ICSE Board

Class X Geography
Board Paper – 2019
Time: 2 hrs Total Marks: 80

Answers to this paper must be written on the paper provided separately.

You will NOT be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes.
This time is to be spent in reading the question paper.
The time given at the head of this paper is the time allowed for writing the answers.

Attempt seven questions in all. Part I is compulsory. All questions from Part I are to be
attempted. A total of five questions are to be attempted from Part II.
Intended marks for questions or part of questions are given in brackets [ ]

Part I (30 Marks)

Attempt all questions from this Part
Question I
Study the extract of the Survey of India Map sheet No 45D/10 and answer the following
questions:
(a) (i) Give the six-figure grid reference for the temple that is located to the south west of
Pithapura settlement.
(ii) Give the four-figure grid reference for a settlement where people of the region meet socially
and for trade at least once in a year. [2]

(b) (i) What is the pattern of drainage seen in the grid square 2118?
(ii) What is the pattern of settlement seen in the grid square 1923? [2]

(c) What do each of the two numbers (281 printed in black colour and 20 printed in red colour)
in the grid square 1818 indicate? [2]

(d) (i) Name any two man-made features in grid square 2419.
(ii) Name any two natural features in grid square 2118. [2]

(e) What is the significance of the following? [2]

(i) Fire line in grid square 2417.
(ii) Water body found in grid square 2221.

(f) Calculate the area of the region between 16 and 19 Easting’s and 18 and 22 Northings. Give
your answer in Kilometer square. [2]

(g) Give a reason for each of the following: [2]

(i) The water in some of the wells in north west quarter of the map is not fit for drinking.
(ii) The region near Anadra and Gulabganj has many causeways.

(h) (i) What is the main means of irrigation used by people living in the area shown on the map?

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(ii) What is the main occupation of the people of the region shown on the map? [2]

(i) Which according to you is the most important settlement? Give a reason to support your
answer. [2]

(j) Name any two means of transport used by the people living in the area shown on the map
extract. [2]

Solution 1:

(a) (i) 201214

(ii) Village Pamera 1622 or Village Malgaon 1520.

(b) (i) Radial

(ii) Nucleated or clustered.

(c) (i) 281 in Black  Spot height

20 in Red  Mile stone
(d) (i) Cart track, lined perennial well, houses.
(ii) Seasonal streams, hill Bhumi Magri.

(e) (i) Fireline  A clearing made in the forest to prevent the spread of fire.
(ii) It is the Tokra reservoir/ Talao which provides the supply of water for domestic as well as
agriculture use.

(f) Distance on the map between eastings 16 to 19 = 6 cm.

Distance on the map between northings 18 to 22 = 8 cm.
As per scale, 2 cm on the map is equal to 1 km on the ground.
1
6 cm on the map is equal to 1km on the ground ie, 2 × 6 = 3𝑘𝑚
1
8 cm on the map is equal to 1km on the ground ie, 2 × 8 = 4𝑘𝑚

Thus, Area = 3km ×4km

= 12 sq km.

(g) (i) The water in the wells in the north-west quarter of the map is brackish. Meaning that the
water in these wells is salty. Thus, it is not suitable for drinking.

(ii) Area between Gulabganj and Anadra is a region of scanty rainfall with a number of seasonal
streams. So, elevated roads across minor streams are possible- leading to the region having many
cause ways.

(h) (i) Canal and lined perennial wells.

(ii) Agriculture.

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(i) Anadra is the most important settlement as it has a post and a telegraph office, dak Bungalow,
police chowki and a dispensary.
(j) Metalled Roads and Cart tracks.

Question 2
On the outline map of India provided:
(a) Shade and label the Gangetic Plain. [1]
(b) Shade and label an area of laterite soil in North India. [1]
(c) Mark and label the Karakoram Montanins. [1]
(d) Mark and name the Palk Strait. [1]
(e) Shade and label the river Cauveri. [1]
(f) Mark and name Mumbai. [1]
(g) Mark and name the Nathu La Pass. [1]
(h) Mark and name Digboi. [1]
(i) Shade and name the Deccan Platau. [1]
(j) Shade and label the river Jhelum. [1]

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 PART II (50 Marks)
Attempt any five questions from this Part
Question 3
(a) (i) What type of wind is ‘Monsoon”? What is the direction during summer?

(ii) Mention two characteristics of the Indian monsoon. [2]

(b) With reference to the summer season in India, answer the following questions:
(i) Mention the duration of the summer season in India.
(ii) What is the atmospheric pressure condition during summer season over the central part of
India? [2]
(c) Give a reason for each of the following:
(i) Goa receives heavier rainfall than Puducherry
(ii) Mawsynram receives the highest average annual rainfall.
(iii) Mangaluru is cooler than Delhi in summer season. [3]
(d) Study the data of distribution of temperature and rain for Station X and answer the questions
that follow. [3]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Temp oC 10 11 23 35 39 42 40 33 30 25 13 11
Rainfall 2 1 0 5 15 62 71 81 59 12 10 3
Cm

Solution 3:

(a) (i) Monsoon wind is a periodic wind. It’s direction during summer is South West to North
East.
(ii) The characteristics if Indian monsoon are:
1. South west monsoon is erratic in nature.
2. Distribution of rainfall in uneven.
3. It is largely controlled by orography, that is, the effects caused sue to the presence of
Himalayas and the Western ghats on the amount of rainfall.
(b) (i) The summer season or hot dry season I India commences in March and continues till the
end of May.
(ii) During the summer season as the whole country simmers in heat, the low pressure conditions
over the central part of India become more severe and a low pressure trough develops between
Thar Desert and the Chotanagpur Plateau.

(c) Goa is located on the Western coast of India. It receives rainfall from the Arabian Sea branch
of SW monsoon while Puducherry is located on the Eastern coast and gets only 40 cm of rainfall
from the Arabian Sea branch of southwest monsoon. Bay of Bengal branch runs parallel to the
SE coast of India and thus, brings no rain to Puducherry. So, Goa receives heavier rainfall than
Puducherry.

(ii) Mawsynram is situated along the edge of the Meghalaya plateau and stands at the end of a
funnel-shaped valley, on the windward side of the Khasi hills which acts as a trap for the rain-

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bearing Bay of Bengal branch of the SW monsoon forcing them to shed huge amounts of
moisture.

(iii) Mangaluru is situated on the western coast and thus, enjoy the influence of the sea and stays
relatively cooler on the other hand, Delhi lies in the interior and experience continental type of
climate. So summers in Delhi are very hot.

(d) (i) Station x is situated in the interior parts of the country.

(ii) 32 cm
(iii) SW monsoon wind.

Question 4

(a) (i) Name the Indian soil which is formed due to the weathering of basic igneous rocks.

(ii) Name two states of India where this type of soil is found. [2]
(b) Name the following: [2]
(i) An important transported soil of India.
(ii) Soil that is rich in iron oxide.
(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following: [3]
(i) Terrace farming is an ideal soil conversation method for hilly regions.
(ii) Dry farming is preferred in areas with red soil.
(iii) Wind is a common agent of soil erosion in arid regions.

(d) Briefly answer the following: [3]

(i) Mention one way in which man is responsible for soil erosion.
(ii) How can deepening of the river bed help in preventing soil erosion?
(iii) Mention a physical characteristic of Laterite soil.

Solution 4:
(a) (i) Black Soil.
(ii) Maharashtra and Gujarat.

(b) (i) Alluvial Soil

(ii) Red Soil

(c) (i) Terraced farming checks erosion as it controls the direct flow of water down the slopes.
(ii) Regions that receives less than 75 cm of rainfall are suitable for dry farming. Crops like
millets, pulse, oil seeds need less rainfall and grow well in red soil. So, dry farming is preferred
in areas of red soil.
(iii) Arid regions are extensive flat lands with no or few vegetation cover. So, the dry winds are
able to erode the upper soil surface which become loose due to lack of moisture.

(d) (i) Man’s activities like construction work, ploughing, cutting down trees, quarrying, mining
causes soil erosion.

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(ii) Much of the soil erosion by floods can be checked by deepening of the river bed. Deep river
beds, as deep river beds can stop overflowing of river water or floods and can reduce the speed
of the overflowing water. So, it can greatly help in preventing large scale soil erosion.
(iii) Heavy rainfall washes away the top soil containing silica. So, the laterite soils lacks fertility
due to ‘leaching’. It is reddish brown in colour due to the presence of iron oxide and it is coarse
and porous in nature.

Question 5
(a) Give two reasons to explain as to why we need to conserve our forest resource. [2]
(b) (i) Mention two conditions required for the growth of Littoral Forest.

(ii) State one characteristic feature of the forest found in the Nilgiri Hills. [2]

(c) (i) Give two reasons to explain as to why the Tropical Evergreen Forests are difficult to
exploit for commercial purpose. [3]
(ii) Name any two trees found in Tropical Evergreen forests.
(d) Briefly explain each of the following: [3]
(i) The trees in the Tropical Desert Forests have stunted growth.
(ii) There is a gradual increase in the forests cover in India in recent times.
(iii) The trees in Monsoon Deciduous forests, shed their leaves for about 6-8 weeks during March
and April.

Solution 5:

(a) The conversation of forest resources is essential for the survival of human being, wildlife and
other species, as forests paly an important role in the development of soil and enriching it’s
fertility, conserving water in the sub-soil, absorbing insolation, causing rain, maintaining
ecological balance, preventing floods and soil erosion.

(b) (i) Conditions required for the growth of littoral forest are:
1. Delta regions or creeks and estuaries which are prone to tidal influence.
2. Temperature 26oC to 29 oC.
3. Rainfall over 200cm.

(ii) Mountain forests consist of mixed deciduous and coniferous trees in transition zone. The
main tress is Eucalyptus. The forests are characterized by giant, multilayered species with
luxuriant vegetation. The height of the trees go up to 150 feet or more supported by huge
buttresses.

(c) (i) Tropical Evergreen Forests are difficult to exploit due to :

1. Dense undergrowth.
2. Lack of transport facilities.
3. Absence of trees found in pure stands.

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 4. Logs are heavy so, they do not float in the river. Thus, causing the cost of transportation
to rise.
(ii) Rose wood, Ebony, Mahogany, Sisam.

(d) (i) The trees in the tropical desert have stunted growth due to constant wind and scare water
supply.

(ii) 1. There is a gradual increase in the forest cover due to programmes like ‘Van- Mahotsava’
under which all government employees’ plant trees.
2. Due to Afforestation scheme in which trees are planted in Rajasthan, West U.P. and Kutch
region.
3. Due to Reafforestation Scheme in which 2 saplings, are planted for every tree that is cut.

(iii) Trees in monsoon deciduous forests shed their leaves for about 6-8 weeks during March and
April. To prevent transpiration and to preserve water for the dry months.

Question 6
(a) “The modern means of irrigation are gaining popularity”. [2]

Give two reasons to justify this statement.

(b) Mention two factors that favour the development of tube well irrigation in Punjab. [2]
(c) Give a reason for each of the following: [3]
(i) Most of the South Indian states are not suitable for development of canal irrigation.
(ii) There is an urgent need for water conservation in India.
(iii) Development of irrigation is essential for the growth of the agriculture sector of India.
(d) Briefly explain the following terms: [3]
(i) Inundation canal.
(ii) Rooftop rainwater harvesting.
(iii) Surface water.

Solution 6:
(a) The modern means of irrigation like sprinkler or drip irrigation are by far the best methods
for conserving water as:
1. There is no wastage of water due to seepage or evaporation.
2. High application efficiency.
3. Labour cost is less.
4. Prevents water pollution.

(b) The two factors for the development of tube well irrigation in Punjab are;
1. Soft alluvial soil facilitate digging as deep as required.
2. High water table with perennial water supply.

(c) (i) Most of the rivers in South India are non- perennial. Deccan plateau consisting of hard
igneous and metamorphic rock making it difficult to dig. So, states in South India are not suitable
for canal irrigation.

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(ii) A fresh water resources such as rivers, lakes and ponds are drying up due to excessive use
and climate change. Industrial development is leading to the pollution of fresh water bodies like
lakes, river and ponds due to the increased usage of heavy metals, fertilizers and pesticides by
industries, plantations and farmers. Ground water levels in urban areas are falling due to bore
well and tube wells being dug deeper into the earth with water in the aquifer depleting faster than
it is being replenished. Thus, with rising water scarcity and growing population there is an urgent
need to conserve water in India for the future generations.
(iii) Only 30% of the cultivated area receives sufficient annual rainfall while 40% receives less
than 75cm of annual rainfall.
1. Rabi crops need irrigation as most parts of India receives no rain during winter.
2. Some crops like rice, jute, sugarcane need more water. So, India needs enhanced irrigation
facilities to get maximum yield from the same land.

(d) (i)Inundation canals are taken out from perennial rivers without any regulation system like
weirs and barrages at their head to regulate the flow of the river. The supply of water comes only
when the river if flooded in the lower level regions only. This type of irrigation is cheap and can
also be useful in controlling floods.
(ii) Rooftop Rain water harvesting is the technique through which rain water is captured from the
roof catchments and stored in reservoirs. This harvested rain water can be stored in sub-surface
ground water reservoirs by adopting artificial recharge techniques to meet the household needs
through storage tanks.
(iii) Surface water is available on the surface of the Earth in the form of rivers, lakes, ponds and
canals. Rivers comprise of the most important source of surface water. Most of the Himalayan
rivers are perennial while the rivers of the peninsular India are seasonal.

Question 7
(a) Give two advantages of using bio-gas as a source of power. [2]
(b) Name the following: [2]
(i) A metallic mineral for which the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh is famous.
(ii) The Multi-purpose project based on the River Sutlej.
(c) Give a reason for each of the following: [3]
(i) Odisha has benefitted greatly from the Hirakud project.
(ii) Copper is used to make electric wires.
(iii) India’s location is advantageous for the generation of solar power.
(d) Briefly answer the following: [3]
(i) Name a mineral used to generate nuclear power.
(ii) Why is petroleum often referred to as “liquid gold”?
(iii) State one disadvantage of using coal as a source of power.

Solution 7:

(a) Bio-gas energy uses organic material and waste like agricultural waste and household waste
for its production. So, it is a sustainable source of energy. It’s usage as a source of power has
many advantage such as:

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1. The process emits far less greenhouse gases into the air than in fossil fuels.
2. It is cost effective.
3. It saves about 70 lakh tons of fuel wood and reduces dependence on fossil fuels.

(b) (i) Cooper

(ii) Bhakra Nagal Project.

(c) (i) Odisha has greatly benefited from the Hirakud project as the canals originating from the
dam helps irrigate vast areas of agricultural land. The project also provides navigation facilities
for the transportation of goods. The project also has two power houses, chiplima power house
and Hirakud power house which supply power to a number of industries thus, making a valuable
contribution to the industrial development of Odisha as it is very rich in mineral resources like
iron, bauxite and manganese, etc.
(ii) Copper is a good electrical conductor. So, it is used in the electrical industry mainly to make
copper wire.
(iii) The Sun offer ‘direct’ and inexhaustible source of energy, especially in a tropical country
like India, with over 300 days of clear sky that can be utilized to generate electrical energy. Thus,
India’s location is advantageous for the generation of solar power.

(d) (i) Uranium/ Plutonium/ Beryllium/ Thorium.

(ii) Petroleum is a fossil fuel, can be extracted easily at a low cost, and sold at a cheaper cost as
compared to other sources of energy. It can generate up to 10,000 kilo calories of energy. It can
be easily transported. So, it is known as ‘liquid Gold’.
(iii) Using coal as a source of power requires burning it. Burning coal emits harmful waste like
carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid, arsenic, ash, and nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide, increasing
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It may also cause acid rain. Thus, causing severe harm to
our environment.

Question 8

(a) Mention two steps taken by the government to boost agricultural production in India. [2]

(b) (i) Name two varieties of millet grown in India. [2]

(ii) What is the soil requirement for growing millet?

(c) Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follows:

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(i) Mention the climatic condition that is suitable for the cultivation of this crop.
(ii) Name the state that produces the largest amount of this crop.
(iii) In which cropping season is this crop grown in India?

(d) Give a geographical reason for each of the following ; [3]

(i) Cultivation of wheat is confined to the northern part of India.
(ii) Practicing mixed farming gives security to farmers.
(iii) Ratoon cropping is gaining popularity among sugarcane cultivations.

Solution 8:

(a) Two steps are:

1. Use of HYV seeds.
2. Rural electrification.
3. Supply of agricultural credit.
4. Land reforms law.
5. Irrigation facilities.
6. Opening of agricultural universities.

(b) (i) Jowar and Bajra.

(ii) Millets do not have any special requirements as far as soil is concerned. Loamy, sandy,
clayey deep regur and alluvial soil are best growing millets.

(c) (i) The temperature should be in between 21oC to 27oC and should not be less than 20oC. The
rainfall should be between 50-80 cm and should be well distributed as stagnant water and
excessive rain can be harmful to the plant. The cotton crop needs 200 frost free days during the
period of growth.
(ii) Punjab.
(iii) In North India it is a Rabi crop but in South India it is Kharif crop.

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(d) (i) Wheat grows well in a cool climate with 50cm to 100cm of rainfall during the growing
season. It needs an average temperature of 10o-15oC at the time of sowing and 20o-25oC during
the harvesting period. North India enjoys this type of climate, whereas South India does not so,
wheat cultivation is confined to North India only.
(ii) Cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock is done simultaneously in mixed farming. If
crops fails, the farmers get income from the livestock. So, this give security to the farmers.
(iii) Ratoon cropping does not involve any extra expenditure for replanting the crop. It involves
shorter maturation period. So, it is gaining popularity among sugarcane cultivators.

Question 9
(a) Where do the following iron and steel plants get their supply of iron ore from? [2]
(i) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant.
(ii) Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant.
(b) ‘Karnataka has developed as an important state for the growth of the Silk industry’. Give
two reasons to justify the statement. [2]
(c) With reference to sugar industries answer the following questions: [3]
(i) Why should theses industries be located close to the sugarcane growing areas?
(ii) Name two by – products of the sugar industry.
(iii) Mention one leading sugar producing state in North India and one in South India.
(d) Give a reason for each of the following: [3]
(i) Ahmedabad is an important cotton textile producing centre in India.
(ii) Cottage industries are significant for our economy.
(iii) Petrochemical industries are usually located close to the oil refineries.

Solution 9:

(a) (i) Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant get iron ore from Dalli-Rajhara range.
(ii) Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant get iron ore from Bailadila mines in Chhattisgarh.

(b) Karnataka has developed as an important state for the growth of the silk industry for the
following reason:
1. Availability of favorable climate for rearing of Silkworms throughout the year.
2. Availability of Mulberry plant which is raised as plantation bush.
3. Availability of soft water.

(c) (i) Sugarcane needs to be crushed within 24 to 48 hrs, otherwise, the sucrose content is
reduced. So, the sugar industry should be located close to the sugarcane growing areas.
(ii) Molasses, Bagasses, Preemud.
(iii) North India---- Up/Punjab/Bihar/Haryana.
South India- Maharashtra/ Karnataka.

(d) (i) Ahmedabad is located right in the centre of the cotton producing area, it enjoys humid
climate which is ideal for cotton thread it provides a huge ready market for cheaper cloth among
the poor masses of India. It also has an advantage of both kandla (free trade zone) and Mumbai

11
port for export and import. So, Ahmedabad is an important cotton textile producing centre in
India.
(ii) Cottage industries are significant for our economy in the following ways:
1. Cottage industries provide employment to a large number of people in India.
2. It also helps India to earn considerable amount of Foreign exchange.
3. It also stops rural to urban migration.
(iii) Petrochemical industry gets its raw materials from the oil refineries. So, they are located
close to the oil refineries.

Question 10
(a) “Roadways are an important means of transport in India”. Give two reasons to justify the
statement. [2]
(b) (i)Why are South Indian rivers not ideal for the inland water transport?

(ii)Mention one advantage of costal shipping.

(c) Give a reason for each of the following: [3]
(i) Nearly seventy percent of Indians do not use air transport.
(ii) A well-developed transport network is important for industrial growth.
(iii) Water transport is not as popular as land transport in India.
(d) (i) “The railway is an important means of transport as compared to airways.” State

two reasons to support the statement.

(ii) Mention one disadvantage of rail transport.
Solution 10:
(a) Roadways are an important means of transport in India because:
1) Road construction can be undertaken in remote areas, difficult terrains, high altitudes and
steep slopes.
2) It provide a link between the railways and the ports.

(b) (i) Rivers in South India flow in a rocky areas and have an irregular terrain with a number of
waterfalls and sharp bends. So, the rivers are not suitable for inland water transport.
(ii) Coastal shipping is the most economical and environment friendly mode of transport as
compared to railways and airways as it saves fuel, it reduces the burden on rail and road transport
system and provides employment to thousand of people.

(c) (i) Air transport is very expensive . It tends to serve only a particular sector who can afford
the exorbitant fares. These fares are normally beyond the reach of the common man. Thus, 70%
of Indians cannot afford it.
(ii) A well –developed transport network is important as it is the lifeline for the economic
development of the country. Transport links consumption to production and hinterland to the
production centres. It also links the country with rest of the world. Thus, a well –developed
transport network is important for the overall industrial growth of the country.
(iii) Water transport is a very slow means of transport as compared to land transport. In India
there is always a chance of failure of monsoon which may result into a fall of water level in the
rivers making navigation difficult whereas, land transport does not face any such seasonal

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difficulties. Water transport is more risky as compared to land transport because there is always a
danger of sinking of ships or boats. Thus, it is not as popular as land transport.

(d) (i) rail Transport is the cheapest mode of transport for bulky products like food grain,
minerals, heavy defense equipment, etc. whereas, air transport is expensive for both passenger
and freight. Rail transport helps to link the rural India with the urban cities, on the other hand air
transport links only the major cities of the country to one another. Thus, railways is an important
means of transport as compared to airways.
(ii) Railways are unsafe due to poor maintenance, frequent accidents, terror attacks and faulty
repairs. Poor management, poor catering and lack of amenities at railway stations have resulted
in an inefficient image of the railways in the eyes of the public.

Question 11
(a) What impact does the Waste accumulation have on the following? [2]
(i) Quality of air around us
(ii) Quality of water around us
(b) Mention two ways in which the decomposition of waste in open areas can affect human
health. [2]
(c) (i) What can an individual do to reduce waste at home? [3]
(ii) Why must segregation of waste be done before disposal?
(iii) How has composting proven to be a great help in managing waste?
(d) Give a reason for each of the following : [3]
(i) Trees must be planted in the industrial areas.
(ii) Chemical fertilizers must be replaced by organic manure.
(iii) Plastic and polythene products must be banned.

Solution 11:

(a) (i) Quality of the air around us:

Over crowed urban areas generate excessive waste in form of large piles of garbage. This
accumulated waste releases various pollutants into the air. Primary pollutants that are emitted
directly into the air include carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and SPM which
lend to common air hazards such as acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion and smog
formation.
(ii) Quality of water around us:
Industrial plants or manufactures release various pollutants such as arsenic, lead, mercury in the
water bodies which when accumulated pollute the streams, rivers and oceans there by causing
serious health hazards in humans as well as the aquatic life.
(b) Decomposition of waste in open areas can affect human health in the following ways:

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1. Decomposition of waste in landfills releases various harmful gases such as methane that
causes chemical poisoning among humans.
2. Landfills also attract all types of insects and rodents that spread various diseases.

(c) (i) 1. Instead of discarding house hold items one can reuse the items after repairing and
polishing them.
2. Household waste like vegetable peels, garden waste etc. can be reduced by making compost.
3. Use products which do not generate too much waste, are ecofriendly and biodegradable.
(ii) Waste from residential areas, hotels, offices and commercial areas must be segregated into
different categories of biodegradable and no degradable wastes for treating, recycling and
disposing appropriately.
(iii) Composing has proven to be of great help in managing waste as it has led to:
1. Conversion of organic waste into valuable fertilizers.
2. Reduction of the quality of waste to be disposed of by householder.
3. It is normal waste disposal system and help nutrients get back into the soil.

(d) (i) Trees must be planted in and around the industrial areas as trees can arrest the pollutants
and avoid health hazards of the human and animal population living in and around the industry.
(ii) Chemical fertilizers remain in the soil for a long time contaminating the top soil and ground
water while the organic manure improves the texture of the soil, aids plant growth and increase
the water holding capacity of the soil, . Thus, chemical fertilizers must be replaced by organic
manure.
(iii) Disposal of plastics and its effects on human health are a matter of great concern. Coloured
plastics are harmful as their pigment contains heavy metals that are highly toxic other toxic
contents in plastics can cause great harm to both humans and animals.

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