CDIN 4 – Traffic Pointers to review

 Arrest in Traffic
Traffic Arrest - is an enforcement action, which consist of taking a person into
custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law
violation before a court.
Arrest is made when the:
a. Offense committed is serious
b. Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation
c. There is reasonable doubt that the violator will appear in court
1. Arrest In Traffic
➢ Arrest can be affected even without warrant if the offense is committed in
the presence of an arresting officer.
➢ The officer making the arrest must intend to take the violator into custody
for the purpose of bringing him before a court
➢ Detention of the arrested person may take place.
➢ Officer making an arrest must act under legal authority when taking the
arrested person into custody.
➢ The person being arrested that he is being arrested.
➢ The purpose of arrest is to bring a suspended violator before a court to
answer a charge of violation.

2. Recording The Data Of Arrest

The officer or agency uses, the following information is necessary:
a. Date/time of arrest.
b. Place of arrest
c. The common name of the offense for which the person is arrested
d. The full name of the arrested person, his home address, his business
address and his telephone number.
e. Physical description of the arrestee, including his date of birth, nationality
and marital status.
f. Name of the witnesses to the arrest.
g. Name of the badge number of arresting officer

3. When Taking A Person Into Custody

a. Consider the possibility that the person you are arresting may attempt to
injure or kill you or escape in your custody.
b. Inform him that your are placing him under arrest.
c. Explain to him why your are placing him under arrest.
d. Reasonable search may be carried out in connection with the lawful arrest.

4. When Transporting Arrested Person

a. If your unit is equipped with radio, request for transportation unit and
maintain custody of your prisoner until it arrives.
b. Give instructions to transporting officer about the place where the arrestee
is to be delivered.
 c. Have the necessary information and instructions written out so that the
transporting officer will not commit error in the delivery
d. In certain conditions, direct the arrested person to drive his own vehicle to
your Headquarters and follow him with your police mobile. However, if the
driver is not in good condition or the vehicle is in bad shape, let some one
drive the vehicle to the Headquarters.

5. Warrantless Arrest Or Citizen’s/Civilian Arrest

Sec 5. Rule 113. Rules of Court - A peace officer or a private person may,
without a warrant, arrest a person:
a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit an offense:
b. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to
believe based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances that the
person to be arrested has committed; and
c. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped form a
penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or is
temporarily confinement to another

 Safety Campaigns
Safety Campaign - This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave
more safely. These basically focus on public information attitudes, and
particular or specific behaviors, or combinations of these. Road propaganda
may intend simply to inform or it may be felt that the public is already aware of
their recommended behavior by need to be persuaded into adopting it.
Safety Campaign Classification
1. According to purpose – maybe categorized as informational, attitudinal,
and behavioral.
2. Kind of Appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the public with
authenticated factual data.
Safety Campaign Design
➢ Initial Campaign Planning
➢ Final Campaign Design
➢ Campaign Evaluation

 Chain of events in a vehicular accident

a. Perception of hazard - is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the
usual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as sign of the
accident about to happen.
b. Start of evasive action - is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape
from a collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard.
c. Initial Contact - is a first accidental touching of an object collision course or
otherwise avoid a hazard.
d. Maximum Engagement - is greatest collapse or overlap in a collision, the
force between the traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at
maximum engagement.
 e. Disengagement - separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with
which it has collided, force between the object ceases at this time.
f. Stopping - is coming to rest. It usually stabilizes the accident situation.
g. Injury To Persons And Damage To Property

 Factors contributing to Accidents

1. Human errors include:
a. going too fast or excessive speed;
b. failing to give at junctions;
c. following too closely:
d. overtaking improperly; overtake on the left
e. misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;
f. intoxication of alcohol or drug; and
g. lack of skill
2. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors are:
a. poor design of layout and control at junctions;
b. inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting;
c. slippery roads, and
d. obstruction on the road such as parked vehicle, or going road construction.
3. Main vehicle factors are:
a. defects in tires, brakes, and lights;
b. absence or non- using of seat belts; and
c. poorly maintained motor vehicles.

 Terms to remember
1. Traffic - refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either
powered by combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another
for the purpose of travel.
2. Accident - is that occurrence in a sequence of events, which usually
produces unintended injury, death, or property damage.
3. Traffic Accident - an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic
way.
4. Motor Vehicle Accident - is any event that results in unintended injury or
property damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor
vehicle or its loads.
5. Motor Vehicle - is every device, which is self-propelled, and every vehicle,
which is propelled by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but
not operated upon rails.
6. Traffic Way - is the entire width between boundary lines of every way or
place of which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of
vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
7. Roadway - the portion of a traffic way that is unproved, designed or
ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the shoulder.
8. Key Event - an event on the road, which characterizes the manner of
occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident.
9. Debris - is the accumulation of broken parts of vehicles rubbish, dust and
other materials left at the scene of the accident by a collision.
 10. Traffic Unit - Is any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other
purposes as a pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or animal, which he
is using.
11. Hazards - A hazard is generated when a critical space-motion
relationships between a traffic unit and another object develops due to the
movement of either or both.
12. Safe Speed - The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or
the road and traffic situation ahead. The road rather than the particular driver
of a vehicle determines safe speed on the road.
13. Right of way
➢ is a strip of land that is granted, through an easement or other mechanism
for transportation purposes such as for a trail, driveway, rail line or highway.
➢ the legal right, established by usage or grant, to pass along a specific route
through property belonging to another.

 Three types of traffic island

Three Types Of Traffic Island
Channeling Island - Triangular in shape that can be seen at intersections
which used to separate traffic.
Rotary Island - A type of intersection that has a generally circular central
island. Entering traffic must typically alter direction and speed to avoid the
island, creating a circular flow in one direction. In most applications, traffic
circles replace the stop lights and traffic signs that regulate flow in other
intersections. Divisional Island - Intended to separate opposing flow of traffic
in a highway with four or more lanes. By thus dividing the highway into two
one way roadways, the head on collisions are eliminated and in general other
accidents are also reduced.

 Traffic enforcement - This pillar deals with the enforcement or implementation of

traffic laws, rules and regulations.
This involves the:
a. arrest
b. issuance of Temporary Operator's Permit (TOP)
c. inspection Report Summons,
d. warning of any person who is believed to have violated a law, ordinance, or
regulation pertaining to the use of traffic roads.
Agencies Responsible:
1. LTO ( licensing, registration and inspection)
2. Legislative bodies
3. Police Traffic Enforcement

 Types of Pavement Markings

1. Solid Yellow lines - separate traffic travelling in opposite directions.
2. Broken White lines - is used to define or separate traffic lanes. It permits
crossing from one lane to another if there is ample passing distance, and if the
opposing lane is clear of traffic.
3. Solid White Line – is used to separate opposing streams of traffic.
Crossing is unlawful except where ample distance exists and where the
opposing traffic lane is clear of traffic.
4. Solid Yellow Line at the left of your lane means it is unsafe to pass. ('A'
should not pass.)
5. Broken Yellow Line at the left of your lane means you may pass if the
way is clear. ('A' may pass if there are enough broken lines ahead to complete
the pass safely.)
6. Double Yellow Line – indicates two way traffic; were crossing of pedestrian
and motorist is not allowed. It separates the opposing flow of traffic.
7. Broken Yellow Lines – is a two way/highway which means no overtaking
or passing is permitted only when the road ahead is clear.
8. Continuity Lines - This are broken lines that are wider and closer together
than regular broken lines .
9. Stop line is a single white line painted across the road at an intersection. It
shows where you must stop. If there is no stop line marked on the road, stop
at the crosswalk, marked or not. If there is no crosswalk, stop at the edge of
the sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, stop at the edge of the intersection.
10. Crosswalk is marked by two parallel white lines painted across the road.
However, crosswalks at intersections are not always marked. If there is no
stop line, stop at the crosswalk. If there is no crosswalk, stop at the edge of
the sidewalk. If there is no sidewalk, stop at the edge of the intersection.
11. Pedestrian Crossover is marked by two white double parallel lines across
the road with an X in each lane approaching it, and overhead yellow lights.
Stop before the line and yield to pedestrians.
12. White arrow painted on a lane means you may move only in the direction
of the arrow.
13. Two solid lines painted - on the pavement guide traffic away from fixed
objects such as bridge piers or concrete islands. Yellow and black markings
are also painted on the objects themselves as warnings.
14. Two-lane One way street – both vehicles are traversing toward the same
direction
15. Two-lane Two way street – both vehicles are traversing on the opposite
direction
16. Four-lane Two way street – two vehicles are traversing toward the same
direction while two other vehicle are traversing toward opposite direction
separated by a solid line .
Curb - This pertains to the elevated part of the road which serves as the
edging of a street or a pathway.
Curb Markings -These are markings placed on the curbs or edges of the
traffic for restriction or for parking regulation purposes.
Object Markings - These are markings place on objects on the road or
beside the road like humps, rocks, or similar hazardous objects on the side of
the road. Reflectorized Markings - Gadgets designed to reflect and become
luminous when hit by vehicles light. Installed in middle or side of the
roadways.
 Traffic lights
TRAFFIC LIGHTS – This refer to any power operated traffic control device by
which traffic is warned or directed to take some specific actions. Traffic light
signals are used to control traffic at junctions and also to stop traffic to provide
safe crossing points for pedestrians.
• Steady Red - STOP at the designated line
• Steady Green - GO. Vehicles going straight have the right of way
• Steady Yellow - PREPARE TO STOP. Do not beat a yellow light.
• Flashing Red - Bringing vehicle to STOP at the designated line and proceed
only when clear.
• Flashing Yellow - Yield sign. Proceed through the intersection with caution..
• Flashing Green - Vehicles facing this signal are permitted to turn left or go
through while opposing traffic faces red signal..

 Traffic signs - Signages posted along the road used to convey information needed
by road users

 Protocol plate designations

1 President 9 Associate Justices, SC

2 Vice President 10 Presiding Justices, CA, SB
3 Senate President 11 COMELEC/ COA/ CSC
Commissioners
4 Speaker of the 12 Cabinet Undersecretaries
House
5 Chief Justice 14 Chief of Staff/ PNP DDG
6 Cabinet Secretaries 16 RTC Judges
7 Senators 17 MTC Judges
8 Congressmen

 General types of Driver’s License

1. Professional
➢ issued to an individual whose means of living is driving. Applicant must
at least be 18 years of age.
➢ renewable every 5 years
➢ issued to a driver for hire or paid for operating a motor vehicle whether
private use or for hire to the public.
➢ A student permit, or non professional drivers license that was issued 6
months before application.
➢ Must not have a record of 2 or more counts of driving recklessly during
validity.
2. Non-professional – issued to owners of privately owned motor vehicles or
those not for hire or paid for driving. Applicant must be at least 17 years of
age.
1 . At least 4 months old for conversion to professional driver’s license
 2. A valid student drivers permit that has been issued not less than 1 month
from the date of application.
3. Student Driving Permit – issued to an individual who desires to learn to
operate MV. Applicant must at least be 16 years of age.
1. At least 5 months old for conversion to professional driver’s license
2. At least 1 month old for conversion to non-professional driver’s license
3. Valid up to 12 months from the date of issue.
4. International Driver’s License
➢ Foreigners who are professional drivers may be issued NON-
PROFESSIONAL Driver’s License in the Philippines.
➢ Valid for 90 Days
➢ In the event that the applicant applies for a license or if his foreign license is
expired at the time that the application is filed, the applicant will have to
undergo both a written examination and actual road test.
Note: The Philippine International Driving Permit (PIDP) is issued by the
Automobile Association Philippines (AAP) to individuals who would want to
operate a motor vehicles in other countries. The validity of the PIDP is for one
(1) year. An applicant must be a regular license holder (Non-Professional /
Professional) before being able to apply for an International Driving Permit
 Administrative Order 84-AO-003
➢ provides the System of Operation in the monthly staggered registration of
motor vehicle.
➢ the last digit of the license plate determines the monthly schedule of
registration of the MV and the middle digit determines the working days within
the week when the MV Registration shall be renewed.

 Defenses in Imprudence Cases

1. Defenses In Imprudence Cases Accident – A justifying circumstance
where the accused is NOT criminally liable, but only civilly liable. The person
invoking this should have acted carefully & diligently, without violating any
traffic laws, rules and regulations.
2. Doctrine of the last clear chance – A driver who has the last clear chance
to avoid the accident but did not do his part to avoid it is liable for the resulting
injury and/ or damage to property.
3. Contributory negligence – A defense of the accused that due to some
negligence of the victim, the accident had occurred. The liability of the
accused is mitigated.

 10 commandments of Traffic
 1. Keep Right
2. Observe Road Courtesy
3. MV should not be parked near intersections, crosswalk, fire stations, fire
hydrant, private driveways
4. If in doubt, do not overtake
5. The bus stop rule
6. Rules to prevent or untangle traffic congestion or traffic jam
7. Observe traffic management measure
8. The Philosophy of a Pinoy Driver (Rotonda Rule or First come first served)
9. On Pedestrians – keep off roadway. Wait , embark and alight at bus or
jeepney stop
10. Remember the International Safety Reminder – SAFETY FIRST

 Kinds of Traffic Accidents

1. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident - is any motor vehicle accident occurring
on a traffic way.
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident - is any motor vehicle accident which
occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way.
3. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident - is any accident occurring on a traffic
way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not
involving a motor vehicle in motion.

 Causes of Traffic Accident

1. Direct Causes – the direct causes of an accident are observable by
witness and participants, or may be constructed from physical evidence found
at the scene. Since a direct cause relates to the action of the human part of
the traffic unit concerned it is a behavior cause. Usually only four direct
causes are considered in accident investigation;
a. Initial Behavior - Any movement, position, or failure to signal intent
to make a traffic maneuver that creates a dangerous situation and is either
hazardous, illegal, improper, or unusual may be initial behavior of a nature
justly term a direct cause of an accident.
b. Speed - Too fast for conditions is the direct cause of many accidents.
c. Delayed Perception - Is inattention to the major task of operating a
motor vehicle, and occurs when the driver is distracted by conversation with
other occupants of the car, lighting a cigarette or cigar, looking at a roadway or
the scenery, or glancing at occupants of nearby vehicles.
d. Faulty Evasive Action - Faulty evasive action always occurs after
perception and is the reaction of a driver or pedestrian to a hazardous
situation on the highway.
2. Mediate and Early Causes
➢ These mediate and early causes of an accident are also termed
condition causes in formalized accident investigation procedure. A mediate
cause of an accident occurs between the early and the direct causes in the
 time span leading to the accident, but it has a closer relationship to the direct
cause than to the early causes.
➢ A mediate cause should not be listed unless it explains the direct cause
of an accident. A mediate cause of an accident is an irregular or unusual
condition of a vehicle, the road, the weather, or of a road user (driver or
pedestrian) that explains on of the four direct causes of an accident: initial
behavior, speed, delayed perception and faulty evasive action.
3. Early Causes
➢ An early cause of an accident results from the act of any individual, or
the failure to act by any person, which creates conditions leading to the
chain of events making up an accident.
➢ An early cause of an accident has been defined as an act or
negligence on the part of an individual or an organization which causes or
permits a mediate cause to exist.

 Pavement Markings - It pertains to all lines, patterns, words, symbols, or other

gadgets except signs set into the surface or applied upon or attached to the
pavement or curbing or to objects within or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed
for the purpose or regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
➢ Pavement markings combine with road signs and traffic lights to give you
important information about the direction of traffic and where you may and may not
travel. Pavement markings divide traffic lanes, show turning lanes, mark pedestrian
crossings, indicate obstacles and tell you when it is not safe to pass.

 Traffic Island - A solid or painted object in a road that channelizes traffic. It can also
be a narrow strip of island between roads that intersect at an acute angle.
Painted Island - Islands that uses road markings only, without raised kerbs or
other physical obstructions.
Pedestrian Island - Also known as a refuge island, pedestrian refuge or
pedestrian island, is a small section of pavement or sidewalk, completely
surrounded by asphalt or other road materials, where pedestrians can stop
before finishing crossing a road. It is typically used when a street is very wide,
as the pedestrian crossing can be too long for some individuals to cross in one
traffic light cycle.

 Classification of International Traffic Signs

A. Regulatory/Mandatory Signs
➢ These signs are used to inform road users of certain laws and
regulations to provide safety and free flow of traffic. These include all signs
which give notice of special obligation, prohibition or restrictions with which
the road user must comply. The violation of these signs is a legal offense.
B. Warning/Cautionary Signs
➢ These signs are used to warn the road users of the existence of
certain hazardous condition either on or adjacent to the roadway, so that
the motorists are cautious and take the desired action. Some of the signs,
which fall under this category, are provided as follows.
C. Informatory Signs
 ➢ These signs are used to guide road users along routes, inform them
about destination and distance, identify points of geographical and historical
interest and provide other information that will make the road travel easier,
safe and pleasant.
 Traffic Patrol –
➢ May be conducted on area or line bases, which refer to the territory
covered. It includes, for enforcement purposes, stationary observation to detect
drivers' behavior as well as moving about to detect violators.
➢ Refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers and
other users of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement
and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public.

 Selective Enforcement
 Preventive

 Road Intelligence - Application of the knowledge acquired in road safety.

 Types of Stationary observation

Stationary observation may be conspicuous, visible, or concealed,
depending upon the location of the patrol unit in relation to the street under
observation.
a. Conspicuous Observation - Stationary observation in which observer
remains in full view of traffic conditions,
b. Visible Observation - Stationary observation in which the observer is in full
view but so located, so as to require effort on the part of traffic users to
discover the observer, for example, at side street.
c. Concealed Observation - Stationary observation in which the observer is
not visible to persons using ordinary power of observation form from the
roadway being observed.

 Traffic Economy
➢ This is the most recent pillar of traffic management which deals with the
benefits and adverse effect or traffic to our country. Traffic operation is
designed to expedite the movement of traffic. Traffic congestion adversely
affects the economic status of the commuting public.
➢ It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy.
Traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic. However,
with prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any given locality
adversely affect the economic status of the commuting public.
➢ One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil prices in
the world market.
➢ Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of travel but
the productivity of an individual as well

 PD 1181 (Clean Air Act)

 - Providing for the prevention, control and abatement of Air Pollution from
motor vehicles and for other purposes.
Section 1 - The purpose is to prevent, control, and abate the emission of air
pollutants from motor vehicles in order to protect the health and welfare of the
people and to prevent or minimize damage to property and hazards to land
transportation.
L.O.I 551 - directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the pollution
control program.

 Kinetic Energy
➢ It is an established fact that anything that moves possesses this kind of
energy. It is safe to conclude, therefore, that any energy of motion is
denominated as kinetic energy.
➢ To better appreciate its importance, a car traveling at higher speed
demands a period of time before it can totally stop, because the greater the
speed of moving object, the greater it is kinetic energy. Unless the driver is
conversant of the implication of this law of nature, he is at peril to meet an
accident on sudden brake.

 Kinds of road surfaces on curves

1. Crowned Curve - Is designated to better serve the drainage system but not
necessarily the safety factor, especially on high speed. The curve according to
studies, press the car against the road surface, in effect lessening the friction
between the tires and pavements.
2. Flat Curve - According to authorities it offers no resistance to skidding
onward, hence, dangerous at high speed.
3. Bunked Curve- Of the three, bunked curve is unquestionably the best for
the inertia of motion—it is counteracted by the nature of the road on the car.

 Pollutants caused by Motor Vehicles

1. Ozone - As a component of the photochemical complex, ozone is

considered to one of the most damaging air pollutants to vegetation. Ozone
produces a characteristics fleck of stipple on the upper surfaces of sensitive
plants. Prolonged exposure or high concentrations will cause complete tissue
collapse. 2. Peroxyacyl Nitrate (PAN) - PAN can produce the characteristics
systems of glazing or bronzing of the lower surfaces of the younger leaves of
sensitive plants. Even a low concentrations, i.e., 0.01 ppm for 8 hours, PAN
produces chlorosis and early senescence.
3. Hydrocarbons - Ethylene is the only hydrocarbon from vehicle exhaust that
is known to cause a variety of symptoms in many plants, including early
senescence, chronic injury, flower and fruit drop, and growth suppression.
4. Carbon Monoxide - The effects produced by carbon monoxide are similar
to those of ethylene; however, the concentrations must be very high.
5. Petrol Additives - Lead, nickel, boron and manganese are known to be
toxic to plants to accumulate in sufficient quantities. The additives may
 accumulate in plant tissue without injuring the vegetation, but they may prove
toxic to animals and human being who obtain food from these plants.

 Traffic Ecology OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

- The study with potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in
urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban
concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution
and crowding, especially transport congestion, which result therein.

 Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicle

1. COLOR - for example, red, black, etc.. When the vehicle has more than
one color, first give the color of the body and then the top, i.e., black body.
gray top
2. YEAR OF MANUFACTURE - learn to identify the year model of a vehicle,
i.e., "1996".
3. MAKE - Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Isuzu, etc..
4. BODY TYPE - Pick-up, wagon, 4dr sedan, truck, etc..
5. LICENSE PLATE NUMBER - city or province of issuance, letter and
number prefixes, i.e., AAA 450
6. OUTSTANDING FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES - "wide-bank racing
stripe", vinyl top, particular damage which are noticeable as crumbled fender,
damaged door, or cracked door.
7. UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE DRIVER OR PASSENGERS - clothing,
air, glasses, etc..
8. OUTSTANDING FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES - "wide-bank racing
stripe", vinyl top, particular damage which are noticeable as crumbled fender,
damaged door, or cracked door.
9. TINUSUAL FEATURES OF THE DRIVER OR PASSENGERS - clothing,
air, glasses, etc..

 Driver's side window Passenger's side window

 Rear of the vehicle
 Front of the vehicle

 Kinds of Traffic Enforcement Action

1. Arrest - It is enforcement actions which consist of taking person into custody for
the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before
a court.
Arrest is made when the:
a. the offense committed is serious;
b. detention is necessary to avoid continued violation; and
c. there is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in court.
2. Traffic citation - A means of having violators appear in court, without physical
arrest.
Kinds of which are:
a. Traffic Citation Ticket
 b. Temporary Operators Permit
3. Traffic warning - An enforcement action which does not contemplate possible
assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a results of warning alone.

 Sec 3, Rule 114

 Sec 4, Rule 113

 Sec 5, Rule 113

Sec 5. Rule 113. Rules of Court - A peace officer or a private person may,
without a warrant, arrest a person:
a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit an offense:
b. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to
believe based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances that the
person to be arrested has committed; and
c. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped form a
penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or is
temporarily confinement to another

 Sec 6, Rule 113

 Clerk of Court

 Process of TCT and TOP

Process of Traffic Citation Ticket and Temporary Operators Permit -
violator should report within seventy-two (72) hours, but not less than twenty-
four (24) hours to give allowance for proper transmittal's from receipt thereof
to:
a. Traffic Court, if in Manila and for violation of the City's Traffic Ordinance.
City/provincial Prosecutor, if in other chartered cities or provincial capitals
without traffic courts, for violations of local traffic ordinances.
b. Municipal court, in its municipalities, for violation of local traffic ordinances.
c. LTO Central Office for Metro Manila or its counterparts [REGIONAL
TRAFFIC ADJUDICATION SERVICE (RTAS)] for violation of the Hand
Transportation and Traffic Code (RA 4136), and its rules and in the provinces
regulations.

 Types of Traffic Warning

Traffic Warning - an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible
assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone.
 3 Types Of Traffic Warning
1. Visual - usually used when you have observed a minor violation but are
more importantly occupied at a moment. Indicate by gesture of the hand
and/or of the head.
2. Verbal - a form of safety education. Tell the driver/violator that he violated a
law and explain the hazards of such violations.
3. Written - combination of verbal warning and citations. It gives The spirit of
verbal warning and the form of citation

 Degree of Violation
Decision Enforcement - In determining what enforcement action to be taken,
whether you arrest, cite or warn the apprehended violator, consider the
following:
1. Degree of violation;
2. Accuracy of observation;
3. Traffic and weather condition;
4. Evidence gathered;
5. Whether a new law or not; and
6. Continuous or momentary actions, a factor in some type of violations.

 Weight of the Evidence

 Hazardous Violations
 Non-Hazardous Violation
 Behavioral Hazard
 Traffic Hazard

 Five essential steps in the Enforcement System

1. Detection (of violation) - Entails looking for defects in the behavior of motorist,
pedestrians, vehicle, equipment and roadway condition.
2. Apprehension - Involves the actual taking of enforcement actions.
3. Prosecution - Provides corresponding influences through preparation and
introduction of evidence or close contact with the prosecuting officer.
4. Adjudication - This step determines the guilt or innocence of the accused
5. Penalization - The court imposes the penalty upon the accused. The penalty is
greatly influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by police.

 3 major elements of traffic Enforcement System

1. Enforcement system - Consists of legislation, police and the courts.
Legislation defines and specifies correct or incorrect road use behavior. Police
and the court are charged with the responsibility of insuring that these laws
are adhered to
2. Road user system - Includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers,
passengers and others.
3. The traffic system - Consist of the entire road and vehicle complex, as well
as all traffic rules and regulations.
 2 major functions of traffic Law enforcement
 1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement - Enforcement of traffic laws deterrent to
law violations, special assistance to prosecutors and courts and incidental
service to highway users.
2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement
a. PROSECUTION
b. ADJUDICATION
c. PENALIZATION of cases.

Objectives of traffic law enforcement activities can be achieved through:

o Preventive activities
o Persuasive activities
o Punitive activities

 Restorative activities

 Road Marker
 Kilometer Marker
 Trade Marker
 Distance Marker

 Road classification

A. According to Political Subdivision Roadway – Part of a traffic way where

motor vehicles pass.
1. National Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting provinces and/or
cities.
2. Provincial Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting municipalities
and /or cities within a province.
3. City Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting Barangays within a
city.
4. Municipal Roads - These are roads/ streets interconnecting Barangays
within a municipality.
5. Barangay Roads - These are roads/streets located withing a Barangay
which connect Sitios or places within a Barangay

B. According to Functions
1. Feeder Roads - Intended for farm-to-market roads.
2. Collector Highway
➢ It also refers to a highway that serves primarily to funnel traffic from one
local highway to another or between arterial and local highways.
➢ It is also known as collector road or distributor road which connects low-to-
moderate highways or roads to arterial highways such as those entering
residential properties
3. Local Collector Roads - Intended to collect traffic from feeder road to
municipal road.
 4. Major Collector Roads - Intended as major arteries to collect inter-locality
traffic to provincial road.

5. Arterial Highways Roads

➢ It also refers to a highway that is used primarily by through traffic.
➢ this are high-capacity urban roads that direct traffic from collector roads to
expressways or freeways.
6. Major Highway - Serves as main artery that caters on big volumes of
vehicular traffic on national roadway.
7. Expressway - A through traffic for free-flow of vehicular movement.
8. Tunnel Road - A passage of wide section cut through a hill or sea to
shorten circuitous roadway.
9. Subway - An underground conduct running entirely under the ground for
fast travel route of commuters.
10. Skyway - A modern urban system of roadway above street level for free-
flow traffic.

C. According to Topographical Terrain

1. Flat Road
2. Zigzag Road
3. Steep-Hill Climbing Road
4. Down-Hill Road
5. Winding Road
6. Mountainous Road
7. Roller Coaster Road

 Safety Railing
Safety Training - The three principles that have been emphasized as effective
in the prevention of traffic accidents are known as the three (3) "E's or pillars
of traffic:
- Engineering
- Education
- Enforcement
Recently, the following were added to the pillars of traffic:
- Ecology/environment
- Economy

 Pavement Markers

 Island - Those structures on the road separate that serve as guide to road users.

 Sidewalk - It is an integral part of the roadways in any metropolitan cities of the

world—it is also one of the specie of geometric designs. Sidewalk is the answer for
the safety of pedestrian safety. Thus, sidewalk reduced the hazards of pedestrian to
the slender yardstick of traffic engineering.
 Traffic Education - It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual
application of traffic safety knowledge.

 4 basic types of instruction methods used in driver education program

1. Comprehensive - This method places the student in real life of driving
situations from the beginning,
2. Traditional Instruction - This type of instruction depends on instructor-
student communication.
3. Commentary Driving Method - The student-driver accompanied by an
instructor, where in the instructor has to give a comment on his driving on
what he sees, what he does, what he proposes to do, what others are likely to
do, etc. ‘
4. Simulated Conditions And Off The Road Training - The premise of
simulated conditions training is that the behavior of the driver-placed in
condition will be relatively analogous to normal behavior.

 Biorhythm - The theory, which asserts that man, exhibits a constant variation of life
energy and mood states.

 Simulation - To give or assume the appearance of driving or the effect of driving.

Two (2) Methods Of Simulation Method - this method have the specific aim of
training for the sub tasks of the driving task.
1. Partial Simulation Method - This means have the specific aim or training
for the "subtasks" of the driving task.
2. Global Simulation - Training is simulated in traffic situations and conditions
with the use of simulations.

 Public Information Programs - The public should be informed on all activities

affecting the citizens and the community relating to traffic.

 Safety Campaign - This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more
safely. These basically focus on public information attitudes, and particular or
specific behaviors, or combinations of these. Road propaganda may intend simply to
inform or it may be felt that the public is already aware of their recommended
behavior by need to be persuaded into adopting it.

 Rudolf Diesel - a German engineer, developed an engine which requires no

electrical ignition system or carburetor and uses other form of liquid fuel, the diesel
fuel. Automobile found its greatest popularity in the U.S., First horseless carriage
(1890’s).

 Instant solutions to traffic jam

1. One Way Traffic - An important tool to decongest the traffic standstill until
such time that the density of the vehicle is reduced to accommodate the
regular flow.
2. Counter-Flow Traffic - A temporary scheme when the volume of one lane
direction is so saturated that the movement of the vehicles is practically nil,
while the flow of the opposite’s direction is light in scale, the only solution
under the circumstances if to counter-flow.
3. Re-Routing of Traffic - When the density of vehicles in opposite directions
has reached such proportion tantamount to a complete halt of movement, the
only alternatives is to adapt the re routing of traffic to secondary streets.
4. Diverting of Traffic - When the magnitude of traffic conflicts was on vast
scales: flooded area, landslide, bridge collapsed and other contingencies, the
only feasible solution is diversion of traffic. The difference between re-routing
and diverting of traffic, the latter is large in scope, long and tedious in
perspective.
5. To Open Private Roads for Temporary Access - Most often than not,
residents of exclusive subdivisions vigorously opposed the use of their roads
under the many real or imaginary pretext. But the objection can be assailed
under the police power of the state.
6. Stop-and-Go Signal - One of the secrets to unlock the monstrous traffic
gridlock is for one lane to move. Unless this can be affected the problem
would be aggravated by the passage of time. The scheme should only be
implemented when other alternative is seemingly un-adaptable.
7. X-Option - When the situation is so grave that solutions are nowhere in
sight, traffic enforcers should adapt the multi-options as the viable approach to
solve the traffic orgy.