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MnemonICS Daddy

Copyright © 2022, Bokka Chaitanya Reddy, IPS (2021 Batch)

& Bokka Ravikiran Reddy, EPFO EO/AO (2020 Batch)

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not
be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the
express written permission of the publisher except for the use of
brief quotations in a book review. Usage of MnemonICS has to
be by the copyright policy provided.

Printed and bound in India

First Printing, 2022

First Published at Kindle

ISBN 9798800571455

Write to us at: [email protected]

Copyright Policy

A part of Mnemonics in this book can be reproduced

by anyone after thoroughly acknowledging the source as
MnemonICS Daddy (if not due copyright violation action
will be taken). We have kept these MnemonICS as an open
Source so that some standard mnemonic format might be
followed across all the channels. Otherwise, in fear of Copyright
violation, it could lead to multiple mnemonics for a thing which
could lead to confusion among the Aspirants/Students.

Contribution from Aspirants

A part of the revenues accrued from this book series is

intended to be channelized towards education scholarships for
poor & needy Children & Students (based on merit)

In this regard, you too can contribute to helping the

MnemonICS Daddy series to grow by sending us the MnemonICS
you have developed during your preparation. We request the
aspirants & student community to send us the mnemonics that you
have created via [email protected]. The names of the
contributions from students will be given credits on the end page (if
approved).

By
Chaitanya Reddy, IPS
(UPSC AIR, 161 2021)
 !"#$%&'"#(

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 PROLOGUE
Dear Friend

Mnemonics are the memory techniques that help us to

assist our memory. It may be a word, a short poem, a sentence, or
a photographic memory. They smoothen our herculean task of the
UPSC learning journey. They help in the easy remembering of bullet
points for mains. Also, help in elimination technique for prelims.

We are pleased to launch the MnemonICS Daddy Book

series. During our UPSC learning journey, my sister (Chaitanya
Reddy IPS UPSC AIR 161, 2021) and I (Ravikiran Reddy, UPSC EPFO
AIR 29, 2020) have developed certain MnemonICS which helped us
to sail through this examination. Here is an attempt to bring out all
those MnemonICS in the form of a book. (Soon MnemonICS Daddy
will be launched for all the subjects). We hope this work helps you
as an important aid in your UPSC & other competitive examinations
preparation

Few important things before going through this book

1. First & foremost thing - This book is to be read along with the
Indian Polity by Laxmikanth but not in isolation. Laxmikanth is the
must-book to be read for both the UPSC Prelims as well as Mains.
This book only helps you to retain Indian Polity by Laxmikanth book
in a much lesser time.
2. Pictures remain in the sub-conscious memory. So, we made every
effort to create the most effective MnemonICS with eye-catching
images & colourful illustrations to help the aspirants with quick &
easy revision and retention. However, it should be noted that not
all mnemonics will appeal to you because the best mnemonic is
always the one you make for yourself.

3. We have mentioned the importance of Mnemonics for prelims &

mains in the brackets. Please do follow them accordingly.

4. To make the Mnemonics search friendly, we are using the

Quora platform - Here is the format for searching a mnemonic -
Mnemonic you wanted to search for (Space) Mnemonics Daddy
- For example, What is the Mnemonic or Trick to remember G7
Countries Mnemonics Daddy

By
Ravikiran Reddy EO/AO
UPSC EPFO AIR 29
 During the course of writing this book, we have received
help, encouragement and assistance from our family members,
teachers, Children4Children team, friends and others. We are
thankful to all of them.

We are particularly grateful to our loving brother Mr. Satya

Sadan Reddy for the encouragement and support that he provided
during the preparation of this book. We are deeply indebted to
our Parents & Grand parents who are a constant source of support
& inspiration in our endeavours.

We are immensely grateful to author of Indian Polity, Shri.

M. Laxmikanth and Vision IAS for its PT Prelims and Mains materials.

We are thankful to our dearest friends Mr Muneeruddin,

Mr Avinash Singh, Ms Bindu Krishna, Mr Gavireddy Chakradhar
Reddy for constantly reviewing & enriching MnemonICS Daddy
work through their regular suggestions & feedback.
Join us on Telegram - MnemonICS Daddy (Chaitanya &
Ravikiran)

Stay connected with us on Instagram for MnemonICS

Daddy updates & new launches

Ravikiran Reddy - iravikiranreddy

Chaitanya Reddy - chaitanya.ips
Instagram for Slides - mnemonicsdaddy
 CHAPTER 1

HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
 MnemonICS Daddy

Lord Norths Regulating Act, 1773 - GPS Control (imagine 1773

regulating act is like a GPS Controlling the activities of the
company) [Prelims & State PSC Mains]

• 1st step by BG to control & regulate affairs of EIC by

recognizing Political & Administrative functions
• Laid foundations for central administration in India

1781 Amending Act (or) Act of Settlement (to rectify the defects
of Regulating Act of 1773) - SC Jurisdiction & Super powers of
GG-in-Council [Prelims & State PSC Mains]

SC Jurisdiction - Over all the inhabitants of Calcutta

(as per personal law of defendants
- Exempted - GG + Council + Company
servants for their official acts
- Excluded - Revenue matters arising
from collection of Revenue

Super powers
of GG-in-Council - Appeals from Provincial courts to
GG-in-Council (not SC)
- Regulate Provincial Courts
& Councils
 MnemonICS Daddy

Pitts India Act, 1784 - Pitts is an idiot who thinks that Companies
territories were British Possessions (1st time). In his obsession
of Supreme control over companies affairs & its administration,
he reduced the powers of GG of Bengal and created a new body
called BOC by distinguishing Political & Commercial functions,
thereby leading to a Double Government [Prelims & State PSC
Mains]

Act of 1786 - In 1786 Cornwallis becomes GG of Bengal - As

Cornwallis is a member of Aristocratic Family, he assumes the
post with 2 conditions [Prelims & State PSC Mains]

• Veto in GG-in-Council
• Commander-in-Chief
 MnemonICS Daddy

Charter Act of 1793 - COST [Prelims & State PSC Mains]

Background of 1813 Act - Changes in England & Ideological

influences acted as a FUEL for Charter Act of 1813 [Prelims &
Mains]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Charter Act of 1813 - SECT [Prelims & State PSC Mains]

Charter Act of 1833 - Final GOLMAL step towards Centralization

in British India [Prelims & State PSC Mains]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Charter Act of 1853 - SOLE [Prelims & State PSC Mains]

Government of India, 1858 - VAS [Prelims & State PSC Mains]

1861 Act - 3 New Legislative councils were established - PNB

[Prelims]

P - Punjab
N - NWFP
B - Bengal
 MnemonICS Daddy

1861 Act - Lord Canning Nominated 3 Indians as Non-Official

members to his Legislative Council - Din Pat Ben [Prelims]

Din - Sir Dinkar Rao

Pat - Maharaja of Patiala
Ben - Raja of Benaras

1861 Act - Legislature & Viceroy [Prelims & Mains]

 MnemonICS Daddy

1892 Act - Procedure for Nomination of some non-official

members (Indirect limited election) to Central Legislative Council
(CLC) by the viceroy based on the recommendation of BP
[Prelims & Mains]

B - BCC - Bengal Chamber of Commerce

P - PLC - Provincial Legislative Councils

To Provincial Legislative Councils (PLCs) by Governors on the

recommendation of Local Bodies - DM - TC - ZU [Prelims &
Mains]

DM - District Boards & Municipalities

TC - Trade Associations & Chambers
ZU - Zamindars & Universities

Space for notes

 MnemonICS Daddy

1892 Act - Legislature + Financial (Budget) [Prelims & Mains]

 MnemonICS Daddy

1909 Act - LEF + Separate Electorate & Representation [Prelims &

Mains]

1909 - Visualize this picture to recollect that it is 1909 Act that

has retained official majority in Central Legislative Council & non-
official majority was introduced in Provincial Legislative Council
[Prelims]
 MnemonICS Daddy

1919 Act - 2|2|2|2|2 + SOAP [Prelims & Mains]

S - Appointment of a Statutory Commission to review

1919 act
O - New Office of High Commissioner
A - Adult Franchise - Based on PET
(Right to vote given to women also)
• Property
• Education
• Tax
P - Provided for establishment of a Public Service
Commission

• C-i-C = Commander in Chief

 MnemonICS Daddy

1935 Act - called for the establishment of RPF Institutions

(standard acronym for Railway Protection Force) [Prelims]

R - RBI

P - PSCs - Federal PSC

- Provincial PSC
- Joint PSC

F - Federal Court

Separate Electorate - Evolution [Prelims]

• Introduced in 1909 - Muslims

• Extended in 1919 to CASE

- Christians
- Anglo-Indians
- Sikhs
- Europeans

• Further extended in 1935 to WLS (acronym for Wild Life

Sanctuary)

- Women
- Labour (Workers)
- Scheduled Castes (depressed classes)
 MnemonICS Daddy

Comparison of 1919 vs 1935 Acts [Prelims & Mains]

Note - Government of India Act, 1935 & Indian Independence

Act, 1945 MnemonICS will be there in Telegram group
(MnemonICS Daddy)
 CHAPTER 7
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
 MnemonICS Daddy

Fundamental Rights - Articles 12 - 35 - (Though 12 X 3 = 36 - FRs

articles are from 12 to 35 only, as 36 is the Definition of State)
[Prelims]

Definition of State - Art. 12 & 36 (12 X 3 = 36) - LELO [Prelims]

L - Legislature of CG & SG
E - Executive of CG & SG
L - All Local Authorities - MPDI
• Municipalities
• Panchayats
• District Boards
• Improvement Trusts
O - Other Authorities i.e., Statutory Authorities and
Non-Statutory Authorities like LIC, ONGC,SAIL

• Note - Judiciary is not there in the definition of State

• Even a Private body working as an instrument of the state falls
within the meaning of state.

FRs uphold DUPE [Mains fodder line]

D - Dignity of Individual
U - Unity of the Nation
P - larger Public Interest
E - Equality of all individuals

Fundamental Rights - FEAR CC [Prelims]

 MnemonICS Daddy

E - Equality (Art. 14 to 18)

F - Freedom (Art. 19 to 22)
A - Against Exploitation (Art. 23 & 24)
R - Religion (Art. 25 to 28)

C - Cultural and Educational (Art. 29 & 30)

C - Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32)

Features of FRs - FRs are JE, Positive & Negative, but not
Sacrosanct & Absolute. They are Limited & can be Suspended
[Mains Answer]

J - Justiciable (Defended & guaranteed by the

SC)
E - Enforceable
- Few can be enforced by law - by Parliament,
not State Legislatures to ensure Uniformity
(Art. 35)

Positive - Positive in Nature - Conferring certain

privileges on Citizens
Negative - Negative in Nature - Places limitations on
the Authority of State (Legislature &
Executive) (against any arbitrary action)

Sacrosanct - Not Sacrosanct or Permanent. Parliament

can curtail or repeal them but only by a
CAA, not by an ordinary act without
affecting the basic structure.

Absolute - Not absolute, but qualified (State can

impose reasonable restrictions with a
balance between Individual liberty & social
control
 MnemonICS Daddy

Limited by - Art. 31 ABC + 33 + 34 (See next one)

Suspended - during National Emergency except

Art. 20 & 21, Art. 19 (when NE is declared
on the grounds of War & External
Aggression, but not Armed Rebellion -
WEAR)

Law has wide Connotation - SNPT [Prelims]

S - Statutory instruments - Delegated Legislation

N - Non-statutory sources of law - Customs
P - Permanent laws - Acts
T - Temporary laws - Ordinances

Scope of operation of FRs is limited by - Art. 31 ABC + 33 + 34

[Mains Answer]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 31 A, 31 B, 31 C - ABC = END [Prelims]

Art. 31 A - Estates
Art. 31 B - IX Schedule
Art. 31 C - DPSP

Art. 33 - Empowers the Parliament to Restrict or Abrogate the

FRs of APPIA/PAAPI [Prelims]

A - Armed Forces
P - Para-military Forces
P - Police Forces
I - Intelligence Agencies
A - Analogous Services

Art. 34 - Martial Law is imposed under extraordinary

circumstances like - WIRRL (Read as Viral) [Prelims]

W - War
I - Insurrection
R - Rebellion
R - Riot
L - Violent Resistance to Law
 MnemonICS Daddy

Delegated legislation/Executive Legislation - R-BORN [Prelims]

R - Rules

B - Bye-Law
O - Order
R - Regulation
N - Notification

FRs only to Citizens (not Foreigners) - DEFLE [Prelims]

D - Discrimination
E - Employment
F - Freedom of SAAMRP
L - LSC (Language, Script & Culture) of Minorities
E - Establish & Administer Educational
Institutions
 MnemonICS Daddy

6 Rights of Freedom under Art. 19 - SAAMRP (in Order) [Prelims]

19(i) - S - Speech & Expression

19(ii) - A - Assembly
19(iii) - A - Association
19(iv) - M - Movement
19(v) - R - Residence
19(vi) - P - Profession

FRs available to both Citizens & Foreigners (Except Enemy Aliens)

- 14 + (20-28) [Prelims]

Remembering Articles 14-18 under Right to Equality [Prelims]

• EBL = Equality Before Law

• EPL = Equal Protection of Laws
 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 14 - State shall not deny any Person EBL & EPL (Equality
Before Law & Equal Protection of Laws) [Mains Answer]

EBL = SEA

S - Special Privileges are absent

E - Equal subjugation of all persons to Law
A - No person (Rich/Poor) is Above Law

EPL = SEL

S - Similar application of same laws to all persons

who are similarly situated
E - Equality of treatment under equal circumstances
both in privileges conferred & liabilities imposed
L - Like should be treated alike without any
discrimination
 MnemonICS Daddy

The word "Person" in Art. 14 includes legal persons too - CSR

[Prelims]

Rule of Law Concept is given by A.V. Dicey - RoLD - EAR [Mains

Answer]

RoL - Rule of Law

D - A.V. Dicey

E - EBL (Equality before Law) (EBL = SEA)

A - Absence of Arbitrary Power i.e., no man can
be punished except for the breach of law
R - Primacy of the Rights of Individuals

Primacy of rights of individuals means constitution is the result

of the rights of the individual. But, in case of Indian system, the
constitution is the source of the individual rights.
 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 14 - Exceptions to Equality - PM FUND [Mains Answer]

P - President & Governor Immunities (Art. 361)

M - Ministers - Privileges (Art 105 & 194)

F - FDA
• Foreign Sovereign (Rulers)
• Diplomats
• Ambassadors

U - UNO & its agencies (Diplomatic Immunity)

N - Newspaper/Radio/TV publishing of
Proceedings of Parliament & State Legislature -
No Civil or Criminal Proceedings (Art 361-A)

D - DPSP - Art. 39 (b) & (c) > Art. 14 (says Art. 31C)

Art. 361 - President/Governor cannot be a Criminal even for his

personal acts, but there can be Civil Proceedings with a 2 months
notice in respect of his personal acts only [Prelims]

Criminal Proceedings - 
Civil Proceedings -  (2 months notice)

Space for Notes

 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 361 - CACA - Immunities enjoyed by President & Governor

[Prelims]

FDA - Enjoy Immunity from Civil & Criminal Proceedings [Prelims]

(FDA is acronym for Food & Drug Administration of USA)

F - Foreign Sovereign (Rulers)

D - Diplomats
A - Ambassadors

Space for Notes

 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 15 - Prohibits Discrimination on grounds only of RRCSB

[Prelims & Mains Fodder Line]

Art. 16 - Prohibits Discrimination for Employment/Office on

grounds only of RRCSB + Descent [Prelims & Mains Fodder Line]

R - Race
R - Religion
C - Caste
S - Sex
B - Place of Birth or Residence

Art. 29(b) - No Citizen shall be denied admission into any

Educational Institution maintained by the state or receiving aid
out of Funds on grounds only of RRCL (L for Language) [Prelims &
Mains Fodder Line]

Art. 15 - Exceptions to Non-Discrimination - State can

discriminate wrt Advancement of W&CSE [Mains Answer]

W - Women (Art. 243D&T- 33% Reservation of Women

in Panchayats & Municipalities)

C - Children (Art. 21A & Art. 45)

S - Socially & Educationally Backward Classes, SCs &
STs (93rd CAA, 2005 - 27% reservation of seats in
public institutions for OBCs)
E - EWS - Economically Weaker Sections (reservation
upto 10%)
 MnemonICS Daddy

Remembering EWS related data [Prelims & Mains]

EWS Criteria - (8 & 18) and (5 X 200 = 1000) [Prelims]

and other conditions as prescribed by state governments

 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 16 - Exceptions - Parliament can prescribe RRR as a condition

for certain employment or appointments [Prelims & Mains
Fodder Line]

Reservation

• Backward Classes (if not adequately represented)

• 10% EWS

Art. 340 = OBCs [Prelims]

 MnemonICS Daddy

Commissions appointed to investigate the conditions of Socially

& Educationally backward classes - Kaka Mandal [Prelims]

Mandal Case or Indira Sawhney (1992) - Examined Scope &

Extent of Art. 16(4) which provides for reservation of Jobs in
favour of Backward Classes - Rejected 10% EWS Reservation, but
upheld 27% Reservation for OBCs with certain conditions - PSC
or (27% 50% Creamy Carry - EWS Promo) [Mains]

P - No reservation in Promotions
S - Statutory body (NCBC)
C - Cap - Total reserved quota - 50%
- Creamy Layer for OBCs (excluded from Reservation)
- Carry Forward Rule - should not violate 50%

* NCBC = National Commission for Backward Classes

 MnemonICS Daddy

NCBC related [Prelims]

Nagaraj vs Union of India (2006) - SC upheld the Constitutional

validity of Reservations for SCs & STs to include promotions with
3 conditions (along with - not violating 50% rule & creamy layer)
- RAQ

R - facts about their inadequate Representation

A - overall Administrative Efficiency is not affected
Q - Quantifiable data of backwardness of SC & ST

Art 18 - Abolition of Titles - PHAS [Prelims]

P - President's consent is required to accept any title/

present from a foreign state
H - prohibits Hereditary titles
A - prohibits citizen of India from Accepting any title
from any foreign state
S - prohibits State from conferring any title
 MnemonICS Daddy

Right to Freedom (Articles 19 to 22) - FOLEAd [Prelims]

F - Freedom of SAAMRP
O - Conviction of Offences
L - Life and Liberty
E - Elementary Education
Ad - Arrest & Detention

6 Rights of Freedom under Art. 19 - SAAMRP (in Order) [Prelims]

19(i) - S - Speech & Expression

19(ii) - A - Assembly (doesn't include
Right to strike)
19(iii) - A - Association
19(iv) - M - Movement
19(v) - R - Residence
19(vi) - P - Profession

Only SSC Aspirants have Art. 19 rights [Prelims]

S - against state action, but not private individuals

S - available to Shareholders of a company , but not to
legal persons like companies or corporations
C - available to Citizens, not foreigners

FoSE (Freedom of Speech & Expression) - implies that every

citizen has right to express his VOBC (Views, Opinions, Belief
& Convictions) freely by WWPPO (Word of mouth, writing,
printing, picturing or in any other manner) [Mains Introduction]
 MnemonICS Daddy

PASTA Rights under Art. 19 (i) - FoSE [Mains Answer] [Prelims]

P - Press
- Propagate one's views as well as of others
- Picketing or Demonstration, but no Right to strike
A - Against - BTC (Bitcoin)
- Against Bandh
- Against Tapping of telephonic conversation
- Against Censorship of a newspaper
S - Silence
T - Telecast
A - Advertisements
- know the Activities of Government

State can impose reasonable restrictions on the exercise of

FoSE on the grounds of (State, External, Internal, Court) [Mains
Answer]

State - SIS
- Sovereignty of India
- Integrity of India
- Security of India
External - Friendly relations with foreign states
Internal - PM
- Public Order
- Morality or Decency
Court related - CID
- Contempt of Court
- Incitement to an Offence
- Defamation

Freedom of Assembly under Art. 19(ii) says every Citizen has

right to assemble peacefully & without arms. It includes the
right to hold public meetings. demonstrations and take out
processions (PDP) [Mains Introduction]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Freedom of Association under Art. 19(iii) says every citizen has

right to form AUC (Associations, Unions or Cooperative Societies)
[Mains Introduction]

Freedom of Movement under Art. 19(iv) says every citizen is

free to move throughout the territory of India. By removing the
internal barriers within the country the right intends to promote
Nationalism & not Parochialism [Mains Introduction]

Freedom of Residence under Art. 19(v) says every citizen has

right to reside (stay temporarily) & settle (stay permanently) in
any part of the country. By removing the internal barriers within
the country the right intends to promote Nationalism & not
Parochialism [Mains Introduction]

Freedom of Profession under Art. 19(vi) says every citizen

has right to practise any profession or to carry on any OTB
(Occupation Trade or Business) [Mains Introduction]

Most of the FRs have these reasonable restrictions - POMH-SI

[Mains Answer - Multiple Utility]

Protection of interest of Public - POMH

PO - Public Order
M - Morality
H - Health

Protection of interest of Nation - SI

SI - Sovereignty and Integrity of India

 MnemonICS Daddy

Reasonable Restrictions on Freedom of Assembly under Art.

19(ii) - POMH-SI + Section 144 of CrPC (1973) & Section 141 of
IPC (1860) + SC held - no Right to strike [Mains Answer]

(above restrictions can be used for Freedom of Association under

Art. 19(iii) as well) [Mains Answer]

POMH-SI - already discussed

Sec 144 - District Magistrate can restrain an assembly

if there is a risk of danger to human life.

Sec 141 - An Assembly of 5 or more persons becomes

unlawful if the object is to - ROMIT

• R - Resist the execution

of any law or legal
process
• O - forcibly Occupy the
property
• M - commit any Mischief
or Criminal trespass
• I - force someone to do
Illegal act
• T - Threaten the govt. or
officials exercising
lawful powers

SC held - Trade Unions have no Right to Strike

Reasonable Restrictions on Freedom of Movement under

Art. 19(iv) - POMH-SI + STs + SC held - Prostitutes & Habitual
Offenders [Mains Answer]
 MnemonICS Daddy

(above restrictions can be used for Freedom of Residence under

Art. 19(v) as well) [Mains Answer]

POMH-SI - already discussed

STs - protection of interests of STs

SC held - Certain areas can be banned for certain

kinds of persons like prostitutes & habitual
offenders

Reasonable Restrictions on Freedom of Profession under Art.

19(vi) - POMH-SI (not given in laxmikanth, but can be written
under wider interpretation) + State can QMPR [Mains Answer]

Q - prescribe Qualifications (technical & professional)

M - carry on any TBIS - trade, business, industry or
service either in Monopoly or in competition with
any citizen or enterprise
P - Prohibit Immoral occupations (ex - trafficking in
women & children etc.,)
R - Regulate through licensing (ex - harmful drugs or
explosives etc.,)

Space for Notes

 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 19 vs Art. 21 - Internal vs External [Prelims]

Remembering Art 20 [Prelims]

Art. 20 - Protection in respect of Conviction for Offences -

Protection with No EDS [Prelims]

E - No Ex-post Facto Law (=retrospective law)

wrt Criminal laws only - Not wrt - PCT
1. Preventive Detention
2. Civil Laws
3. Tax Laws

D - No Double Jeopardy
 MnemonICS Daddy

S - No Self Incrimination - wrt DOC

1. Documentary Evidence
2. Oral Evidence
3. Criminal Proceedings

Self Incrimination doesn't extend to MTS Blood & Body [Prelims]

M - Compulsory production of Material object

T - Compulsion to give Thumb impression
S - Compulsion to give Signature

Blood - Compulsion to give blood specimen

Body - Compulsory exhibition of the body

Remembering Art. 21 [Prelims]

Space for Notes

 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 21 - While Gopalan interprets it narrowly, Menaka interprets

it widely [Prelims & Mains]

• PEL = Procedure established by Law

• DPL = Due Process of Law

Remembering Art 22 - Arrest - Protection against Arrest &

Detention. Imaging allotting one 2 for Arrest, and another 2 for
Detention as shown in picture [Prelims]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 22 - Protection against Arrest & Detention - Part I - If

arrested/detained under an ordinary law (not available to an
enemy alien or a person detained under a preventive detention
law) - IDPR (in logical order) [Prelims]

• Right to be Informed of the grounds of Arrest

• Right to be Defended by a Legal Practitioner
• Right to be Produced before a magistrate within 24 Hrs
(excluding Journey time)
• Right to be Released after 24 Hrs unless the magistrate
authorizes further detention

Arrested/Detained under an Ordinary Law - doesn't cover arrest

under O-CID [Prelims]

O - Orders of Court
C - Civil Arrest
I - Income Tax (failure to pay)
D - Deportation of an Alien

• Applies only to an act of a criminal or quasi-criminal nature or

some activity prejudicial to public interest
 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 22 - Protection against Arrest & Detention - Part II - If

arrested/detained under a Preventive Detention law - 3-EGO
[Prelims]

3 - Can be detained for upto 3 months

E - Extended based on the Advisory board reports if
there is a sufficient cause
G - Grounds of Detention should be communicated
(facts may not be disclosed)
O - Opportunity to make Representation

• Both Parliament & State Legislature can make a law of

Preventive Detention

Space for Notes

 MnemonICS Daddy

Remembering - Right against Exploitation (Articles 23, 24)

[Prelims & Mains]

Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28) - Freedom of/from

P.RA.T.RI [Prelims]

Art. 25 - P - Conscience & free

Profession, Practice &
Propagation
Art. 26 - RA - manage Religious Affairs
Art. 27 - T - Taxation for promotion
Art. 28 - RI - attending Religious
Instruction or worship

Art. 25 - Freedom of Conscience & Free PPP of Religion [Prelims]

P - Profession
P - Practice
P - Propagation
 MnemonICS Daddy

Reasonable Restrictions under Art. 25 Freedom of Conscience

& Free Profession, Practice & Propagation of Religion - POMH
+ State is permitted to (Regulate/Restrict + Reform + Social
Welfare) [Mains Answer]

POMH - already discussed

• Regulate/Restrict any economic, financial, political or

other secular activity associated with religious practice
• provide for social welfare
• provide for reforms

Art. 26 - Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs - EMOA

(sometimes we get to remember things based on peripheral
words than core words) [Prelims]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Supreme Court says Religious Denominations must satisfy 3

Conditions - CCD [Prelims]

Remembering Art. 27 - Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of

Religion - Like the Ishaan of Taare Zameern Par Movie, one need
to develop the ability to visualize 7 transforming into F & relate
with the article [Prelims]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 28 - distinguishes between 4 types of Educational

institutions - WARA [Prelims]

Cultural & Educational Rights (Articles 29, 30) - LSC + E&A

[Prelims]

Art. 29 (LSC) - Any section of citizens have right to

conserve their distinct Language,
Script & Culture (protects interests
of both LR minorities - Linguistic &
Religious)
Art. 30 (E&A) - Establish & Administer Educational
Institutions

Art. 29 - Protection of Interests of minorities - LSC + Admission

Denial - RRCL [Prelims]

29(1) - LSC (as above)

29(2) - no citizen shall be denied admission into any
educational institution maintained by the state or
receiving aid out of state funds on grounds only of
RRCL - Race, Religion, Caste or Language
 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 30 - Right of minorities to establish & administer Educational

institutions - ECG [Prelims]

30(1) - All minorities have the right to Establish &

Administer Educational institutions of their choice

30(1A) - Compensation amount fixed by the state for the

Compulsory acquisition of any property of a
Minority Educational Institution (MEI)
(added by 44th CAA, 1978)

30(2) - No discrimination in Granting Aid to any MEI

Space for Notes

 MnemonICS Daddy

Story of Writs [Prelims]

 MnemonICS Daddy

Writs - HMPCQ - Head Master Plays Cricket Quickly [Prelims]

Head - Habeas Corpus

Master - Mandamus
Plays - Prohibition
Cricket - Certiorari
Quickly - Quo-Warranto

Aggrieved Person vs Interested Person - HMPC & Q [Prelims]

 MnemonICS Daddy

Mandamus vs Prohibition [Prelims]

Prohibition vs Certiorari [Prelims]

Writ Jurisdiction of the SC differs from that of HC wrt ITR

[Prelims]

SC HC
Issue of Narrower (only Wider (enforcement of FRs +
Writs wrt enforcement other purposes)
of FRs)
Territorial Wider Narrower
Jurisdiction
throughout the • within state
territory of India • outside state if the cause
of action arises within
state
 MnemonICS Daddy
Refuse Can't Refuse Can Refuse = Discretionary

Reason: Art. 32 Reason: Art. 226 is not a FR

itself is a FR

Space for Notes

 MnemonICS Daddy
Against Can't be issued
Habeas Public Authorities LOCC
Corpus Private
Individuals Lawful detention
Outside Jurisdiction
Competent Court
Contempt of Legislature/Court
Mandamus G-PITC Private CDD - P/G/CJ-HC

Government Private Individual/Body

Public Body Contractual Obligation
Inferior Court Departmental Instruction
Tribunal Discretionary
Corporation
President /Governor / CJ of a
HC

Prohibition JQ LAP

Judicial Legislative Bodies

Quasi Judicial Administrative Authorities
Private Individuals/Bodies
Certiorari JAQ LP

Judicial Legislative Bodies

Administrative Private Individuals/Bodies
Authorities
Quasi Judicial

Quo- Substantive MP
Warranto Public Office of
a Permanent Ministerial Office
Character created Private Office
by a statute or
constitution
 MnemonICS Daddy

Art. 33, 34, 35 - AMU (acronym Aligarh Muslim University)

[Prelims]

Art. 33 - A - Armed forces & FRs

Art. 34 - M - Martial law & FRs
Art. 35 - U - to ensure Uniformity power to make laws,
to give effect to certain specified FRs shall
vest only in Parliament & not State
legislatures

Only Parliament can make laws wrt. Art. 16 & Art. 32, 33, 34
[Prelims]

16 - Prescribing Residence as a condition for certain

employments
32 - Extending Writ jurisdiction to other lower courts
33 - Restricting FRs of Armed Forces
34 - Indemnifying any government servant under
Martial law in operation

Only Parliament can prescribe Punishment for Art. 17 & Art. 23 -

UT [Prelims]

U - Untouchability
T - Traffic in Human Beings & Forced Labour
 MnemonICS Daddy

Right to Property as a legal right has Violation of ECO

implications [Prelims & Mains]

Violation - In case of violation, the aggrieved person

cannot directly move to SC
E - Protection against Executive action, not
legislative action
C - No Guaranteed Right to Compensation
O - Can be regulated by an Ordinary Law
without constitutional amendment

Exceptions to FRs - Art. 31 A, 31 B, 31 C - ABC = END [Mains

Answer - includes 31ABC elaborations in next 3 Mnemonics]

Art. 31 A - Estates
Art. 31 B - IX Schedule
Art. 31 C - DPSP

Art. 31 A - 5 categories of laws > Art. 14 & 19 - MADAT [Prelims &

Mains]

M - Mining leases (Extinguishment/Modification)

A - Acquisition of Estates & related rights by States
D - Directors or Shareholders Rights (Extinguishment/
Modification)
A - Amalgamation of Corporations
T - Taking over management of Properties by the
State
 MnemonICS Daddy

• Art. 31 A - provides for the payment of compensation at

market values when the state acquires the agricultural land.

Art. 31B - Validation of certain Acts & Regulations under IX

Schedule & IR Coelho Case [Prelims & Mains]

25th CAA, 1971 inserted a new Art. 31C which says Art. 39 (b) &
(c) > Art. 14 (says Art. 31C) - When Art. 39 (b) & (c) comes in Art.
14 & 19 goes out [Prelims & Mains]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Rights outside Part III - Free - TAP [Prelims]

Free - Free TCI ( Trade, Commerce & Intercourse)

across India (Art. 301 in Part 13)
T - Tax levied only by PEL (Art. 265)
A - Adult Suffrage (Art. 326)
P - Property deprivation only by PEL (Art. 300-A)

Note: PEL = Procedure established by law

National Emergency can be declared on the grounds of WEAR

[Prelims]
 MnemonICS Daddy

Criticism of Fundamental Rights - Imagine this angry girls

narrative [Mains Answer]

Permanency - Not sacrosanct or immutable as the

parliament can curtail or abolish them

Clarity - Not clearly defined - words like Public order,

public interest, minorities etc.,
- Language - beyond the comprehension of a
common man. Ivor Jennings called
"Paradise for Lawyers"

Consistency - Ivor Jennings - FRs are based on no

consistent philosophy

Social & Eco Rights - like social security, right to

employment were not given as in
constitutions of China & USSR

Excessive Limitations - Full of exceptions & restrictions.

Jaspat Roy Kapoor - Chapter should
be renamed as "Limitations on FRs"

Preventive Detention - No democratic country in the world

has made PD as an integral part of
their constitutions
 MnemonICS Daddy

Suspending FRs - during emergency is another blot on

the efficacy of FRs

Expensive Remedy - Judicial process is too expensive and

hinders common man to get his
rights enforced

Significance of FRs - BB (Bulwark & Bedrock) + Think of FR

Articles - you can easily make respective points [Mains Answer]

Bulwark - serve as a formidable Bulwark of Individual

liberty

Bedrock - constitutes Bedrock of Indian democratic

system

Art. 14-18 - facilitates establishment of Rule of Law

Art. 19-22 - facilitates freedom of speech & political
participation of people
Art. 23,24 - ensures dignity & respect of individuals
Art. 25-28 - strengthens the secular fabric
Art. 29-30 - protects interests of minorities & weaker
sections
Art. 32 - checks the Arbitrary Authority of govt