4
A 2 only
B 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1 only
E 1 and 2 only
10
14 In which of the following does the central atom share all of its outer shell electrons?
(2022)
1 BF3
2 NH4+
3 CO2
[Atomic numbers: H = 1; B = 5; C = 6; N = 7; O = 8; F = 9]
A 1 and 3 only
B none of them
C 1, 2 and 3
D 1 and 2 only
E 2 and 3 only
11
15 Phosphorus is in Group V of the Periodic Table.
What is the shape and the bond angle for the PH4 + ion? (2022)
A row 3
B row 5
C row 4
D row 2
E row 1
12
Chemical reactions and stoichiometry
16 A sample of an oxide of iron contains 1.68g of iron and 0.64g of oxygen only.
What is the formula of this oxide? (2021)
[Ar values: Fe = 56; O = 16]
A Fe3 O4
B Fe2 O3
C Fe4 O3
D FeO
E Fe3 O2
13
17 Barium sulfate is insoluble in water.
Aqueous solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulfate are mixed.
Which of the following equations is the SIMPLEST ionic equation for the reaction that
occurs? (2022)
A Ba2+(aq)+2Cl–(aq)+2Na+(aq)+SO 2–(aq) > BaSO (s)+2Na+(aq)+2Cl–(aq)
4 4
B Ba2+(aq) + SO 2–(aq) > BaSO (s)
4 4
C 2BaCl(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) > BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
D BaCl2(aq) + Na2 SO4(aq) > BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
E 2Ba+(aq) + SO 2–(aq) > Ba SO (s)
4 2 4
14
18 A metal oxide, MO, reacts with sulfuric acid according to the following equation:
MO + H2 SO4 > MSO4 + H2 O
2.8 g of the metal oxide requires 25 mL of 2.0 mol L–1 sulfuric acid for complete
reaction.
What is the relative atomic mass (Ar) of the metal? (2022)
[Ar value: O = 16]
A 96
B 24
C 112
D 40
E 56
15
Solutions
19 Sucrose, C12H22O11, is added to water at 20 °C until no more sucrose will dissolve.
Four statements are made about sucrose and the solution that is produced:
1 A saturated solution of sucrose is produced.
2 The freezing point of the solution is 0 °C.
3 Sucrose is a non-polar substance.
4 Sucrose is the solute.
Which two statements are correct? (2020)
A 1 and 2 only
B 3 and 1 only
C 3 and 4 only
D 2 and 3 only
E 1 and 4 only
16
20 P, Q and R represent substances involved in a gaseous reaction.
The equilibrium constant (K c) and the sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction are:
Assuming that all other conditions remain constant, a change in which factor
results in an increase of the value of the equilibrium constant, K c? (2020)
A an increase in pressure
B use of a suitable catalyst
C a decrease in temperature
D a decrease in pressure
E an increase in temperature
21 40 cm3 of a solution of sodium hydroxide is exactly neutralised by 25 cm3 of 0.40 mol
L–1 sulfuric acid.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
What is the concentration, in g L–1, of the sodium hydroxide solution?
[Mr value: NaOH = 40](2020)
A 20 g L–1
B 5 g L–1
C 0.25 g L–1
D 10 g L–1
E 0.5 g L–
17
22 100mL of a solution contained 3.2g of potassium nitrate.
25mL of this solution was added to an empty 250mL volumetric flask. Distilled
water was added up to the 250mL mark and the flask was shaken to ensure that
mixing was complete.
A pipette was used to transfer 25mL of the resulting solution from the
volumetric flask to an empty conical flask.
What is the concentration of the potassium nitrate solution, in g L–1, in the conical
flask? (2021)
A 8.00g L–1
B 3.20g L–1
C 0.80g L–1
D 0.32g L–1
E 0.08g L–1
18
23 Which of the following changes is/are correct? (2021)
1 The addition of 1g of salt to 100g water will increase the freezing point.
2 A change in temperature from 150°C to 120°C will increase the
average kinetic energy of water molecules.
3 A change in the surrounding air pressure from 100kPa to 120kPa will
increase the boiling point of water.
A 2 only
B 1 only
C 1, 2 and 3
D 3 only
E 1 and 3 only
19
24 Equal volumes of liquids are mixed as the following pairs:
1 heptane and hexane
2 water and methanol
3 hexane and water
Which of the pairs form(s) a homogenous mixture? (2022)
A 1 and 2 only
B 3 only
C 1 only
D 1, 2 and 3
E 2 and 3 only
20
25 Hydrogen sulfide gas was shaken with a solution of sodium hydroxide in a closed
system. An equilibrium was rapidly established.
H2 S(g) + 2OH–(aq) 䳋 S2–(aq) + 2H2 O(l)
The experiment was repeated at the same temperature and pressure, but one
additional substance was added to the equilibrium mixture.
Adding which of these substances, on its own, will increase the number of molecules
of H2 S present at equilibrium? (2022)
1 hydrochloric acid
2 solid potassium hydroxide
3 sodium sulfide
A 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 2 only
D 1 only
E 1 and 3 only
21
26 Which of the following separation techniques can be used to obtain liquid ethanal
from an aqueous mixture of ethanol, ethanal and ethanoic acid? (2022)
1 filtration
2 fractional distillation
3 centrifugation
A 1 and 3 only
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 only
D 1 only
E 3 only
22
Oxidation and reduction
27 In which of the following pairs of species does the vanadium, V, have the same
oxidation state? (2020)
A VO2 and VO3–
B VO2 and V2O5
C VCl4 and VO2+
D VCl4 and VO3–
E V2O5 and VO2+
28 The general formula of an oxoacid is Hm XOn
Which of the following expressions gives the oxidation state of element X? (2021)
A m + 2n
B 2m – n
C n – 2m
D 2n – m
E m – 2n
23
29 In which of the following reactions does HCl act as a reducing agent? (2022)
A Zn + 2HCl > H2 + ZnCl2
B Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl > MgCl2 + 2H2O
C NH3 + HCl > NH4 Cl
D MnO2 + 4HCl > MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
E Al2 O3 + 6HCl > 2AlCl3 + 3H2 O
24
Acids and bases
30 X and Y are acidic solutions.
X has a pH of 2 and Y has a pH of 4
Which of the following statements about the hydrogen ion concentrations of X and Y is
correct? (2020)
A Y has a hydrogen ion concentration 2 times greater than X.
B X has a hydrogen ion concentration 100 times greater than Y.
C X has a hydrogen ion concentration 4 times greater than Y.
D Y has a hydrogen ion concentration 100 times greater than X.
E X has a hydrogen ion concentration 2 times greater than Y.
25
31 X is 50.0 mL of a 0.050 mol L–1 aqueous solution of nitric acid (HNO3).
Y is 100 mL of a 0.050 mol L–1 aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2 SO4 ).
Which of the following statements about these solutions is/are correct? (2021)
1 The hydrogen ion concentration in Y is four times greater than the
hydrogen ion concentration in X.
2 Only the acid in Y will be completely dissociated into ions.
3 Y has a pH value of less than 2 at 25 °C.
A 3 only
B 1 only
C 1 and 3 only
D none of them
E 2 and 3 only
26
32 Which of the following acids is/are weak? (2022)
1 H2 CO3 (aq)
2 HCOOH(aq)
3 HNO3 (aq)
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 3 only
E 1 only
33 0.365 g of hydrogen chloride is dissolved in sufficient water to make 10 litres of
solution.
What is the pH of the HCl(aq) solution formed, at 25 °C? (2022)
[Ar values: H = 1.0; Cl = 35.5]
A 1.0
B 0.01
C 2.0
D 4.0
E 3.0
27
Fundamentals of organic chemistry
34 Which of the following pairs of molecules are structural isomers? (2020)
A 1 and 3 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1, 2 and 3
D 2 only
E 3 only
28
35 Which of the following functional groups is present in cysteine? (2020)
A thiol
B ketone
C ester
D alcohol
E amide
29
36 Vitamin B5 has the structure:
Which of the following functional groups are contained in a molecule of vitamin B5?
(2021)
1 alcohol
2 aldehyde
3 amide
4 amine
5 carboxylic acid
6 ketone
A 1, 2 and 4 only
B 2, 4 and 6 only
C 1, 3 and 5 only
D 1, 3 and 6 only
E 4, 5 and 6 only
30
37 Which of the following hydrocarbons are structural isomers of hexane? (2021)
A 2 only
B 1 and 2 only
C 1 only
D 1 and 3 only
E 3 only
31
38 Consider the following general equation that describes one way of synthesising a
particular type of BIOFUEL, represented by Y.
X represents a neutral (uncharged) organic molecule involved in the reaction.
Which of the following statements about the reaction are correct? (2022)
1 Addition of an enzyme is an essential condition.
2 Y is an ester.
3 X contains an alcohol group.
A 1, 2 and 3
B 2 and 3 only
C none of them
D 1 and 3 only
E 1 and 2 only
32
39 Which of the following organic compounds are structural isomers of each other? (2022)
1 cyclohexene
2 methylcyclopentane
3 hexane
4 hex-1-ene
5 3-methylpent-2-ene
A 2, 4 and 5 only
B 1, 4 and 5 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1 and 2 only
E 2 and 4 only
33
1 D 21 A
2 E 22 B
3 B 23 D
4 A 24 A
5 A 25 E
6 C 26 C
7 A 27 C
8 C 28 D
9 B 29 D
10 A 30 B
11 C 31 A
12 C 32 A
13 E 33 E
14 C 34 A
15 E 35 A
16 A 36 C
17 B 37 A
18 D 38 B
19 E 39 A
20 C
34
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