3 A_Fast_path_re-planning_method_for_UAV_based_on_improved_A_algorithm
3 A_Fast_path_re-planning_method_for_UAV_based_on_improved_A_algorithm
LPSURYHG$ DOJRULWKP
=KDR\DQJ:DQJ +RXMXQ6XQ
&ROOHJHRI$VWURQDXWLFV /XR\DQJ,QVWLWXWHRI(OHFWURRSWLF
1DQMLQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI$HURQDXWLFVDQG (TXLSPHQW
$VWURQDXWLFV /XR\DQJ&KLQD
1DQMLQJ&KLQD #TTFRP
Z]\#FRP
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 30,2023 at 12:13:59 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG 'LDJUDP RI SDWK GHILQHG7KHFKURPRVRPHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ IRUDSDWKFRQVLVWLQJ
SODQQLQJPHWKRGSURSRVHGLQWKLVSDSHULVVKRZQLQ)LJ RI n LQWHUPHGLDWHSRLQWVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHORFDWLRQ
*HQHWLF DOJRULWKP *$ LV RQH RI WKH PRVW SRZHUIXO RI VWDUW DQG WDUJHW SRLQWV DUH JLYHQ E\ X Y Z DQG
UDQGRP VHDUFKLQJ PHWKRGV WKDW XVH PHFKDQLVPV RI QDWXUDO X n Yn Z n UHVSHFWLYHO\
VHOHFWLRQDQGJHQHWLFV ZKLOH VHDUFKLQJ IRURSWLPDO VROXWLRQV
>@7KHJHQHWLFDOJRULWKPZHUHRULJLQDOO\GHYHORSHGE\>@
DQGLWDLPVDWILQGLQJRSWLPXPVROXWLRQVIURPDSRSXODWLRQRI
SRLQWVLQDFHUWDLQ VHDUFK VSDFH VR DVWR ILQGJOREDORSWLPDO
VROXWLRQV
)LJ &KURPRVRPHVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDSDWKZLWKQSDWKSRLQWV
LQGLYLGXDOLVWKHRSWLPDOSDWK VXP RI SDWK VHJPHQWV DQG dii+ LV WKH (XFOLGHDQ GLVWDQFH
7KH IORZ FKDUW RI *$ EDVHG JOREDO SDWK SODQQLQJ LV DV N
UHSUHVHQWV WKH FRVW RI WKUHDW f d = K j di j LV WKH
i j
di j
GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQSDWKSRLQWDQGWKUHDWSRLQW m LVWKHQXPEHU
RIWKUHDWVDQG K j LVWKHLQWHQVLW\RIWKUHDWV DQG
UHSUHVHQWWKHZHLJKWVRIIOLJKWFRVWKHLJKWFRVWDQGWKUHDWFRVW
UHVSHFWLYHO\VDWLVI\LQJ + + =
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 30,2023 at 12:13:59 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
SUREDELOLW\,QWKLVSDSHUPHWKRGRIURXOHWWHZKHHOLVXVHGIRU • ([FKDQJH([FKDQJLQJWKHRUGHURIDQ\WZRDGMDFHQW
VHOHFWLRQ QRGHVLQWKHIOLJKWSDWKFDQUHGXFHWKHWXUQLQJDQJOH
,IWKHQHZSDWKREWDLQHGDIWHUWKHH[FKDQJHRSHUDWLRQ
&URVVRYHU RSHUDWRU 7KH FURVVRYHU RSHUDWLRQ UHIHUV WR
KDVDJUHDWHUILWQHVVWKDQWKHRULJLQDOSDWKWKHSDWKLV
H[FKDQJLQJSDUWRIWKHJHQHVRIWZRSDLUHGFKURPRVRPHVLQD
XSGDWHG
FHUWDLQZD\WRIRUPWZRQHZLQGLYLGXDOV,QWKLVSDSHURQH
SRLQW PHWKRG LV XVHG IRU FURVVRYHU 6LQJOHSRLQW FURVVRYHU ,,, /2&$/ 3$7+5(3/$11,1*
PHDQV WKDW RQO\ RQH FURVV SRLQW LV UDQGRPO\ VHW LQ WKH
LQGLYLGXDOFRGLQJVWULQJDQGWKHQWKLVSRLQWH[FKDQJHVSDUWRI A. A * algorithm based path planning
WKHFKURPRVRPHVRIWZRSDLUHGLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKHDFKRWKHU $ DOJRULWKPLVDKHXULVWLFVHDUFKDOJRULWKPZLGHO\XVHG
LQ SDWKSODQQLQJ ZKLFKLV VXLWDEOH IRU VROYLQJWKH OHDVWFRVW
SDWKEHWZHHQWZRSRLQWVLQVWDWHVSDFH,WH[SDQGVQRGHVE\
HYDOXDWLQJWKHFRVWYDOXHRIHDFKQRGHXQWLOWKHWDUJHWSRLQWLV
VHOHFWHGDVWKHH[SDQVLRQQRGHIURPZKLFKGHULYHVWKHSDWK
ZLWKWKHVPDOOHVWFRVW
7KH$ DOJRULWKPVHDUFKSURFHVVLV)LUVWWKHHQYLURQPHQW
)LJ 'LDJUDPRI WKHFURVVRYHURSHUDWRU VSDFH LV GLYLGHG LQWR D JULG VSDFH FRPSRVHG RI SRLQWV DQG
HGJHV 7KHQ H[SDQG WKH QRGHV IURP WKH VWDUWLQJ SRLQW
0XWDWLRQ RSHUDWRU 0XWDWLRQ RSHUDWLRQ UHIHUV WR DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH HYDOXDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ f ( n ) )RU HDFK
UHSODFHPHQWRIJHQHYDOXHVDWFHUWDLQORFLLQWKHFRGLQJVWULQJ
RIDFKURPRVRPHZLWKRWKHUDOOHOHVWRIRUPDQHZLQGLYLGXDO H[SDQGHGZDONWKHQRGHVDURXQGWKHFXUUHQWSRLQWDUHWDNHQ
7KHPXWDWLRQRSHUDWLRQFDQLPSURYHWKHORFDOVHDUFKDELOLW\RI DV WKH SRWHQWLDO QRGHV WR EH H[SDQGHG DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ
WKH DOJRULWKP :KHQ WKH LQGLYLGXDO DSSURDFKHV WKH RSWLPDO )LQDOO\ VHOHFW WKH QRGH ZLWK WKH ORZHVW FRVW HYDOXDWLRQ
VROXWLRQRIWKHSUREOHPDIWHUFURVVLQJWKHPXWDWLRQIXQFWLRQ IXQFWLRQYDOXHDVDQH[WVHDUFKIRUDQRGHVXFKWKDWWKHVHDUFK
LVQHHGHGWRDGMXVWVRPHRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOJHQHORFXVYDOXHV SURFHHGVWRZDUGWKHRSWLPXPGLUHFWLRQ
VR WKDW WKH LQGLYLGXDO LV FORVHU WR WKH RSWLPDO VROXWLRQ 7KH
PXWDWLRQRSHUDWLRQFDQLPSURYHWKHORFDOVHDUFKDELOLW\RIWKH
DOJRULWKP :KHQ DQ LQGLYLGXDO DSSURDFKHV WKH RSWLPDO
VROXWLRQRIWKHSUREOHPDIWHUFURVVLQJWKHPXWDWLRQIXQFWLRQ
LVQHHGHGWRDGMXVWVRPHRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOJHQHORFXVYDOXHV
VR LW FDQ EH FORVHU WR WKH RSWLPDO VROXWLRQ 7KH PXWDWLRQ
RSHUDWLRQ FDQ DOVR SUHYHQW WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI SUHFRFLRXV
SRSXODWLRQ DQG PDLQWDLQ WKH GLYHUVLW\ RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ
7KURXJKPXWDWLRQDQHZLQGLYLGXDOFRGLQJVWUXFWXUHFDQEH
JHQHUDWHG WR HIIHFWLYHO\ DYRLG SUHFRFLRXV DJLQJ )URP WKH
SHUVSHFWLYHRISDWKSODQQLQJWKHLQWHUQDOYDULDWLRQRIWKHSDWK )LJ GLUHFWLRQVIRUHDFKZDON
LVWKHFKDQJH RIFRRUGLQDWH YDOXHV 0XWDWLRQ RSHUDWLRQV FDQ
DVVLVWLQJHQHUDWLQJQHZLQGLYLGXDOVDQGDIIHFWWKHORFDOVHDUFK 7KHHYDOXDWLRQIXQFWLRQRIQRGH nLVJLYHQE\
FDSDELOLWLHV RI *$ 7KHUH DUH WKUHH FRPPRQO\XVHG EDVLF
PXWDWLRQRSHUDWRUV f ( n) = g ( n) + h ( n)
UHSUHVHQWV WKDW WKH FXUUHQW QRGH LV WKH N WK ZD\SRLQW DQG
di j UHSUHVHQWV WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WZR ZD\SRLQWV
)LJ 'LDJUDPRIWKH0XWDWLRQRSHUDWRUV
N m
Tn = f d UHSUHVHQWVWKHFRVWRIWKUHDW f d = K j
• $GGLWLRQ :KHQ WKH IOLJKW SDWK FURVVHV WKH GDQJHU i= j=
i j i j
d
]RQH RU YLRODWHV WKH PLQLPXP IOLJKW KHLJKW D QHZ i j
IOLJKWQRGHLVLQVHUWHGEHWZHHQWZRDGMDFHQWQRGHVLQ di j UHSUHVHQWV WKH GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQ WKH iWK SDWK SRLQW DQG
WKLV WUDMHFWRU\ 7KH SXUSRVH LV WR LQFUHDVH WKH
IHDVLELOLW\RIWKHWUDFN WKH jWK ZD\SRLQWPLVWKHQXPEHURIWKUHDWSRLQWVDQG K j
• 'HOHWLRQ ,I WKH IOLJKW SDWK GRHV QRW PHHW WKH IOLJKW LVWKHLQWHQVLW\RIWKH jWK WKUHDW
FRQVWUDLQWVWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHQRGHLVGHOHWHGIURPWKH
IOLJKWSDWK7KHSXUSRVHLVWRUHGXFHWKHOHQJWKRIWKH
WUDFNDQGLPSURYHWKHIHDVLELOLW\
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 30,2023 at 12:13:59 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
,Q (TXDWLRQ h ( n ) UHSUHVHQWV WKH KHXULVWLF IXQFWLRQ ,9 6,08/$7,215(68/76
ZKLFK LV GHILQHG DVWKH(XFOLGHDQ GLVWDQFHIURP WKHFXUUHQW A. Construction of equivalence DEM
QRGH n ( xn yn ) WRWKHWDUJHWQRGH G ( xG yG ) '(0 'LJLWDO(OHYDWLRQ0RGHO XVHVDVHWRIGLJLWDODUUD\V
WRUHSUHVHQWWKHHOHYDWLRQRI WKH WHUUDLQ7KH GLJLWDODUUD\ LV
VRUWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH UXOHV RI VSDWLDO GLYLVLRQ '(0 FDQ
h ( n) = (x xn ) + ( yG yn )
G
GHPRQVWUDWHWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIGLYHUVHWHUUDLQZLWKRXWORVVRI
SUHFLVLRQDQGLVHDV\WRLPSOHPHQW7KLVSDSHUVHOHFWVDUHDO
:KHQXVLQJWKH$ DOJRULWKPIRUSDWKSODQQLQJLQDWKUHH WHUUDLQ RI 6DQ )UDQFLVFR LQ WKH '(0 GDWDEDVH WR EXLOG D
GLPHQVLRQDOHQYLURQPHQWWKHVXUURXQGLQJJULGVDUHQHHG VLPXODWLRQHQYLURQPHQWDVVKRZQLQ)LJ
WREHVHDUFKHG,QRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHVHDUFKHIILFLHQF\WKLV
SDSHU XVHV D VHDUFK VWUDWHJ\ WKDW FRPELQHVWZRGLPHQVLRQDO
SDWKSODQQLQJDQGKHLJKWSODQQLQJ
B. Height planning
7KH DFWXDO IOLJKW RI WKH 8$9 LV LQ D WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO
HQYLURQPHQWVRHDFKSDWKSRLQWLQWKHWZRGLPHQVLRQDOSDWK
QHHGVWREHDVVLJQHGDQDSSURSULDWHDOWLWXGHYDOXHWRREWDLQD
WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOSDWK
'XULQJWKHIOLJKWQHZWKUHDWVDUHGHWHFWHGLQUHDOWLPHDQG
LI WKHUH DUH WKHVH WKUHDWV DUH EXLOW LQWR HTXLYDOHQW PRXQWDLQ
SHDNVDQGLQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKHRQERDUG'(0,WLVGHWHUPLQHG
WKDWWKHSDWKVHJPHQWIRUPHGE\WKHWZRZD\SRLQWV A DQG B
FORVHVWWRWKHQHZGHWHFWLRQWKUHDWLQWKHUHIHUHQFHWUDFNDQG
WKH ZD\SRLQWV FRYHUHG E\ WKH QHZ GHWHFWLRQ WKUHDW LV
routeD ( s s sN ) 7KHSODQHRQZKLFKWKHSDWKSRLQWZLWK
)LJ 7HUUDLQPDS
WKHVPDOOHVWDOWLWXGHLVORFDWHGLVWDNHQDVWKHWZRGLPHQVLRQDO
SDWK SODQQLQJ VSDFH 7DNH WKH SURMHFWLRQ RI A DQG B DV 7KUHDWV LQ EDWWOHILHOG HQYLURQPHQWV FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR
VWDUWLQJDQGWDUJHWSRLQWRIWZRGLPHQVLRQDOSDWKSODQQLQJ GHWHFWLRQWKUHDWVDQGILUHWKUHDWV5DGDULVDW\SLFDOGHWHFWLRQ
$VVXPH WKDW WKH UHIHUHQFH SDWK WKDW RYHUODSV ZLWK WKH WKUHDW ZLWK UDGLXV JUHDWHU WKDQ NP )LUHSRZHU WKUHDWV
LQFOXGH DUWLOOHU\ WKUHDWV DQG PLVVLOH WKUHDWV 7KH W\SLFDO
HQYLURQPHQWFKDQJHDUHDLV SD = ( s s sN ) WKHQXPEHU DUWLOOHU\VKHOOV\VWHPKDVDWWDFNUDQJHRIaNP
RIZD\SRLQWVLV N WKHDOWLWXGHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKH iWK SDWK
(1) Radar threat modeling
SRLQW LV H i DQG WKH WZRGLPHQVLRQDO SDWK UHSODQQHG WR
7KHSUREDELOLW\RIUDGDUILQGLQJDWDUJHWLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\
E\SDVV WKH WKUHDW LV P D = ( p p pn ) DQG WKH QXPEHU RI H[SUHVVHGDVIROORZV
ZD\SRLQWVLV n 7KHDOWLWXGHFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKH jWK SDWK R
K
R
SRLQWLV hi JLYHQE\
PR = e PD[
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 30,2023 at 12:13:59 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
VLPSOLILHG E\ D *DXVVLDQ GLVWULEXWLRQ ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ 580
H[SUHVVLRQ 560
xx
y yi
540
zi ( x y ) = hi H[S i
520
xsi ysi
500
Fitness
480
ZKHUH x DQG y LV FRRUGLQDWH RI WKH WKUHDW SURMHFWHG RQ WKH
460
440
ILUVW WKUHDW xsi DQG ysi UHSUHVHQW WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ RI WKH iWK
380
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Number of iterations
Z = PD[ h ( x y ) zi ( x y )
ZKHUH h ( x y ) LVWKHWHUUDLQLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHWHUUDLQPDS
zi ( x y ) LVWKHWKUHDWLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHWKUHDWPDS
,QWKLVSDSHUWKHVL]HRIEDWWOHILHOGHTXLYDOHQW'(0LVVHW
WRNP NP NPDQGWKHWHUUDLQGDWDLVDFHUWDLQDUHD
RI 6DQ )UDQFLVFR 7KH FHQWHU FRRUGLQDWHV RI WKH ILUHSRZHU )LJ5HVXOWRIJOREDOSDWKSODQQLQJ
WKUHDW LV VHW WR ZLWK UDGLXV RI NP 7KH FHQWHU
FRRUGLQDWHVRIWZRUDGDUWKUHDWVDUHVHWWR DQG 7R YHULI\WKHSHUIRUPDQFH RI SDWK UHSODQQLQJWZRQHZ
UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZLWK UDGLXV RI NP )LJ LV WKH EDWWOHILHOG WKUHDWVZHUHDGGHGZLWKFRRUGLQDWHVRI DQG
'(0IXVHGRIWKHRIWKHWHUUDLQPDSDQGWKHWKUHDWPDS UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHUHVXOWLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 30,2023 at 12:13:59 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Average >@ 6KXDL=;XH5HQ/,3HQJ=HWDO8$9SDWKSODQQLQJEDVHGRQ
Method
time/s LPSURYHG$ DOJRULWKP>-@)OLJKW'\QDPLFV
%HIRUHQHZWKUHDWVDGGHG *$ >@ $NEDULSRXU + 0DVHKLDQ ( 6HPLOD]\ SUREDELOLVWLF URDGPDS D
SDUDPHWHUWXQHG UHVLOLHQW DQG UREXVW SDWK SODQQLQJ PHWKRG IRU
0HWKRGSURSRVHG PDQLSXODWRU URERWV>-@ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI $GYDQFHG
WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO 0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\
$IWHUQHZWKUHDWVDGGHG
$ >@ &KLQJ&KLK 7VDL +VX&KLK +XDQJ &KHQJ.DL &KDQ 3DUDOOHO (OLWH
*$ *HQHWLF $OJRULWKP DQG ,WV $SSOLFDWLRQ WR *OREDO 3DWK 3ODQQLQJ IRU
$XWRQRPRXV 5RERW 1DYLJDWLRQ>-@ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ ,QGXVWULDO
(OHFWURQLFV
9 &21&/86,21 >@ &HNPH] 8 2]VLJLQDQ 0 6DKLQJR] 2 . 0XOWL FRORQ\ DQW
,QWKLVSDSHUWKHFRPELQDWLRQRI*$DQG$ DOJRULWKPLV RSWLPL]DWLRQIRU8$9SDWKSODQQLQJZLWKREVWDFOHDYRLGDQFH>&@
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 8QPDQQHG $LUFUDIW 6\VWHPV ,&8$6
SURSRVHG WR VROYH WKH UHDOWLPH SUREOHP RI 8$9 SDWK
,(((
SODQQLQJWDVNV3DWKSODQQLQJLVGLYLGHGLQWRWZRSDUWVJOREDO
>@ =+$1* -LQJ +( <RX 3(1* <LQJQLQJ HW DO 1HXUDO QHWZRUN DQG
SDWK SODQQLQJ DQG UHDOWLPH SDWK SODQQLQJ &RPSDUHG WR DUWLILFLDO SRWHQWLDO ILHOG EDVHG FRRSHUDWLYH DQG DGYHUVDULDOO\ SDWK
WUDGLWLRQDO WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO SDWK SODQQLQJ SDWK SODQQLQJ SODQQLQJ>-@ $FWD $HURQDXWLFD HW $VWURQDXWLFD 6LQLFD
PHWKRG SURSRVHG LQ WKLV SDSHU UHGXFHV WKH VHDUFK VSDFH E\
GLYLGLQJ WKH WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO SDWK SODQQLQJ LQWR WZR >@ 6]F]HUED 5- *DONRZVNL 3 5REXVW DOJRULWKP IRU UHDOWLPH URXWH
LQGHSHQGHQW PRGXOHV WZRGLPHQVLRQDO SDWK SODQQLQJ DQG SODQQLQJ>-@,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ $HURVSDFH (OHFWURQLF 6\VWHPV
3
KHLJKWSODQQLQJ6LPXODWLRQUHVXOWVYHULI\WKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI
>@ /, &KXQ =+28 &KHQJ ',1* 0LQJ 5HVHDUFK RQ UHDOWLPH WKUHH
WKHSDWKSODQQLQJPHWKRGSURSRVHGLQWKLVSDSHUDQGVKRZWKDW GLPHQVLRQDOURXWH SODQQLQJ RI DLUFUDIW IRU G\QDPLF HQYLURQPHQWV>-@
WKH SURSRVHG DOJRULWKP PHHWV WKH UHDOWLPH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI -RXUQDORI$VWURQDXWLFV
SDWKSODQQLQJ >@ +RQJWDR 7DR =KHQJ :DQJ -LDQ[XQ /L 7KUHHGLPHQVLRQDO SDWK
SODQQLQJIRUXQPDQQHGDHULDOYHKLFOHVEDVHGRQPXOWLREMHFWLYHJHQHWLF
5()(5(1&(6 DOJRULWKP>&@UG&KLQHVH&RQWURO&RQIHUHQFH &&& ,(((
>@ +DL<DQJ&KDR<RQJ&DQ&DR<DQJ4XDQ&KHQ$XWRSLORWVIRUVPDOO
XQPDQQHGDHULDOYHKLFOHV$VXUYH\>-@,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RQWURO >@ <*6XQ0<'LQJ&3=KRX5RXWHSODQQLQJEDVHGRQTXDQWXP
$XWRPDWLRQ 6\VWHPV JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP IRU 8$9V>-@ -RXUQDO RI $VWURQDXWLFV
>@ 6+(1/LQFKHQJ&+(1-LQJ:$1*1DQ2YHUYLHZRI$LU9HKLFOH
0LVVLRQ 3ODQQLQJ 7HFKQLTXHV >-@ $FWD $HURQDXWLFD HW $VWURQDXWLFD >@ ;/LX&3=KRX4<XWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOIDVWURXWHSODQQLQJEDVHG
6LQLFD RQKLHUDUFKLFDOVWUDWHJ\>-@-RXUQDORI$VWURQDXWLFV
>@ 6XQ4:DQ:&KHQ*HWDO3DWKSODQQLQJDOJRULWKPXQGHUVSHFLILF
FRQVWUDLQWV LQ ZHLJKWHG GLUHFWHG JUDSK>&@ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH >@ *ROGEHUJ'(*HQHWLFDOJRULWKPVLQVHDUFKRSWLPLVDWLRQDQGPDFKLQH
RQ$XGLR,((( OHDUQLQJ5HDGLQJ0$86$$GGLVRQ:HVOH\
>@ ;,21*&KDR;,(:XMLH'21*:HQKDQ2EVWDFOH$YRLGDQFH3DWK >@ +ROODQG - $GDSWDWLRQ LQ QDWXUDO DQG DUWLILFLDO V\VWHPV $QQ $UERU
3ODQQLQJ IRU 8$9 %DVHG RQ $UWLILFLDO 3RWHQWLDO )LHOG ,PSURYHG E\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ3UHVV
&ROOLVLRQ&RQH>-@&RPSXWHU(QJLQHHULQJ
>@ 6XK-*RQJ-2K6)DVW6DPSOLQJ%DVHG&RVW$ZDUH3DWK3ODQQLQJ
:LWK 1RQP\RSLF ([WHQVLRQV 8VLQJ &URVV (QWURS\>-@ ,(((
7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ5RERWLFV
Authorized licensed use limited to: NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY. Downloaded on April 30,2023 at 12:13:59 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.