Critical Path Mapping with Activity Network Diagrams

The activity network diagram is a method of displaying the timelines of all the various subtasks
that are involved in any project. By doing this, the total task duration and the earliest and latest
start and finish times for each task are also calculated and displayed.

In addition to showing which subtasks are critical to on-time task completion, the activity
network diagram can help determine where extra effort to speed a subtask will have the
greatest payoff to overall speed.

The activity network diagram has had a relatively long history, dating back to the 1930s. In the
1950s, the technique emerged as the Program Evaluation Research Technique (PERT) and as
the Critical Path Method (CPM). There are several ways to represent the output of the
PERT/CPM process.

Activity on arrows The method called the

activity-on-arrow or, more
simply, the arrow diagram will
be reviewed in this article. An
arrow diagram treats
numbered nodes as
instantaneous stop/start
points for activities. The
activities themselves are
considered to take place on
the arrows connecting the
nodes.
What can it do for you?
An activity network diagram can show you which activities or which series of activities is critical
to the timing of a more complex collection of interactive activities. This can be very helpful in
deciding where and when to apply extra energy to keep projects on time. Creating an activity
network diagram is time-consuming, however, so you should consider these questions before
you decide to create one:

1. Is the task a complex one with simultaneous paths that must be coordinated? Creating a
diagram for a relatively simple task may be a waste of time.

2. Are the durations of the subtasks known with relative certainty? If the actual timing of
events is markedly different from diagram times, it will have little value, and people will
dismiss the diagram as a useless exercise.

3. Are the task and the timing of the task completion critical to the organization? The effort
involved in creating a diagram should be applied to tasks that have little margin for timing
error and have either serious consequences if completion of the overall task is delayed or
large rewards if completion can be speeded.

Critical path mapping can be especially valuable in project bounding and in the measure and
improve phases of the Lean Six Sigma methodology.

Sequence of cards

How do you do it?

1. Assemble the right team. The team must have either personal knowledge of the timing of
all the subtasks involved or connection to that information. The team should include
managers and other employees as close to the actual situation as possible.

2. Identify all of the subtasks necessary to complete the overall task. You might use
brainstorming techniques or begin with a list of tasks from a previous project. Record the
tasks so that you can rearrange them. A good way to do this is to write each job on the top
half of a 3x5 card or Post-It™ note. (The bottom half of the card will be used for timing data
later in the process.)

3. Put the activity cards in the sequence in which they must be performed to complete the
overall task. To do this, create paths or strings of tasks that follow one after the other.
 These strings will often describe sequences of activities that occur in parallel with each
other. After all the activities are in some string or path of activities, create the overall
sequence by connecting the paths. These connections will show where jobs or tasks
require input from parallel sequences before the next task can begin. Feel free to add new
cards for missing tasks or to remove duplicates.

4. Assign time duration to each task or job. Write it on the bottom half of the card. Since you
will be adding these times, keep the numbers consistent. For instance, do not have some
cards showing days for completion, some showing hours and some showing minutes.
Select the Lowest Common Denominator.

5. Calculate the shortest possible time within which the overall task can be completed by
adding the times of each subtask to find the path of the longest cumulative duration. This is
the critical path. Knowing the critical path is important because this will tell if the time
objectives of the project are attainable. The critical path identifies those jobs or tasks that
have no slack. Each must be done on time if the project is to stay on schedule. The critical
path also identifies targets for improvement to increase speed. (If tasks on the critical path
can be speeded, the overall time to complete the project may be able to be shortened.
Remember, however, that if a task on the critical path is speeded up, a different path may
become the critical path.)

6. Calculate the earliest starting and finishing times and the latest starting and finishing times
for each job or subtask in the project. Begin at the start of the diagram. The earliest start
time for each job is the cumulative duration of all the previous jobs on that path.

The earliest finish time is the earliest start time plus the duration of that task. Repeat this
process for each job on each path until you reach the finish point.

Next calculate the latest start and finish times. Begin with the earliest finish time at the end
of the diagram. This is also the latest start and finish times is in a box like this:
 To calculate the slack time for any job or task, subtract the earliest start time from the latest
start time. All of the jobs on the critical path, by definition, will have zero slack time.
Remember that slack time is dependent on the time of completion of the previous job or
task. If some of the slack time in a path other than the critical path is used in an early task,
the slack times for the remaining tasks in that path will each be reduced by that amount.)

Note: A dummy is an
extra node symbol used
to clarify an activity
network diagram if one
node has more than one
job or task feeding into it
from one other node.
Since the diagram
cannot show two
activities coming from
one node and going to
another, a dummy node
is created, with zero as
the job duration shown
on the arrow connecting
them.

7. Review the completed activity network diagram with the people who will be doing the work
described by it. Consider any feedback. Expand or modify the diagram as necessary to fit
the actual situation.

Now what?
As a tool, the activity network diagram is like a time-map of any time-sensitive project. As you
are proceeding down the paths of the project, the map will help keep you on track. If you
should falter or wander off the path, the map can be used to help get you back on the critical
path. This description of the activity network diagram will help you to manually calculate and
construct a process map.
Automated tools, such as SigmaFlow, are also available. SigmaFlow produces other valuable
scheduling information, as well. Computer scheduling programs like SigmaFlow are able to
easily deal with complex processes, recalculating times whenever you modify the data.

A critical path map can help uncover opportunities for increasing speed. Used in this fashion,
critical path mapping is another tool to make the Lean Six Sigma method work smoothly. It is
important to remember, however, that these diagrams, whether produced manually or by
computer, are not intended to drive you, but to signal you if something is wrong.

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CPM/PERT
 Project

• “A project is a series of activities directed to

accomplishment of a desired objective.”

Plan your work first…..then work

your plan
Network analysis
Introduction

Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific

techniques which can be used for the planning, management and
control of projects.
One definition of a project:
“A project is a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a "unique"
product or service”
 • Developed in 1950’s
• CPM by DuPont for chemical plants
History • PERT by U.S. Navy for Polaris missile

CPM was developed by Du Pont and the emphasis was on the

trade-off between the cost of the project and its overall
completion time (e.g. for certain activities it may be possible
to decrease their completion times by spending more money -
how does this affect the overall completion time of the
project?)

PERT was developed by the US Navy for the planning and control of
the Polaris missile program and the emphasis was on completing the
program in the shortest possible time. In addition PERT had the
ability to cope with uncertain activity completion times (e.g. for a
particular activity the most likely completion time is 4 weeks but it
could be anywhere between 3 weeks and 8 weeks).
 CPM - Critical Path Method

• Definition: In CPM activities are shown as a network of precedence

relationships using activity-on-node network construction
– Single estimate of activity time
– Deterministic activity times

USED IN : Production management - for the jobs of repetitive in

nature where the activity time estimates can be predicted with
considerable certainty due to the existence of past experience.
 PERT -
Project Evaluation & Review Techniques
• Definition: In PERT activities are shown as a network of precedence
relationships using activity-on-arrow network construction
– Multiple time estimates
– Probabilistic activity times

USED IN : Project management - for non-repetitive jobs (research and

development work), where the time and cost estimates tend to be
quite uncertain. This technique uses probabilistic time estimates.
 Gantt chart

Originated by H.L.Gantt in 1918

Advantages Limitations
- Gantt charts are quite commonly used. - Do not clearly indicate details regarding
They provide an easy graphical the progress of activities
representation of when activities (might)
take place. - Do not give a clear indication of
interrelation ship between the separate
activities
 CPM/PERT

These deficiencies can be eliminated to a large extent by showing the

interdependence of various activities by means of connecting arrows
called network technique.

• Overtime CPM and PERT became one technique

• ADVANTAGES:
– Precedence relationships
– large projects
– more efficient
 The Project Network

• Use of nodes and arrows

Arrows  An arrow leads from tail to head directionally

– Indicate ACTIVITY, a time consuming effort that is required to perform a part
of the work.

Nodes  A node is represented by a circle

- Indicate EVENT, a point in time where one or more activities start and/or
finish.
 Activity on Node & Activity on Arrow

Activity on Node Activity on Arrow

- A completion of an activity is - An arrow represents a task,

represented by a node while a node is the completion
of a task
- Arrows represent order of events
 Activity Slack

Each event has two important times associated with it :

- Earliest time , Te , which is a calendar time when a event can occur when all
the predecessor events completed at the earliest possible times
- Latest time , TL , which is the latest time the event can occur with out
delaying the subsequent events and completion of project.

• Difference between the latest time and the earliest time of an event is the
slack time for that event

Positive slack : Slack is the amount of time an event can be delayed without
delaying the project completion
 Critical Path

• Is that the sequence of activities and events where there is no “slack” i.e..
Zero slack

• Longest path through a network

• minimum project completion time
 Benefits of CPM/PERT

• Useful at many stages of project management

• Mathematically simple
• Give critical path and slack time
• Provide project documentation
• Useful in monitoring costs
 Questions Answered by CPM & PERT

• Completion date?
• On Schedule?
• Within Budget?
• Critical Activities?
• How can the project be finished early at the least cost?
 example
Illustration of network analysis of a minor redesign of a product and
its associated packaging.

The key question is: How long will it take to complete this project ?
For clarity, this list is kept to a minimum by specifying only
immediate relationships, that is relationships involving activities
that "occur near to each other in time".
 Before starting any of the above activity, the questions
asked would be

•"What activities must be finished before this activity can start"

•could we complete this project in 30 weeks?

•could we complete this project in 2 weeks?

One answer could be, if we first do activity 1, then activity 2, then activity 3,
...., then activity 10, then activity 11 and the project would then take the sum
of the activity completion times, 30 weeks.

“What is the minimum possible time in which we can complete this project ? “
We shall see below how the network analysis diagram/picture we construct
helps us to answer this question.
CRITICAL PATH TAKES 24 WEEKS FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT
 Limitations to CPM/PERT

• Clearly defined, independent and stable activities

• Specified precedence relationships
• Over emphasis on critical paths