CAMPUS JOURNALISM PRELIM

CHARTCHEL BANTIGUE

INTRODUCTION: JOURNALISM IN disinformation. However, there are also

THE PHILIPPINES: A CLOSER LOOK opportunities for growth and innovation,
Journalism in the Philippines has a with the rise of digital media presenting
rich and complex history, shaped by new avenues for storytelling and
various social, political, and economic audience engagement.
factors. From the Spanish colonial In conclusion, journalism in the
period to the present day, the Philippines is a dynamic and
landscape of Philippine journalism has multifaceted industry that continues to
undergone significant changes, evolve in response to changing societal
influencing the way news and and technological developments. As the
information are disseminated to the country grapples with various
public. challenges, the role of journalism
remains vital in informing the public,
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW promoting accountability, and
The origins of journalism in the contributing to the vibrant democratic
Philippines can be traced back to the discourse in the Philippines.
late 18th century, with the introduction
of newspapers during the Spanish REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7079, JULY 05,
colonial era. The emergence of 1991
publications such as "La Esperanza," "El AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE
Noticiero," and "La Estrella" marked the DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF
early beginnings of the Filipino press. CAMPUS JOURNALISM AND FOR OTHER
However, it was during the American PURPOSES
occupation in the early 20th century Be it enacted by the Senate and
that the modern form of journalism House of Representatives of the
began to take shape, with the Philippines in Congress assembled:
establishment of English-language SECTION 1. Title. This Act shall be
newspapers and the professionalization known and referred to as the "Campus
of the industry. Journalism Act of 1991."
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. - It is
THE ROLE OF JOURNALISM IN SOCIETY the declared policy of the State to
Journalism plays a crucial role in uphold and protect the freedom of the
Philippine society, serving as a press even at the campus level and to
watchdog, providing information, and promote the development and growth
shaping public opinion. With the advent of campus journalism as a means of
of digital media, the landscape of strengthening ethical values,
journalism has evolved, giving rise to encouraging critical and creative
online news platforms and citizen thinking, and developing moral
journalism, providing alternative character and personal discipline of the
sources of information and facilitating Filipino youth.
public discourse. In furtherance of this policy, the
State shall undertake various programs
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES and projects aimed at improving the
Despite its essential role, journalistic skills of students concerned
journalism in the Philippines faces and promoting responsible and free
various challenges, including threats to journalism.
press freedom, safety concerns for SEC. 3. Definition of Terms.
journalists, and the impact of
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a) School. - An institution for competitive examinations. Once the

learning in the elementary, secondary publication is established, its editorial
or tertiary level comprised of the board shall freely determine its editorial
studentry, administration, faculty and policies and manage the publication's
nonfaculty personnel; funds.
b) Student Publication. - The SEC. 5. Funding of Student
issue of any printed material that is Publication. - Funding for the student
independently published by, and which publication may include the savings of
meets the needs and interests of, the the respective school's appropriations,
studentry; student subscriptions, donations, and
c) Student Journalist. - Any other sources of funds.
bona fide student enrolled for the In no instance shall the
current semester or term, who has Department of Education, Culture and
passed or met the qualification and Sports or the school administration
standards of the editorial board. He concerned withhold the release of funds
must likewise maintain a satisfactory sourced from the savings of the
academic standing. appropriations of the respective schools
d) Editorial Board. - In the and other sources intended for the
tertiary level, the editorial board shall student publication.
be composed of student journalists who Subscription fees collected by the
have qualified in placement school administration shall be released
examinations. In the case of elementary automatically to the student publication
and high school levels, the editorial concerned.
board shall be composed of a duly SEC. 6. Publication Adviser. - The
appointed faculty adviser, the editor publication adviser shallbe selected by
who qualified and a representative of the school administration from a list of
the Parents-Teachers' Association, who recommendees submitted by the
will determine the editorial policies to publication staff. The function of the
be implemented by the editor and staff adviser shall be limited to one of
members of the student publication technical guidance.
concerned. SEC. 7. Security of Tenure. - A
At the tertiary level, the editorial member of the publication staff must
board may include a publication adviser maintain his or her status as student in
at the option of its members. order to retain membership in the
e. Editorial Policies. - A set of publication staff. A student shall not be
guidelines by which a student expelled or suspended solely on the
publication is operated and managed, basis of articles he or she has written,
taking into account pertinent laws as or on the basis of the performance of
well as the school administration's his or her duties in the student
policies. Said guidelines shall determine publication.
the frequency of publication, the SEC. 8. Press Conferences and
manner of selecting articles and Training Seminars. - The Department
features and other similar matters. of Education, Culture and Sports shall
SEC. 4. Student Publication. - A sponsor periodic competitions, press
student publication is published by the conferences and training seminars in
student body through an editorial board which student-editors/writers and
and publication staff composed of teacher-advisers of student publications
students selected by fair and
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in the elementary, secondary and (Sgd.) JOVITO R. SALONGA - President of

tertiary levels shall participate. the Senate
Such competitions, conferences (Sgd.) RAMON V. MITRA - Speaker of the
and seminars shall be held at the House of Representatives This Act
institutional, divisional, and regional which is a consolidation of Senate Bill
levels, culminating with the holding of No. 1103
the annual national elementary, and House Bill No. 22658 was finally
secondary or tertiary School Press passed by the Senate and the House of
Conference in places of historical and/or Representatives on May 20, 1991 and
cultural interest in the country. May 23, 1991, respectively.
SEC. 9. Rules and Regulations. - The (Sgd.) EDWIN P. ACOBA - Secretary of
Department of Education, Culture and the Senate
Sports, in coordination with the officers (Sgd.) CAMILO L. SABIO - Secretary
of the national elementary, secondary General House of Representatives
or tertiary organizations or official (Sgd.) CORAZON C. AQUINO President of
advisers of student publications, the Philippines
together with student journalists at the
tertiary level and existing organizations HISTORY OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM
of student journalists, shall promulgate IN THE PHILIPPINES
the rules and regulations necessary for HIGH SCHOOL PUBLICATION- A
the effective implementation of this Act. BRIEF HISTORY
SEC. 10. Tax Exemption. - Pursuant to The school paper is so much part
paragraph 4, Section 4, Article XIV of of a student's life that he seldom
the Constitution, all grants, considers how many student writers
endowments, donations, or and how much cooperation and
contributions used actually, directly and technical skill are necessary, before he
exclusively for the promotion of campus receives from them the latest news,
journalism as provided for in this Act comment, feature stories and literary
shall be exempt from donor's or gift tax. articles promptly.
SEC. 11. Appropriations. - For the In the city schools of Manila, at
initial year of implementation, the sum least six issues a year, or one per
of Five million pesos (P5,000,000.00) is grading period, is put out by selected
hereby authorized to be charged staff members in both elementary and
against the savings from the current high schools.
appropriations of the Department of High school student publications
Education, Culture and Sports. are almost as old as the Philippine
Thereafter, such amount as may be Public School system itself.
necessary shall be included in The For instance, the first Manila High
General Appropriations Act. School, now the Araullo High School,
SEC. 12. Effectivity. - This Act shall then under the editorship of Carlos P.
take effect after fifteen (15) days Romulo, started putting out a
following the completion of its mimeographed student paper named
publication in the Official Gazette or in The Coconut in the school year 1911-
at least two (2) newspapers of general 1912.
circulation. As an extra- curricular activity in
the early Philippine public high schools,
Approved, July 5, 1991 student publication was introduced in
the country shortly after its wide
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adoption in the American high schools Issued by the Bureau of Education

and colleges. It is believed that the first (now DepEd) signed by Director Luther
high school paper in the United States B. Bewley.
was published in 1851.
However, it was not until the early Among the requirements were:
1920's that student journalism had 1. Capable teachers be available to
gained acceptance in the American high supervise carefully all steps of the
schools. paper's production
2. That finances be sufficient to avoid
LA UNION TAB- the first regularly seeking subscriptions and to prevent
issued printed high school paper. It was financial embarrassment to the faculty
published in 1923. Since then, pioneer 3. That a printer who has equipment to
high school papers came out after the produce a creditable paper be available.
other. *The circular objected to the
Among these school organs were: publication of school papers containing
The Pampangan Pampanga High undesirable materials, poor printing,
School, 1925 and faulty English.
The Leytean- Leyte high School, * OCTOBER 22, 1945- Acting
1925 Executive Officer John H. Mcbride Jr. Of
The Rizalian- Rizal High School, the Department of Instruction and
1926 Information sent a letter to all division
The Coconut- Tayabas High superintendents quoting provisions
School, 1927 from the Service
The Toil- La Union Trade School,
1928 Manual stating that the school
The Samarinian- Samar High papers should consist chiefly of articles
School, 1928 treating of school activities, that they
By 1931, there were 106 high should be free from advertisements,
schools in the country from questionable jokes and cartoons
Since then, although there had and from worthless poetry and prose.
been no regulatory memorandum or It is stated further that articles
circulars urging high schools to put out purporting to be written by students
a school paper, newly organized high should be solely the product of their
schools followed suit. efforts, the assistance of the teacher
being limited only to criticisms.
Out of those 106 high schools,
only 30 had school papers registered The Birth of Manila City Schools
with the Bureau of Public schools. By Newspapers 1911-1912
1950, this increased to 169; by 1954, to * The first school paper in Manila
253; by 1975, to 500, and by 1986 to public high schools and incidentally in
more than 900 English and Filipino the country was born. (The Coconut)
secondary school papers. *2nd- Torres Torch of Torres High
Circular Letter No. 34, s. 1929- School- September 1930
the first significant regulation governing *3rd- Mapazette-Mapa High
the putting out of high school papers School The Chronicler- Arellano High
which set down certain requirements School (both in 1940)
based on the Service Manual. All the rest were born after World
War II.
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The lists of Manila High school It is the activity, or product, of

publications with their Filipino paper journalists or others engaged in the
counterparts, as of 1967 are hereby preparation of written, visual, or audio
listed in chronological order: *1911- The material intended for dissemination
Coconut (mimeographed) later renamed through public media with reference to
The Wall in 1937, Araullo High School: factual, ongoing events of public
Ang Moog, June 1957 *1930- The Torres concern. It is intended to inform society
Torch, Torres High School: Ang Sulo, about itself and to make events public
June-July 1956 *1940 (Sept.) - The that would otherwise remain private.
Mappazette, Mapa High School: Ang
Gabay, 1946 *1940- (Nov.) The The word journal comes from the Latin
Chronicler, Arellano High School: Ang word diurna which means "daily." In
Tambuli, November 1945 1946- The ancient Rome, short bulletins of battles,
Power, EARIST: Ang Lakas *1947 (Sept.) fires and elections compiled by
- The Gazette, Abad Santos High School: government officials were posted up in
Ang Tinig, June 1957 *1954 (July) - The public places. These were called acta
Evening Progress, EARIST diurna which meant "daily events"
(Noah Webster).
Formal Introduction of Journalism
Although the first school paper in DEFINITION OF CAMPUS
the City schools of Manila was published JOURNALISM
in School Year 1911-1912, formal Webster defines journalism as "the
classroom instruction in high school activity or job of collecting, writing and
journalism began in 1952. editing news stories for broadcast
Mrs. Sarah England, an American journalism.
teacher of Mapa High School,
experimented the teaching of Fraser F. Bond, on the other hand,
journalism. defines' it as "something that embraces
Since, it proved successful, the all forms in which or through which the
other four existing high schools in the news and comments on the news reach
city followed suit (Araullo, Torres, the public." According to him, all that
Arellano, and Abad Santos). happens in the world, if such
They formally offered journalism happenings hold interest for the public,
as a vocational subject holding classes and all the thoughts, actions, and ideas
on a daily period throughout the school which these happenings stimulate,
year. become basic materials for the
Since then, journalism has been journalist.
under the supervision of English
supervisors, but the grades are
considered vocational subjects.
1964- Mrs. Clehenia San juan,
then the department head of English in
Araullo high School, was appointed
journalism supervisor.

DEFINITION OF CAMPUS
JOURNALISM
FUNCTION OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM
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AID TO STUDENTS is the main purpose of the campus

a. Provides opportunity for interesting paper, this is the function most likely
writing. performed by any campus paper. It
b. Gives students the opportunity to gives the readers information
learn how to read the newspapers. concerning the things around the
c. Acts as stimulus to better work. community and within the school.
d. Develops students' power of
observation and discrimination OPINION FUNCTION: Through the
concerning relative merits of news editorials and editorial columns, the
articles. editor has the chance to post his
e. Serves as outlet and motivation for opinion regarding current events inside
journalistic writing. the school and the community. The
f. Offers training in organizations, main purpose for this is to persuade to
business methods, commercial arts, reader toward a certain point of view.
salesmanship, bookkeeping and
business management. EDUCATION FUNCTION: Tabooed
g. Develops qualities of cooperation, topics such as sex, sex education,
tact, accuracy, tolerance, responsibility family planning and the like are
and leadership. extensively and intensively discussed
by writers of campus papers. This is one
AID TO SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY of the most important functions of the
a. Informs the community of the work of campus paper: to educate.
the school.
b. Publishes school news. WATCHDOG FUNCTION: The school
c. Creates and expresses school paper serves as an eye for the readers
opinions. to see what is happening in the school
d. Makes known the achievements of and to guard the right of the young
the school. ones.
e. Helps unify the school.
f. Encourages and stimulates worthwhile LABORATORY FUNCTION: It serves as
activities. the teaching tool for budding
g. Develops right standard of conduct. journalists. Neophytes pattern their new
h. Provides and outlet for students' experience from the existing and past
suggestions for the betterment of the papers.
school.
i. Develops better interschool DOCUMENTATION FUNCTION:
relationship. Important school events and worthwhile
j. Develops school spirit. student accomplishments and
k. Develops cooperation between the achievements are recorded in the
parents and the school. campus paper for posterity's sake. Most
present-day stories are researched from
FUNCTION OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM old newspapers.
The campus paper also has these
following functions: ENTERTAINMENT FUNCTION: The
school paper, like an interesting book,
INFORMATION FUNCTION: This is the keeps the reader company especially
news functions of the campus paper: to when he is alone. Most human interest
inform. Since information dissemination stories are stimulating to read.
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Editorial Proper: The editorial proper

DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION: In is the commentary made by any of the
developing a country like the editors (usually, of the editor-in-chief)
Philippines, scholastic and commercial on any subject. It is the stand of the
journalism has been given greater and paper for the day.
nobler significance. The sources of new
journalists are school also. Journalists in Editorial Column: Editorial columns
campus publications are most likely to are special types of columns intended
be the journalists of the future. The and reserved for the writing editor. Like
young journalist whose news deals with the editorial proper, it can deal with
club activities, school elections and various topics and it is where the paper
campus activities will eventually establishes its stand.
become a better one whose news deal
with activities of the nation, national Editorial Cartoon: The editorial
elections and national concerns. The cartoon stands by itself. This means
developmental function of the campus that it is an editorial proper or news by
paper doesn't only have implications on itself. It does not have to have any
the young one himself but also on the relationship with the editorial column of
school as a whole. School with the editorial proper. It is usually an
administrators and staff may reflect exaggerated cartoon intended to be so
their performance on the school paper to create humor. It deals with a simple
and see what improvements must be point which is usually concerned with
done. the current hottest issue.

PARTS OF THE EDITORIAL PAGE

Folio: A folio usually contains the page
number, the date of publication and the
name of the newspaper. (The name of
the newspaper can also be found in the
front page but it is intentionally
reprinted in the editorial page and other
special pages.)

Masthead: The masthead is the editorial

box containing the logo of the
newspaper, names and positions of the
staff, subscription rate, the publisher
and other pertinent information about Editorial Liner: The editorial liner is
the newspaper. simply a line of quotations or message
placed below the editorial proper or
Logo (Logotype): The logo or the column.
logotype is seen in the masthead. This
contains identifying word or words or Letter to the Editor: This part is like a
symbols such of the newspaper or of transparent mailbox of the newspaper
the name of the section of the containing a message from the reader
newspaper. sharing his own perspectives.

News Writing (Basics)

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What is Copyreading?
- It is the art of arranging,
correcting, and selecting the
quality and type of news
- It is also called copyediting.
- One who edits copies is called a
copyreader or copyeditor
Responsibilities of a Copy Editor
- Edits errors on grammar (spelling,
tenses, agreement, etc.)
- Edits errors of fact (accuracy
check)
- Edits verbose copy
- Deletes opinion or slant and
libelous statements
- Writes the headline

Copy Preparation Guide

- Type an end sign, "-30-" at the
end of each story
- Always use a pencil to edit copy,
never a pen
- Writers and editors use standard
copyreading marks to make
corrections
- Proofreaders and typesetters use
standard proofreading symbols

Copy Editing Symbols

Pointers of Copy Editing

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- Avoid unfamiliar abbreviations - Use active voice and strong,

- Principles of Capitalization colorful nouns and verbs in
- Numerals headlines
- Punctuations (period, comma, Headline Grammar
semicolon, colon, apostrophe, - Put an action verb, expressed or
quotation marks, exclamation implied, in every headline
mark, dash, parenthesis, hyphen, - Do not begin with a verb,
question mark, italicization) preposition, article or conjunction
- Spelling - Avoid the verb form to be
- Editing - Use present tense verbs in writing
headlines describing past events
Headline Writing - Use future tense verbs to write
Principles of Headline headlines about future events
- A headline summarizes the story - Use numbers in headlines only if
- Headlines help organize the news they are important
for readers - Do not abbreviate days of the
- Headlines package feature and in- week in headlines
depth stories - Abbreviate the month only when
- The headline sells the story to the a specific date follows it
readers - Don't use articles of speech (a,
- Headlines prioritize the news for an, the) in headlines unless the
readers words are part of a title
- Headlines reflect the style and - Substitute a comma for the
personality of the newspaper conjunction and
Headline Writing Rules - Use single quote marks in place of
- Use the same headline style double quote marks in a headline
throughout the newspaper - Don't split a verb phrase
o Use downstyle in writing - Don't split a preposition and its
headlines (also called object
"sentence headline" style) - Don't separate an adjective and
o Use upstyle in writing the noun it modifies
headlines - Don't split names that belong
- Headlines should be written so together
they fit uniformly, usually from - Use the active voice
column edge to column edge - Use abbreviations only if they are
- Each line of a head should well-known
express a complete thought Headline Formats
- The primary headline should 1. Banner or Crossline
contain the most important This is a large one-line headline that
information from the story goes across three, four, five or six
- Word economy is the key to columns
successful headline writing 2. Box Headline
- Don't use names in headlines Boxed heads are two picas shorter than
unless a person is being regular headlines
recognized for an achievement or 3. Deck
the person is well-known A deck is a second headline for the
same story
4. Hammer
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Hammers are twice the point size and

half as long as the main headline
5. Kicker
Kickers are half the point size and half
as long as the main headline
6. Slammer
A combination of a bold kicker and a
cross line head on the same line
separated by a slash or a colon and set
in the same size of type

General Design Info

Alignment
- Typically left, sometimes centered
in boxed copy
Style
- Downstyle format-cap. 1st
word/proper nouns
Word Count
- Strive for 5-10; kickers/hammers
are short 2-4 word phrases