OXFORD

NEWSYLLABUS
JATHEMLATICS
gth Edition

AA80099974
OXFORD

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Dr Yeap Ban Har

"
" Dr Joseph B. W. Yeo " Dr Choy Ban Heng
Sharon Lee " Teh Keng Seng " Wong Lai Fong " Wong-Ng
Siew Hiong
 Exercise 2A

1. 2.

Line 1 Line 2
Linel
5 4

4 3

3 2

0
-3 -2 -1

-3 -2 -1
-2
Line 2

-3
(a) Write down the equation of each of the given
vertical lines.
(a) Write down the equation of each of the given (b) On the graph, draw each of the lines with the
horizontal lines. following equations.
(b) On the graph, draw each of the lines with the (i) x=1
following equations.
(i) y=-3 (ii) x= -
Describe the lines.
() y= 3 functions.
Describe the lines. 3 Sketchthe graph of each of the following1
(a) y- 2x =-1
(b) 3x + 2y =3
(c) 2x -5y =-10
(d) 2.5:x - 3y = -4
1
(e)y+
2
x= -2
(f) 5x- 4y = 0

EQustions
Linear
Simultaneous
Linear Graphs and I
 Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 2A

The variables x and yare connected by the equation

-x+ 2y = 4. Some values of xand the corresponding values
of yare given in the table.
-5 5

2
() Find the value of p and of q.
(ii) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 1cm to represent 1 unit on
the x-axis and 2 cm to represent 1
unit on the y-axis, draw the graph of -x + 2y= 4 for -5 <x<5.
(iii) The point (r, 0.5) lies on the graph in part (ii). Find the value of r.
(iv) (a) On the same axes in part (ii), draw the graph of x = 3.
(b) State the y-coordinate of the point on the graph of -x + 2y = 4 that has an x-coordinate of 3.

5 The following shows the graph of a function.

47
(1) Determine the equation of the function.
(ii) The points P and Qlie on the graph and have the coordinates (1, p) and (4, 3) respectively.
Find the values ofp and q.
OPE (iüi) Point Rhas coordinates (4, r). List two possible values of r such that Rdoes not lie on the graph.
6
Consider the equation -2x +ty= -3.
(i) Copy and complete the table.
-1

to represent
(1) On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 4 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm
2.
I uniton the y-axis, drawthe graph of-2x +y=-3 for -l<*
(1) (a) On the same axes in part (iü), draw the graph of y= -1.
the x- and y-axes.
(b) Find the area of the trapezium bounded by the lines -2x +y= -3, y=-l, and

CHAPTER 2
Linear Graphs and A
Simultaneous Linear Equations OXFORD
UNIVERsITY PRESS
53 G
 Linear 3. 2.
Graphs
(a) (c) (a) Using
following (e) 3x-2y(c)=73x-y= (a) 0 Using
following Exercise
and (iü) Consider
@) 2x
3x-2y 4x x+ 3x-=9
2y 2x 2x -y=1 2x
+ the + + the
aneous -8<x<4. of On 2y y-+ 4y
y-axis, and Copy pairs
graphical 5y 3y pairs
graphical
1 cml a =0 - 18 - = =9
cm sheet and the 13 12 of
= = 25 of
draw to =0 0 0 2B
Linear to -8equation simultaneous simultaneous
represent of
represent
the
complete method, method,
uations graph
graph 0
d)
(ty-2=0 (b)3x (f) (d) *-y=(b-3
)
I the = y solve
paper, solve
ofunits 5unit 2x+9. -X+ y-3=0 2xequations.
2x
- 4x-y= 3x
16 3x2y=x-
-1
table. +y= 5x
2 equations.
y= on 4 + each + each
using 4y 2y
2x onthe 5y 4y
+9the + + of = = of
x-axis scale a l=0 =0 5 the 25 4 the
for

5
4.
(a)solutions
why.following By (c)x+2y=3explain
(a) why. nothe By (c) (b)
y=3
5x using 2y 2x solutionsfollowing using
4y=2x =4 2x-y=-9Hence, (ii) Consider
()
ERSITY
PRESS
+y - +
RD - orpairs the x=2 4y the
- infinitely
5x graphical =6 or solve
graph On Copy
=0 l of graphical
pairs the
infinitely and the
simultaneous of
and the ofsame
y= -8 equation
APTER 2 many method, simultaneous simultaneousx- complete
many
method, x+2 axes
(b) 3y +x=4 (d)2y +y=2(b) 4x 4y
solutions =-8. in 0 y
15y for part the =
1
equations state x=6 2y ++y=-3 4x solutions state
+x=7 table.+2.
35- = and if equations if equations -8 (a) 4
57 each each <x<4. (ii),
E G A P 5x explain has and
of of draw
nothe has
the
 t following pairs of
solve each of the
Using the substitutionmethod,
simultaneous equa
Practise Now 8
Similar and (b) 3x+ 2y =3
(a) 3
Further Questions y-3 1 3
Exercise 2C X-2
Questions 9a)-(d), y-1 x+y x+2y
13(a)-(d)

You may have noticed by now that:

Both the elimination method and the substitution method use the same principle:
reduce the two given simultaneous equations in two variables to an equation in one wa-i-t

However, depending onthe given simultaneous equations, sometimes it is easier to use one methodi
over the othee

Reflection
1. How can I decide when to use the elimination or the substitution method to solve a pair off
equations? simultaneous linez
2. When willI use the graphical method to solve a pair of simultaneous linear equations?
3 Looking back at the problem on page 60, the pair of equations (1) and (2) were manipulated to an
equivalet
pair of equations (1) and (3) to obtain the solution. Are equations (2) and (3) also an
equivalent pair? Would
they give the same solution? Do you see similar ideas about equivalent equations when using the
method?
substituton

Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 2C

Using the elimination method, solve each of the

(k) 3f+ 4h = 1 ) 6j-k=23
following pairs of simultaneous equations. 3k + 6j= ll
(a) x t y= 16 5f- 4h =7
(b) x-y=5
X-y= 0 eachofthe
x+y= 19 2. Using the elimination method, solve
(c) 1lx + 4y = 12 (d) 4y + x= 1]
9x 4y = 8
following pairs of simultaneous equations.=39
3y -x = 3 (a) 7x- 2y= 17 (6) l6r+ 5y
(e) 3x +ty = 5 (f) 2x + 3y =5 Ar-3y=31
3x +4y= 17
X+y= 3 2x + 7y =9 (c) x+ 2y =3 (d) 3rty=-5
(g) 7x- 3y =15 (h) 3y - 2x=9 3x + 5y =7 7x+ 3y=l
1lx - 3y= 21 2y- 2x =7 (t) 9r-5y=2
(e) 7x- 3y =13
(i) 3a - 2b=5 () 5c- 2d=9 3.r- 4y=l0
2b -5a =9 3c + 2d=7 2x-y3
Eyu
Lnear
A CHAPTER 2 OXEORD Simultaneous.
64 Linear Graphs and
 Exercise 2C

Jsing the elimination method, solve each of the 7. Using the elimination method, solve each of the
following pairs of simultaneous equations. following pairs of simultaneous equations.
(a) 7x-3y =18 (b) 4x +3y =-5 x+1 3
(b) *_-5
(a) 4 3
=

6
6x + 7y = 25 3x- 2y = 43 y+2

(c) 2x+ 3y =8 (d) 5x + 4y = 11 x-2_35

5x + 2y =9 3x + 5y =4 y-1
(e) 4x-3y =-1 (f) 5x- 4y =23 (c) 4x3R3 2
5x - 2y =4 2x-7y =11 5
-=12 11x= 13y
Using the substitution method, solve each of the
following pairs of simultaneous equations. 8. Using the substitution method, solve each of the
(a) x+y=7 (b) 3x -y= 0 following pairs of simultaneous equations.
X-y=5 2x +y= 5 (a) 2x + 5y =12 (b) 4x-3y =25
(c) 2x-7y =5 (d) 5x - y=5 4x + 3y = -4 6x + 5y=9
3x + y= -4 3x + 2y = 29 (c) 3x + 7y = 2 (d) 9x + 2y =5
(e) 5x+ 3y= 11 (f) 3x+ 5y = 10 6x-5y =4 7x-3y =13
4x -y=2 x-2y=7 (e) 2y -5x =25 (f) 3x- 5y =7
g) x+y=9 (h) 5x+ 2y =3 4x+ 3y =3 4x-3y =3
5x-2y =4 x- 4y= -6
9. Using the substitution method, solve each of the
5. Using the elimination method, solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
following pairs of simultaneous equations. (a) y+2 =0 (b) x+) -3
3
(a) x+y= 0.5 (b) 2x +0.4y = 8
-10= 0 3x+y =1
x-y=1 5x- 1.2y=9 3 5

(c) 10x - 3y = 24.5 (d) 6x+ 5y = 10.5

3x-5y =13.5 5x- 3y = -2 (c) 3x-y= 23 (a)+
3 2 -4

O. Using the elimination method, solve each of the 34

following pairs of simultaneous equations. 10, Ifx =3 and y =-l is the solution of the
(a) 4x-y-7=0 (b) 7x+ 2y- 33 =0
simultaneous equations
4x +3y - 1l =0 3y - 7x-17 =0 3px + y =11,
(c) 5x-3y -2 =0 (d) 5x- 3y -13 =0
-qx + 5y =p
x+ 5y -6=0 7x- 6y -20 =0
find the value of p and of 4.
(e) 7x+ 3y -8 =0 () 3x +5y+8=0
3x- 4y - 14 = 0 4x + 13y -2=0 11.)Ifx =-1landy=5 is the solution of the
simultaneous equations
px+ 5y = 4,
qx +7y =P,
find the value of p and of q.

CHAPTER 2
Linear Graphs sand Simultaneous Linear Equations OXFORD
UNIVERSITY pRESS
65 A

E
 Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 2C
12. A computer animation shows a
cat moving in a 13.) Using either the elimination or the substitution
straight line. Its height, h metres, above the ground, method, solve each of the following pairs of
is given by 8s - 3h=-9, where s is the
time in simultaneous equations.
seconds after it starts moving, In the same 2 1
a mouse starts to animation, (a)
move at the same time
as the cat x+y 2x+y
and its movement is given by -29s + 10h =
16. Find 3x + 4y =9
the height above the ground and the time
cat meets the
when the
mouse.
(0) -2)=-y)
)-0-)
(c) 5x+y
9
= 2 x+y
5

7x-3 1+-* 3

() 3 5 +5
= 2x- 3y +5
 Intermediate Advant
Basic

Exercise 2D
15. $80 is divided between Bernard and
and
The figure shows a rectangle with its length
breadth as indicated. Given that the perimeter of
that one quarter of Bernard's is
sixth of Cheryl's share. How much
share Cheequalryi tosuch
the rectangle is 120 cm, find the area of
the
them receive? does each of
rectangle.
(3x- y)cm
16. Waseem deposited atotal of $25 000 in
and Bank Bat the beginning of 2020. Bank
A
(2x-3)cm Bank A
Bank Bpay simple interest: at rates of 0.6% aandand
0.65% per annum respectively. He withdrew al
(2x +y) cm his money from the two banks: the end of
Jf heearned the same amount of interest from2020,.
as.t
10. The figure shows a rhombus with its sides as bank, find the amount of money he deposited in
indicated. Find the perimeter of the figure. each bank.
(2x +y + 1)cm
17. If 1 is subtracted from the numerator and from the
(3x-y-2'
2
cm denominator of a fraction, the value obtained is
2
If 1 is added to its numerator and to its denominator.
(x-y) cm 2
the resulting value is Find the fraction.
11. A polar bear and a giant panda reside in a zoo. The
sum oftheir ages in 2013 was 11 years. In 2022,
polar bear will be three times as old as the giant 18.) Two numbers are such that when the larger number
panda was in 2013. Find their ages in 2014. isdivided by the smaller number, both the quotient
and the remainder are equal to 2. If five times the
12. 6 adults and 4 senior citizens have to pay $228 smaller number is divided by the larger number,
while 13 adults and 7 senior citizens have to pay both the quotient and the remainder are also equal
$459 to visit an exhibition at the museum. Find the to 2. Find the twO numbers.
total amount 2 adults and a senior citizen have to
pay to visit the exhibition. 19. Raju has $10. If he buys 8 pears and 5 mangoes, ne
will be short of $1.10. If he buys 5 pears and 4
13. Nadia intends to buy either Gift A, which costs $10, mangoes, he will receive $1.75 in change. Find the
or Gift B, which costs $8, as Christmas gifts for each price of each fruit.
of her parents, 2 siblings, 13 relatives and 10
friends. Given that she intends to spend $230, find
the number of each gift she should buy.

14. There are some chickens and goats on a farm. Given

that the animals have a total of 50 heads and 140
legs, how many more chickens than goats are there?

P CHAPTER 2 OXFORD Equations

Linear
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Linear Graphs and Simultaneous
A
G 72
 Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 2D

20 Joyce's mother buys some shares of Company A on

21) A two-digit number is such that the sum of its digits
Day 0. On Day 7, the share price of Company A is 1
$4.60. If she sells all her shares of Company A and is of the number. When the digits of the number
buys 2000 shares of Company B on Day 7, she are reversed and thenumber is subtracted from
would receive $7400. On Day 12, the share price of the original number, the result obtained is 45.Find
Company Ais $4.80 and the share price of the original number.
Company B is $0.50 less than that on Day 7. If she
sells all her shares of Company A and buys 5000
shares of Company B on Day 12, she would have to
pay $5800. Find
(i) the number of shares of Company A Joyce's
mother has,
(ii) theshare price of Company Bon Day 12.

C
Looking
Back
In this chapter, we have learnt how to model real-world context problems using pairs of linear functions, and to
interpret the intersection point, if any, of the graphs of two linear functions as a solution to the problem. Solving
apair of simultaneous equations in two variables involves finding the values of two variables that will satisfy both
equations at the same time. There are two important ideas behind solving simultaneous linear equations. Firstly, the
use of theCartesian coordinates provides a way to visualise the meaning behind solving simultaneous equations,
with the use of graphs--a form of mathematical diagrams.
Secondly, the ability to write equations in another equivalent form helps to simplify the solving process. We
Say that two sets of equations are equivalent if they have the same solution set. In particular, we are able tosolve
Simultaneous linear equations by means of elimination and substitution, which gives us the same solution set even
though we have rewritten the equations in a different form. Although there are many other real-world situations that
may be modelled by more complicated simultaneous equations, the ideas that we have learnt here will form the basis
for us to solve such problems in the future.

P
Linear Graphs and Simultaneous Linear Equations OXFORD CHAPTER 2 A
NIVGRSIIY PREss
73 G
 Intermediate Advanced
Basic

Exercise 4A

6. Simplify each of the following expressions.

1. Without using a calculator, simplify each of the (a) 3ac- (2a + b)(c + 3d)
following (b) 2xy + (*- 5a)(6y +75)
(a) 2+(-11*) (c) 9ps + (2p - 3r)(4q- 5s)
(b) 5x- 17 (d) 10hk -(-3m - h)(8k - 3n)
(c) -6y+ 15y
(d) -30y+ 14y 7. Simplify each of the following expressions.
(e) -3e'- 10e
(a) 3a(5b + c) - 2b(3c + a)
(f) -12f- 19f (b) -2d(4f- 5h) - 8f(3d + 7h)
(g) -20g- (-21g') (c) 4k(13m -5n) 13m(4k - 5n)
(h) -18h -(-5h) (d) -6w(7x - 12y) - 4y(1lw -9x)
2 Without using a calculator, simplify each of the
8. Expand each of the following expressions.
following expressions.
(a) -3+(-7) +9- 18 (a) (x+ 9y)(a + 3b+ 1)
(b) 14- 15*+ 8x- 10x (b) (2p + 5q)(7 -r+ 5s)
(c) 6y² + 19z +9y-8yz (c) (1lm- 12n)(4t -3u - 10)
(d) 5y -xy - y' - (-10yx) (d) (-5w - 14y)(-2v - 9x- 62)
(e) w²+ 2w-7-(-1lw) - 5w -1
(f) -4h² - 9k²-(-2hk) + 3h²-7k? + 2kh 9. Simplify each of the following expressions.
(a) 2a(5b +4c) - (2a + c)(3b- 5c)
(b) (7x-3y)(w -4z) + (z-2w)(5x - 9y)
3. Expand each of the following expressions.
(a) 10(x+ 1) (b) -4(3x - 2y) (c) (10p + q)(3r + 2) - (5p - 44)(-r- 64)
(c) 8x(y - 1) (d) -9x(3y - 2z) (d) (4h - 11k)(2m - 13h) + (-13h - 12m)(8k +9h)
(e) 2+ 3a(5- 11b) (f) -5- 3c(2d +3e)
(h) 11 - 8s(-12t- 7u) 10. Subtract (1 la-2b)(4c + 6d + 15) from
(g) 7-6p(79 - 3r)
(-13b - 3c)(20 1la - 7d).
Simplify each of the following expressions.
11.)Afarmer plants carrots and tomatoes on two
(a) 5x(y + 6z) - 2x(2y + 10z) used to
(b) 4a(b- 5c) +2a(3b - 7c) Separate rectangular plots of land. The plot
(c) 7d(3e - 4) - 4d(3e - 2f) -8z) m
plant carrots measures (2x+3y)m by (5w 10w) m
(d) -3h(3k - 4m) 8h(2k + 3m) and that used for tomatoes measures (3z- used
total area
by (-4x - 9y) m. Albert says thatthe
90wy))m:
5. Expand each of the following expressions. to plant the crops is (10xw - 24yz - 12xz + withhim.
agree
(a) (a+ b)(4x +9y) (b) (5c + d)(5e + 2f) Showing full working, explain if you:
(c) (7m+3)(n - 3p) (d) (3t- 7u)(7v + 4w)
(e) (2a - b)(x - 6y) (f) (3h- 5k)(-q -7r)

Expressions
P CHAPTER 4 Algebraic.
OXFORD Expansion and Factorisation of
A
G 108 UNIVERSITY PRESS
1. What do l already know about using the
espandquadratic expressions using a Distributive Law to expand algebraic expressions that could help me
How is the expansion of multiplication frame?
2
quadratic expressionsusing amultiplication frame similarto
usingthe Distributive Law?

Advanced Internediate Basic

Exercise 4B

Expand cach of the following expressions. 8. Simplify each of the following

(a) 7a(2a+ 1)- 4(8a + 3) expressions.
(a) Sa(3a - 4) (b) -8b(3b + 5)
(c) -5n(2 - 3n) (d) -m(-m -1) (b) 3(2b - 1) - 2b(5b - 3)
(c) 3c(5 + c) - 2c(3c - 7)
Simplify each of the following expressions. (d) 2d(3d- 5) - d(2 - d)
(a) 4(2a + 3) + 5ala + 3)
(b) 9b(5 - 26) + 3(6- 55)
(e) -f9- 2f) + 4ff- 8)
(f) -2h(3 + 4h) - 5h(h- 1)
(c) c(3c+ 1) - 2c(c + 3)
(d) -6d(5d 4) + 2d(3d- 2) 9. Expand each of the following expressions.
(a) 13*y(3xy - y)
Expand each of the following expressions. (b) -8mn(-12m + nw- 7n)
(a) -3a(2a + 3b2) (b) -4c(2c-5cd) (c) 2p(3p + p +7qr)
(c) -hk(7k 3h) (d) 5xy(x 4yz) (d) -7st(s -4f-3su)
4. Simplify each of the following expressions. 10. Simplify each of the following expressions.
(a) 4k(3k + m) -3k(2k -5m) (a) 2x(z- yz - xz) +3z(xz- *y + 2*)
(b) n(p -2n) - 4n(n - 2p) (b) ablac+ b-c) - bca - 2ac -3ab')
(c) 3wwt - 2P) + t(3wt - 4w)
(d) 2x(-y- xy') - y(-2x + 3*'y) 11. Expand each of the following expressions.
(a) (2a + 1)(3a 9)
Expand each of the following expressions. (b) (56- 2)(5b +7)
(a) (x+ 3)(x + 7) (b) (4y+ 1)(3y +5) (c) (4c - 5)(7c - 10)
(c) (t + 1)(t - 8) (d) (5- v)(7 - v) (d) (3d + 14)(5 - 2d)
(e) (1-fD17f+ 16)
6. Expandeach of the following expressions. (t) (19- 3h)(10 - 9h)
(a) (x+ y)(x + 6y) (b) (x + 3y)(x - 5y)
(c) (3c+ 7d)(c - 2d) (d) (3k -5h)(-h -7k) 12. Simplify each of the following expressions.
(a) 5 + (x+ 1)(x +3)
Expandeach of the following expressions. (b) 3y + (y+ 7)(2y- 1)
(a) (a + 1)(a + 2)(a + 3) (c) (3t+ 2)(t -9) + 2t(4t +1)
(b) (1 + b)(b - 4)(5 + b) (d) (w-3)(w - 8) + (w - 4)(2w + 9)
(c) (m - n)(3m + 2n)(2m - 3n)
(d) (x- 6y)(4x - y) (3x - 4y)

Expansion and Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions CHAPTER 4

OXFORD
UNIVERsITV PRESs 115 & E
 Intermediate Advanced
Basic

Exercise 4B

16. Simplify each of the

13. Simplify each of the following expressions.
(a) 4a' -(3a 4)(2a + 1)
following expressions.
(a) -2x(x+ 3)+ (* + 2)(3x +1)(x+5)
(b) 2b(b - 6) - (2b +5)(7- b) (b) (-2x +1)(x - 3)(4x +1)-(
(2x
(c) (4c - 3)(c + 2) - (3c - 5)(-c - 9)
(d) (2d + 3)(5d - 2) - 2(5d - 3)(d + 1)
(c)
(d)
m(n +2n)(-2m + n) +(4m + n)(m +1 +5)(13x-1)
(x-y)(2x +3y)(4x -6y) - 2x(x+ yl\xn)(3m-n)
14. Expand each of the following expressions. 17 The total mass of a watermelon and a pack of
(a) (+2) (x+5) (b) (2x - 3y)(x + 5y- 2) PEN lemons is (7x - 5)(9+ 2x) kg. Write down tho
(c) (r+2)(* + x+ 1) (a) (3r- 3x + 4)(3 - x) possible pairs of quadratic expressions for the mass
of the watermelon and the
15. Simplify each of the following expressions. the pack of lemons.
corresponding mass of
(a) 5x(x - 6y) +(x +3y)(3x -4y)
(b) (7*-3y)(x -4y) +(5x -9y)(y -2x) 18. Apair of shoescosts $(4x- 9) and a bag costs
(c) (8x- y\x+3y) - (4x +y)(9y- 2x) $(2x-3x + 5). Find the total cost of five such
(d) (10x + y)(3x + 2y) - (5x-4y)(-* 6) pairs of shoes and four of the bags, in terms of x.

(44) Factorisation of quadratic expressions

A. Factorisation by extracting common factors
In Book l, we have learnt how to
ab + ac by extracting the factorise an algebraic expression of the form Recall
common factor a in both terms to obtain: Factorisation is the proces of
ab + ac a(b + c). expressing an algebraic
expression as theproduct oftwo
Factorisation is the reverse of expansion: or more factors.
expand
Information
a(b + c) ab + aC to depictthe
This diagram helpsexpansion
reverse process of
factorise and factorisation.

When extracting negative common Fig. 4.6

factors such as -1, we have to below:
change the sign inside the brackets asshown
Extracting negative common factor
factor out -1

change sign
CHAPTER 4 OXFORD
UNIVE H$ITY PRESS
Expressions
116 ofAlgebraic
G
Expansion and Factorisation
 Reflection

1. What do lalready know about the expansion of quadratic expressions using amultiplication frame that could
help me factorise quadratic expressions?
2. What do Ialready know about the factorisation of quadratic expressions in one variable that could help me
factorise quadratic expressions in two variables?
3. What have I learnt in this section that I am still unclear of?

Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 4C

Factorise each of the following expressions fully. 7. Factorise each of the following expressions
(a) 8x + 64 (b) -12p- 27q completely.
(c) 16aw + 20av (d) -36bc + 4bd (a) -xy'z-xy (b) 12ab + 6ab- 2ab
(e) 14xy - 7x+ 21xz (f) -8tu - 4s - 11su
(c) 10tpr - 207up°g - 14rpqr
2 Factorise each of the following expressions fully. (d) 3yw- 18tvw+
(a) 4x+ 16x (b) 18y- 6y
(c) 39xy - 15**z (d) -8rxy - 10y
8. Factorise each of the following expressions fully.
(a)-a?+2a +35 (b) -3b + 76b - 25
Factorise each of the following expressions fully. (c) 4c+ 10c +4 (d)-5- 145d+ 600
(a) a' +9a+ 8 (b) b² + 8b + 15 (e) 8f + 4f- 60 (f) 24h²- 15h -9
(c) -9c+ 20 (d) d 16d +28 (g) 30+ 14k= 4k? (h) 35m²+ 5m-30
(e) f+ 6f- 16 (f) h²+ 2h - 120
(g) k² 4k - 12 9. The area of arectangle with a length of (2:x-3) cm
(h) m²- 20m - 21
is (4x + 8x + 15) cm². Without factorising the
4. Factorise each of the following expressions expression, explain if the breadth of the rectangle
can be (x+ 5) cm.
completely.
(a) 3n? +10n +7 (6) 4p° + 8p +3 10. Factorise each of the following expressions
(c) 6q'- 17q + 12 (d) 4r²-7r+3
(e) 8s+ 2s - 15 completely.
(f) 6+ 19t -20 (a) 3p² + 15pq + 18q' (b) 2Pt - 9rst + l0't
(g) 4u- 8u -21 (h) 18w- W- 39 (c) xy+ 2xy -15 (d) 12ry- 17xy -40
(e) 4x*y'z- 22xyz+ 242
5. Factorise each of the following expressions.
(a) a'+ 3ab - 4b' (b) c- 4cd - 21d 11. Factorise each of the following completely.
(c) 2h2+ 7hk - 15k2 (d) 3m'- 16mn - 12n' (a) 2x + 6x + 4x (b) -3p' - 3p² + 18p

6 Factorise each of the following expressions fully. 12,) Factorise each of the following expressions fully.
(a) a + 5a' + 4a (b) 35- 8b- 3b (a) (x+ y)(a +b) - (y +z)(a +b)
(c) 6c- 11c +5c (d) 6d- 13d + 6d (b) (c + 2d)(c + 2d) - (c+ 2) (3c - 7d).
P
Expressions
A CHAPTER 4 Expansion and Factorisation of Algebraic
G 128 OXFORD
UNIVERsiTY PREss
 Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 4C

4 Factorise each of the following expressions

completely.
15) Acar travels adistance of (7x' --85]
99
km,
where x is a positive integer.
(a)p+p-1 (b) 0.6r- 0.8qr - 12.8q'r 99
(i) Factorise the expression 7x'--85
14 Each side of acube is (2x + 11) cm long. Without completely.
GPE) (ii) Hence, by substituting an appropríate value of
finding an expression for the total surface area of xinto the factorised expression, suggest a
the cube, explain if the total surface area of the cube
is (4x + 22x + 100) cm². possible average speed of the car and the
corresponding time taken.

(45) Factorisation of algebraic expressions into

the form (a + b)(c + d)
A. Factorisation into the form (a + b)lc+ d)

In Section 4.4, we have learnt how to factorise a quadratic expression into the form (px + q)(rx +s).
Can we factorise other algebraic expressions into the form (a + b)(c+ d)?
In Section 4.2B, we have learnt how to expand (a + b)(c + d) to obtain ac + ad + bc + bd.
In this section, we will learn two methods to factorise algebraic expressions of theform ac+ ad + bc+ bd into the
form (a + b)(c + d).
Nethod 1:Factorisation using multiplication frame
extract extract
Common common
factor c factor d
C +d

extract common factor a ac +ad

extract common factor b +b +bc +bd

*. ac +ad + bc+ bd= (a + b)(c t d)

P
Expansion and Factorisation of f Algebraic Expressions OXFORD
UNIVERSITV PAESS
CHAPTER 4
129 A
G
E
 Intermediate Advanced
Basic

Exercise 4D

1 Factorise each of the following expressions. 4. Factorise each of the following expressions fully
(a) y + 4x + 3y + 12 (a) x+ xy + 2y + 2y
(b) ax-5a + 4x - 20 (b) x²- 3x +2xy - 6y
(c) 12cy +20c - 15 -9y (c) 3x+ 6xy - 4xz-8yz
(d) 3byy + 4ax + 12ay + bx (d) xty - 5xy - 5xy + xy
(e) 61y - 4x 2z + 3yz
(f) dy +fy- fe- dz 5 Factorise each of the following expressions fuly.
(a) 144p(y - 5x*) - 12q(10x - 2y)
2
Factorise each of the following expressions (b) 2(5x+10y)(2y - x)' 4(6y + 3x)(x- 2y)
completely.
(a) 21y - 8x + 12 - 3y 6 The volume of a rectangular tank can be expressed
(b) 6xy- 15y + 10 4x as (5xy 25x + 50x - 10y) m². Given that the height
(c) 10- 14p + 7pq - 5q of the tank is 5 m,
(d) kx + hy - hx - ky (1) express the base area of the tank in the form
(e) 2ab -6ad - bc + 3cd (ay- bx)(ax- c), where a, band care integers
(f) 24mx + 8my - 6nx - 2ny to be determined.
(ii) Hence, if x = 6 and y = 40, find the dimensions
3. LiTing factorised the expression of the tank.
2hk + 2hn + 3km - 3mn and her answer was
(2h - 3m)(k + n). Explain if her answer is correct.

(4.6) Expansion using special algebraic identities

In thissection, we will learn how to use three special
algebraic identities to expand certain algebraic expressiois.

Investigation First special algebraic identity

1 We have learnt that x means xX x.
What does (a + b)² mean?

2. Expand (a + b)² using the Distributive Law: (a + b)' = (a + b) (a +

b)

Expansion and Factorisation of Algebraic Expressio

A CHAPTER 4
G 134 OXFORD
UNIVE ASIIY PRESS
 Reflection
1.
What do I already know about the expansion of algebraic expressions using the Distributive Law or a
multiplication frame that could help me learn the three special algebraic identities?
2, What have I learnt in this section that I am still unclear of?

Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 4E

Expand each of thefollowing expressions. 9. Expand each of the following

(a) (a+ 4)? (b) (3b + 2)? expressions.
(c) (c+ 4d)? (d) (9h + 2k)² (a) (6p + 5)(5- 6p) (b)
(e) (3a + 46)2 (f) (2b + 3a)?
(c) (d) (u+2)(u -2)(u +4)
Expand each of the following expressions.
(a) (m -9)? 10. Simplify each of the following
(b) (5n - 4)?
(a) 4(x +3)° - 3(x +4)(*- 4)
expressions.
(c) (9-5p) (d) (3q- 8r)?
(e) (3a - 4b)2 (f) (56- 3a)?
(b) (5x-7y)(5x + 7y) - 2(x - 2y)?

3. Expand each of the following expressions. 11. If*+ y = 14 and xy = 5, find the value of
(a) (s + 5)(s - 5) (b) (w- 10x)(w + 10x)
(c) (2t + 11)(2t - 11) (d) (7-2u)(7 + 2u)
12. If 2x-2y = 125 and x-y= 2.5, find the value of
Without using a calculator, evaluate each of the
following. x+y.
(a) 12032 (b) 8922
(c) 403 x 397 (d) 1998 x 2002
13. Expand the expression
5 If *+y = 80and xy = 12,find the value of (x -
y):.
6 If x+ y 10 and x- y=4, fnd the value of 14. (i) simplify the expression (p- 24)- p(p-44)
x- y.
(i) Hence, by substituting asuitable value ofp and
7. Expand each of the following expressions. of q, find the value of 53 10 - 5330 x 5290.
(a) (b) 15, (i) Simplify the expression n -(n- a)(n +a).
(ii) Hence,by substituting a suitable value of nand
8. Expand each of the following expressions. of a, find the value of 169472 - 16 944 x 16 950.
(a) (b)

A
CHAPTER 4
G
142 OXFORD
NIVERSITY PRE65
Expansion and Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
 Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 4E

16. m is a positive integer. 17.) m is a positive integer.

(1) Explain why 2m is an even number. (1) Explain why (2m + 1) is an odd number.
(ii) Write down an expression for the next even (ii) Write down an expression for the next odd
number which is greater than 2m. number which is greater than (2m + 1).
(iüi) Find and simplify expressions for the squares (ii) Find and simplify expressions for the squares
of these two even numbers. of these two odd numbers.
(iv) Hence explain why the sum of the squares of (iv) Hence, or otherwise, explain why the sum of
two consecutive even numbers is always a the squares of two consecutive odd numbers is
multiple of 4. always an even number.

Factorisation usingspecial algebraic identities

certain algebraic expressions using the three special algebraic identities.

In Section 4.6, we have learnt how to expand same identities to factorise certain
algebraic
expansion, we can use these
Since factorisation is the reverse of
expressions.
expand Attention

expand expand (a+ b)² = +b

(a- b)= a
(a- b)² = a'- 2ab + b²
(a+ b)(a- b) =a-b
(a+ b)² = a' +2ab + b²
factorise
factorise
factorise

expressions of the form a + 2ab + b²

Factorising algebraic expressions completely.
Worked Factorise each of the following 25 (c) 4a+ 12ab + 96?
Example (b) l6y² + 20y + 4
(a) x²+ 6x +9 Attention
28 "Solution as a'+ 2ab + b', (a) and 9 are perfect squares.
Can we can write 6x as
6x +9=x'+2(«)(3) + 32 express a=xand b=3 2xxX V9? If yes, we can
(a) x+ where
(a + b)² make use of a + 2ab + b²
apply a' + 2ab + b² =
=(r+3)2 = (a+ b)² to factorise the
expression.

+ b
expressas a' + 2ab
25
(b) 16y + 20y +A -(4y) +2 where a= 4y
andb=
(a+ b)²
applya'+ 2ab + b' =

OXFORD
CHAPTER 4 143 ^
UNIVERSITY PRESS

Algebraic Expressions
Expansion and Factorisation of
 Intermediate Advanced
Basic

Exercise 4F
7. If possible, factorise each of the following
1 Factorise each of the following expressions
expressions completely using an algebraic identity,
completely. If it is not possible to do so, state N.A.
(a) a²+ 14a + 49 (b) 4b+ 4b + 1 1
(c) + 2cd +d² (d) 4h²+ 20hk + 25k² (a) 36m² - 48mn + l6n' (b) 4 h- 4hk +4k?
(e) 9a? + 30ab + 252
(c) (a) 16r-rs+641
Factorise each of the following expressions (e) 25 - 10tu + u? (f) 75w 215 3

completely.
(a) m²- 10m + 25 (b) 169n'- 52n + 4 8. If possible, factorise each of the following
(c) 81- 180p + 100p (d) 49q - 42qr + 9r
expresions completely using an algebraic identity,
If it is not possible to do so, state N.A.
Factorise each of the following expressions
(a) 32a' - 9852 (b) -
completely.
(a) s- 144 (b) 36t- 25 (c) m²- 64n (d) 100y- 1252
(c) 225 -49u² (d) 49w² -81x 942 15
(e) 100
- 16k2 (f) 60p --a4
Without using a calculator, evaluate each of the
9. Factorise each of the following expressions
following
(a) 592-41? (b) 292-392 completely.
(c) 7.72- 2.32 (a) (a+ 3)²9 (b) 16 - 25(b + 3)²
(d) 81-912
(c) - (d +2)? (d) (2h- 1) - 4k
5. If possible, factorise each of the following (e) (3x-5)-169 (t) (p+1)²-(p-1)}
expressions completely using an algebraic identity.
If it is not possible do so, state N.A. 10. Without usinga calculator, evaluate 5 x 88-720.
1
(a) 3a + 12a + 12 (b) 25b +5bc+-c 11. (1) Factorise -4y'.
16
(c) 8* + 20xy + 50y (d) 49"
-w+ 36 WV+ (iü) Given that x and y are positive integers, solve
25
(e) h+ 2hk + k² (f) p'g + 10pq + 100 the equationx-4y = 13.

6. The surface area of each face of a cube is 12.)Factorise each of the following expressions
(x+ 4x + 4)cm². Find completely.
(1) the length, (a) 4(x- 1)? 81(x + 1)?
(ii) the volume, in expanded form, (b) 16x+8x +1l -9y
of the cube. (c) 4x-y+ 4y -4
(d) 13x+ 26xy +13y² - 13

13. (a) Factorise - 121.

factors
(b) Use your answer to part (a) to find two
of 7979, other than land 7979.

P
A
CHAPTER 4
E
148 OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS Expansion and Factorisation of Algebraic Expressto
 Exercise 12A

t following sets, list all its elements 7. Itis given that R= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ..} and
Foreach offthe
number of elementsin set notation. S= {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}.
andstatethe
colour of the rainbow} (i) Describe set R and set S in words.
(a) F={x:xis a
Pakistan}
(b) G=(x:xis a public holiday in form the (ii) Is n(R) = n(S)? Explain.
to (iii) Is R = S? Explain.
lc) His the set of consonants used
word 'SYMMETRY?
|= {x:x is a teacher teaching my current class} 8. It is given that T= {x:xis a perfect square between
10and 15},
U={x:xisa positive integer less than
List all the elements of each of the following sets
5that is both a perfect square
inset notation. If it is an empty set, write the empty and a perfect cube}, and
set in set notation.
V= {0}.
(a) Kis the set of oddnumbers that are multiples
(i) Which sets are empty sets? Write the empty
of 2. sets in set notation.
(b) L= {x:x is an even prime number}
(iü) Are Tand Uequal sets? Explain.
(c) Mis the set of quadrilaterals with 5 vertices (iii) Are U and Vequal sets? Explain.
each.
(d) N= {x:xis a month of the year with more State whether each of the following statements is
than 31 days} true or false. If it is false, explain why.
(a) c{c, a, r} (b) carE {C, a, r}
5. Pis the set of days in a week. (c) {c} E {C, a, r} (d) {c, a, r} =3
1) List all the elements of P in set notation.
() Using the notation E or t, describe whether 10. Describe the elements of each of the following sets
each of the following is an element of, or is not in set notation.
an element of, P. X= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ...}
(a)
(a) Tuesday (b) Sunday (b) Y= {0, 4, 8, 12, 16, ...}
(c) March (d) Holiday (c) Z= {1, 2, 3, 4,6, 12}
(i) State the value of n(P). Wis the set of students in my current class who
OPEN (d)
wear spectacles.
6. Qis the set of perfect Squares more than l and less
than 50. U. State whether each of the following statements is
(0) Is 10¬ Q? true or false. If it is false, explain why.
(ii) List all the elements of Qin set notation. (a) {0} =0 (b) Ø= }
(iii) State the value of (c) {Ø} is an empty set. (d) n(Ø) =0
n(Q).
 Reflect1on
LDaviddrewa Venn diagram showingtwo sets A={p, q} andB= (r, s, t}).
A

Bernard saidthatthe circle

representing the set Bshould be larger than the circle representing the set Abecause
Bcontains more elementsthan A. David
rdo Iexplain thedifference between a
replied that it does not matter. What do you
subset and a think?
what have Ilearnt in this section that I am still unclear proper
of?
subset?

Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 12B

The Venn diagram shows the elements of and 3 The Venn diagramn shows the elements of C and of D.
of A. D

cat lion
S
hamster t V
W
mouse X
tiger
(i) List all the elements of the universal set and
of the set A in set notation. (i) List all the elements of C and of D in set notation.
(ü) List all the elements of A' in set notation. (ii) Is Ca proper subset of D? Explain.

Ifis given that = {x:xis an integer between 4 State whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
l and 10 inclusive} and
B=(x: x is an even number}. (a) {b, c} c {a, b, c, d}
) List allthe elements of the universal set and (b) {a, b, c, d} ¢ {d, c, b, a
of the set B in set
notation. (c) {b, c} S {c, b}
) Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets (d) {b, c¢ {a, b, c, d}
and B.
(üi) From the Venn diagram, list all the elements List all the subsets of each of the following sets in
set notation.
of B' in set
notation. (a) E= (a, b}
(iv) Describe the set B' in words. (b) F= {Singapore, Malaysia}
(c) G= {14, 16}
(d) H= (7}
P

Introduction to Set and Probability OXFORD

UNIVEASITY PRESS
CHAPTER 12
367 A
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E
 Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 12B

() List all the elements of N and of P in set

6. It isgiven that= (x:xis an integer between0 and notation.
10} and
J= {x:xis not a prime number}. (ii) Is Nc Por PcN? Explain.
(iiti) List all the elements ofQ in set notation.
(i) List all the elementsof of J and of ]' in set
notation. (iv) Is NEQor Q N? Explain.
(iü) Describe the set J' in words.
(iii) State the values of n(), n() and n(U'). 10. List all the subsets of each of the following sets in
(iv) Is n() + n') = n()? Explain. set notation.
(a) R= {7, 8, 9}
7. It is given that is the universal set containing the (b) S= {x:xis a prime number less than 7}
first 10letters of the English alphabet and Kis the (c) T= {a, b,c, d}
set of consonants. (d) U= fx:x is a letter used to form the word
(i) List all the elements of KandK' in set UNION}
notation.
(iü) Describe the set K' in words. 11) It is given that `= {x:xis a positive integer less
(iil) State the values of n(), n(K) and n(K'). than 21} and
(iv) Is n(K) + n(K') = n()? Explain. V={x:xis a number that is a
multiple of 3}.
8. It is given that L = {-2, -1,0, 1, 2, 3} and (i) List allthe elements of V' in set notation.
M= {0, 1, 2, 3}. (iü)) Describe the elements of V' in set notation.
(i) Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets L
and M. 12. It is given that W ={x:xis arational number and
(ii) Is M c L?Explain. X = {x: x is an integer}.
(iü) Is L E M? Explain. (1) Is X cW? Explain.
(iü) Is W¢ X* Explain.
9. It is given that N ={x:xis an integer such that
0<x< 20}, 13.) If Yis a set such that n(Y) = a, express the number
P= {x:x is a positive multiple of 4 of subsets of Yin termsofa.
that is less than 20}, and
Q= {x:x is a positive integer less
than 21}.

(23) Probability experiment and sample space

In the Introductory Problem, we have seen how the values 0 to 1 inclusive are
used to measure the chance of an
the probability of an event, we need
event occurring. This measure is known as probability. Before we can compute
process or operation whose outcomes
to learn how to list all the possible outcomes of aprobability experiment -a
cannot be predicted with certainty.

Introduction to Set and Probability

CHAPTER 12 OXFORD
A 368 UNIVERSITY PRESS
 cm
5.13 Similarity
and
Congruenc
cm
18.8
congruent?
the 36.9° 30°
your cm
19.7
cmn
down cm
5
explain 4 70
Y
80°
F
write
triangles
not, S
X65°
and cm R cm
10
cm
If 3 4
L of answer
congruence.
pairs C
Cm 19.7
cm
N
following
your 3cm F
5
36.9° 80°
70°
E explain
of 10
cm cm
K A
(a)
statement D 65°
the cm B 4
answer. 18.8
cm L
Are so, (b)

X
4 E
If (c)
D 4.

Y X
complete ,M 3.4
cm
the
all 100° L
and cm Cm Cm down
congruent?
copy OXFO
Cm
Write V75°
PAESS

VWXYZ, =2
cm
UNIVEAS

2cm LMNO, 2.4

cm
are 2.1
cm N
Exercise8A R measurements.
missing
shapes = following.
H S 8CHAPTE
B
PQRST = G
EFGH H
of CnPQ=
3.5 VW=
(vi)
=
ZPQR Cm 120°
pairs
thatthecm PT=(iii)
(ii) QR=(iv)
= SR
TS (v)
= that 3 cm 248
Which of 2
Given Given 5
A
each 65°
G P 3.5
cm (1) E
P A G

1. F
 Exercise 8A

AABK = ^ACK. Given

that 7. In the figure, AABC is an isosceles triangle where
E In the figure, AB= AC, BC= 12 cm and LABK= 58°. Given that
AB = 17 cm and
/AKB = 90°, ZACK =62°, AABK = AACH and ZAKC = 90°, find
B
BK= 8 cm, find (i) the length of CH, A
(i) ZBAC,
BC. 17 cm (ii) ZBAH.
(ü) the length of
8 cm

H
A

62°
58°
B K
12 cm

In the figure, AABC = ADEC

and ACE and BCD
6.
LACB =71°
are straight lines. Given that
4 cm, find
ZCDE = 34°, AC=6.9 cm and BC=
(i) LABC,
(ii) the length of BD.
D
A

6.9 cm 34°

71°
4 cm

Similar figures
(8.2) but are of different
sizes.
which look alike
Fig. 8.6 shows three cups

Fig. 8.6

CHAPTER 8 A
Congruence and Similarity OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS 249
 Inthemeasurements on the ground. After learning about similar figures, do you know
using

howto
solve the problem? Discuss with your classmates. B

Advanced Intermediate Basic

Exercise 8B

Given that AABC is similar to APQR, find the (b) Is ADEF similar to ASTU? Explain your
values of the unknowns in each of the following answer.
pairs of triangles. D
(a) A, 3.2 cm
840 1.6 cm
5.4 cm T64°\ 2.7 cm
A350 3 Cm
B R 320
6 cm 32° U
(b) A P
F

28° 118° 3. Given that the quadrilateral ABCD is similar to

R the quadrilateral PQRS, find the values of the
B unknowns ineach of the following pairs of
10 cm 12 cm y cm quadrilaterals.
P R 12 cm
(a) B C
6 cm
A
18 cm 105°
8 cm R 7.2 cmn
(d) y°
X Cm Q
R 95°
A A
7cm 108° Z Cm
y cm, 8cm
12 cm D S P
B
10 cm
(b) C
R
2. (a) Is B
AABC similar to ^APQR? Explain your 12 cm 9 cm
answer. 100
A
14 cm D

40° 50°
B R
A
A|
Ongruence and Similarity OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CHAPTER 8
257
P
A
G
E
 Basic Intermediate Advanced

Exercise 8B

4 Two similar water bottles are as shown. Find the 7. Given that APQR is similar to ABAR, find h.
values of the unknowns. values of the unknowns in the figure.
3Cm 12 cm
7Q
61°

14 cm
X Cm
10 cm

52°\ y cm
5 cm 8cm

B
9 cm
5. Twosimilar toy houses are as shown. Find the values
of the unknowns.
8. Given that triangles AQP and ABC are similar, find
the length of AQ. B

150 cm
) 150
cm.

100°
V Cm Z Cm
180 cm 75
cm

180cm 120 Cm

6. Given that AABC is similar to AADE, find the -125 cm

values of the unknowns in the figure.
4 cm 6 cm 9. Apole CD of height 3mis placed in front of a
56 standing lamp AB 10 m away. The length of the
B/
y Cm, 9 cm pole's shadow CE, that is cast as a result of the light
from the lamp, is 6 m. Given that AABE and
D E ADCE are similar, find the height of the lamp AB.
A

D
3m
BL C 6 m
E
10m