Question ID 95388117
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 95388117
Land Area Covered by Native Flowering Plants at a Site in Antarctica
Area covered in 2009 (in Area covered in 2018 (in Percent increase in area
Species square meters) square meters) covered from 2009 to 2018
Deschampsia
1,230 1,576 28%
antarctica
Colobanthus
6.9 10.7 55%
quitensis
The only flowering plant species native to Antarctica, Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica grow in places
where the earth remains free of ice for much of the year. Botanist Niccoletta Cannone wondered how the warming of
Antarctica’s climate in recent years had affected these species, so she visited a site in Antarctica, first in 2009 and later
in 2018, to count the number of plants growing there. Cannone found that the area of land covered by the two species
had significantly expanded during the nine-year period. While both species likely benefited from warming temperatures,
Colobanthus quitensis ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the comparison?
A. suppressed the growth of Deschampsia antarctica, which covered a smaller area of land in 2018 than it had in 2009.
B. saw a greater expansion than Deschampsia antarctica did, increasing the area of land it covered by more than half.
C. showed a greater increase in the average size of individual plants than Deschampsia antarctica did.
D. covered land newly freed from ice at a rate 55% faster than that of Deschampsia antarctica.
Question ID 403fb4e4
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 403fb4e4
Percentage of Ondo State
Small-Scale Farmers Who Are
Female, by Main Crop Grown
60
55
50
as a percentage of total
45
Female farmers
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ndo ndo ndo
O O O
rth tral uth
no ce
n so
Ondo State region
cereals
root crops
non–root vegetables
Geographer Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin and his colleagues surveyed small-scale farmers in three locations in Ondo
State, Nigeria—which has mountainous terrain in the north, an urbanized center, and coastal terrain in the south—to
learn more about their practices, like the types of crops they mainly cultivated. In some regions, female farmers were
found to be especially prominent in the cultivation of specific types of crops and even constituted the majority of
farmers who cultivated those crops; for instance, ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?
most of the farmers who mainly cultivated cereals and most of the farmers who mainly cultivated non–root
A. vegetables in south Ondo were women.
B. more women in central Ondo mainly cultivated root crops than mainly cultivated cereals.
C. most of the farmers who mainly cultivated non–root vegetables in north and south Ondo were women.
D. a relatively equal proportion of women across the three regions of Ondo mainly cultivated cereals.
Question ID 3091f805
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 3091f805
Ochre sea stars live in tidal pools along the shoreline of the Pacific Ocean. At night, they move to higher shore levels in
search of prey. But scientists Corey Garza and Carlos Robles noticed that ochre sea stars stayed at lower levels at night
after heavy rains. Garza and Robles hypothesized that a layer of fresh water formed by rainfall was a barrier to the sea
stars. To test their hypothesis, the scientists did an experiment. They placed some sea stars in a climbable tank of
seawater and other sea stars in a similar tank of seawater with a layer of fresh water on top. Then, the scientists
watched the sea stars’ behavior at night.
Which finding from the experiment, if true, would most directly support Garza and Robles’s hypothesis?
None of the sea stars climbed to the tops of the tanks, but sea stars in the tank with only seawater moved around
A. the bottom of the tank more than sea stars in the other tank did.
Sea stars in the tank with only seawater climbed to the top of the tank, but sea stars in the other tank stopped
B. climbing just below the layer of fresh water.
Both groups of sea stars climbed to the tops of the tanks, but sea stars in the tank with only seawater climbed more
C. slowly than sea stars in the other tank did.
Sea stars in the tank with only seawater mostly stayed near the bottom of the tank, but sea stars in the other tank
D. climbed into the layer of fresh water.
Question ID 94c54577
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 94c54577
While attending school in New York City in the 1980s, Okwui Enwezor encountered few works by African artists in
exhibitions, despite New York’s reputation as one of the best places to view contemporary art from around the world.
According to an arts journalist, later in his career as a renowned curator and art historian, Enwezor sought to remedy
this deficiency, not by focusing solely on modern African artists, but by showing how their work fits into the larger
context of global modern art and art history.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the journalist’s claim?
As curator of the Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany, Enwezor organized a retrospective of Ghanaian sculptor El
Anatsui’s work entitled El Anatsui: Triumphant Scale, one of the largest art exhibitions devoted to a Black artist in
A. Europe’s history.
In the exhibition Postwar: Art Between the Pacific and the Atlantic, 1945–1965, Enwezor and cocurator Katy Siegel
brought works by African artists such as Malangatana Ngwenya together with pieces by major figures from other
B. countries, like US artist Andy Warhol and Mexico’s David Siqueiros.
Enwezor’s work as curator of the 2001 exhibition The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in
Africa, 1945–1994 showed how African movements for independence from European colonial powers following the
Second World War profoundly influenced work by African artists of the period, such as Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq and
C. Thomas Mukarobgwa.
Enwezor organized the exhibition In/sight: African Photographers, 1940 to the Present not to emphasize a particular
aesthetic trend but to demonstrate the broad range of ways in which African artists have approached the medium of
D. photography.
Question ID ce4448b7
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Inferences
Ideas
ID: ce4448b7
Researchers recently found that disruptions to an enjoyable experience, like a short series of advertisements during a
television show, often increase viewers’ reported enjoyment. Suspecting that disruptions to an unpleasant experience
would have the opposite effect, the researchers had participants listen to construction noise for 30 minutes and
anticipated that those whose listening experience was frequently interrupted with short breaks of silence would thus
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. find the disruptions more irritating as time went on.
B. rate the listening experience as more negative than those whose listening experience was uninterrupted.
C. rate the experience of listening to construction noise as lasting for less time than it actually lasted.
D. perceive the volume of the construction noise as growing softer over time.
Question ID 60c6b64d
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 60c6b64d
Male túngara frogs make complex calls to attract mates, but their calls also attract frog-biting midges, insects that feed
on the frogs’ blood. Researchers Ximena Bernal and Priyanka de Silva wondered if the calls alone are sufficient for
midges to locate the frogs or if midges use carbon dioxide emitted by frogs as an additional cue to their prey’s
whereabouts, like mosquitoes do. In an experiment, the researchers placed two midge traps in a túngara frog breeding
area. One trap played recordings of túngara frog calls and the other released carbon dioxide along with playing the calls.
Bernal and de Silva concluded that carbon dioxide does not serve as an additional cue to frog-biting midges.
Which finding from the experiment, if true, would most directly support Bernal and de Silva’s conclusion?
Only a small number of midges were found in the traps, though the majority were found in the trap that played calls
A. and released carbon dioxide.
Midges entered the trap that released carbon dioxide and played calls only during or immediately after periods of
B. carbon dioxide release.
More midges were found in the trap that only played calls than in the trap that played calls and released carbon
C. dioxide.
The trap that released carbon dioxide and played calls attracted few midges when carbon dioxide concentrations
D. were low but attracted many midges when carbon dioxide concentrations were high.
Question ID 1f3be847
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 1f3be847
“Loon Point” is a 1912 poem by Amy Lowell. In the poem, which presents a nighttime scene on a body of water, Lowell
describes an element of nature as an active participant in the experience, writing, ______
Which quotation from “Loon Point” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “Through the water the moon writes her legends / In light, on the smooth, wet sand.”
B. “Softly the water ripples / Against the canoe’s curving side.”
C. “Or like the snow-white petals / Which drop from an overblown rose.”
D. “But the moon in her wayward beauty / Is ever and always the same.”
Question ID 7a1877be
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 7a1877be
Nucleobase Concentrations from Murchison Meteorite and Soil Samples in Parts per Billion
Nucleobase Murchison meteorite sample 1 Murchison meteorite sample 2 Murchison soil sample
Isoguanine 0.5 0.04 not detected
Purine 0.2 0.02 not detected
Xanthine 39 3 1
Adenine 15 1 40
Hypoxanthine 24 1 2
Employing high-performance liquid chromatography—a process that uses pressurized water to separate material into
its component molecules—astrochemist Yashiro Oba and colleagues analyzed two samples of the Murchison meteorite
that landed in Australia as well as soil from the landing zone of the meteorite to determine the concentrations of various
organic molecules. By comparing the relative concentrations of types of molecules known as nucleobases in the
Murchison meteorite with those in the soil, the team concluded that there is evidence that the nucleobases in the
Murchison meteorite formed in space and are not the result of contamination on Earth.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the team’s conclusion?
A. Isoguanine and purine were detected in both meteorite samples but not in the soil sample.
B. Adenine and xanthine were detected in both of the meteorite samples and in the soil sample.
C. Hypoxanthine and purine were detected in both the Murchison meteorite sample 2 and in the soil sample.
D. Isoguanine and hypoxanthine were detected in the Murchison meteorite sample 1 but not in sample 2.
Question ID 11a9f635
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Central Ideas and
Ideas Details
ID: 11a9f635
Paleontologists searching for signs of ancient life have found many fossilized specimens of prehistoric human
ancestors, including several from the Pleistocene era discovered in a geological formation in the Minatogawa quarry in
Japan. However, to study the emergence of the earliest multicellular organisms to appear on Earth, researchers must
turn elsewhere, such as to the Ediacaran geological formation at Mistaken Point in Canada. A UNESCO World Heritage
Site, the 146-hectare reserve contains more than 10,000 fossils that together document a critical moment in
evolutionary history.
What does the text indicate about the geological formation at Mistaken Point?
It holds a greater number of fossils but from a smaller variety of species than the formation in the Minatogawa
A. quarry does.
B. It has provided evidence that the earliest human species may have emerged before the Pleistocene era.
C. It is widely considered by paleontologists to be the most valuable source of information about prehistoric life forms.
D. It contains specimens from an older time period than those found in the formation in the Minatogawa quarry.
Question ID 57485f5e
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Central Ideas and
Ideas Details
ID: 57485f5e
The following text is adapted from Johanna Spyri’s 1881 novel Heidi (translated by Elisabeth Stork in 1915). Eight-year-
old Heidi and her friend’s grandmother are looking at some illustrated books.
Heidi had come and was looking with wondering eyes at the splendid pictures in the large books, that Grandmama
was showing her. Suddenly she screamed aloud, for there on the picture she saw a peaceful flock grazing on a
green pasture. In the middle a shepherd was standing, leaning on his crook. The setting sun was shedding a
golden light over everything. With glowing eyes Heidi devoured the scene.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Heidi is upset until she sees a serene image of a pasture in one of Grandmama’s books.
B. Heidi is delighted and fascinated by an image she sees in one of Grandmama’s books.
C. Heidi is initially frightened by an image in one of Grandmama’s books but quickly comes to appreciate its beauty.
Heidi is inspecting an image in one of Grandmama’s books because she has never seen a shepherd with his sheep
D. before.
Question ID a68fd3e7
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Inferences
Ideas
ID: a68fd3e7
Many of William Shakespeare’s tragedies address broad themes that still appeal to today’s audiences. For instance,
Romeo and Juliet, which is set in the Italy of Shakespeare’s time, tackles the themes of parents versus children and love
versus hate, and the play continues to be read and produced widely around the world. But understanding Shakespeare’s
so-called history plays can require a knowledge of several centuries of English history. Consequently, ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. many theatergoers and readers today are likely to find Shakespeare’s history plays less engaging than the tragedies.
B. some of Shakespeare’s tragedies are more relevant to today’s audiences than twentieth-century plays.
C. Romeo and Juliet is the most thematically accessible of all Shakespeare’s tragedies.
D. experts in English history tend to prefer Shakespeare’s history plays to his other works.
Question ID e677fa6c
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Central Ideas and
Ideas Details
ID: e677fa6c
The following text is adapted from Edgar Allan Poe’s 1849 story “Landor’s Cottage.”
During a pedestrian trip last summer, through one or two of the river counties of New York, I found myself, as the
day declined, somewhat embarrassed about the road I was pursuing. The land undulated very remarkably; and my
path, for the last hour, had wound about and about so confusedly, in its effort to keep in the valleys, that I no longer
knew in what direction lay the sweet village of B——, where I had determined to stop for the night.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. The narrator remembers a trip he took and admits to getting lost.
B. The narrator recalls fond memories of a journey that he took through some beautiful river counties.
C. The narrator describes what he saw during a long trip through a frequently visited location.
D. The narrator explains the difficulties he encountered on a trip and how he overcame them.
Question ID bc7b1a04
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: bc7b1a04
Three Studies' Estimated Average Velocity of LMC
Researchers Study year Estimated average velocity
Murai and Fujimoto 1980 344 km/s
Kallivayalil and colleagues 2006 378 km/s
Gardiner and colleagues 1994 297 km/s
In 2006, Nitya Kallivayalil and colleagues calculated the most accurate estimate yet of the average velocity (in
kilometers per second) of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) galaxy. Before the 2006 study, estimates of the average
velocity were low enough for the LMC to maintain an orbit around the Milky Way galaxy, but according to an analysis by
Gurtina Besla and colleagues, the estimated velocity from the 2006 study is too high for the LMC to maintain such an
orbit. Therefore, if Besla and colleagues are correct, the maximum average velocity for the LMC that would allow it to
maintain orbit around the Milky Way is likely ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A. above 344 km/s but below 378 km/s.
B. above 297 km/s but below 344 km/s.
C. above 378 km/s.
D. below 297 km/s.
Question ID 3d91c973
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 3d91c973
Mosasaurs were large marine reptiles that lived in the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million to 66 million
years ago. Celina Suarez, Alberto Pérez-Huerta, and T. Lynn Harrell Jr. examined oxygen-18 isotopes in mosasaur tooth
enamel in order to calculate likely mosasaur body temperatures and determined that mosasaurs were endothermic—
that is, they used internal metabolic processes to maintain a stable body temperature in a variety of ambient
temperatures. Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell claim that endothermy would have enabled mosasaurs to include
relatively cold polar waters in their range.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell’s claim?
Mosasaurs’ likely body temperatures are easier to determine from tooth enamel oxygen-18 isotope data than the
A. body temperatures of nonendothermic Late Cretaceous marine reptiles are.
Fossils of both mosasaurs and nonendothermic marine reptiles have been found in roughly equal numbers in
B. regions known to be near the poles during the Late Cretaceous, though in lower concentrations than elsewhere.
Several mosasaur fossils have been found in regions known to be near the poles during the Late Cretaceous, while
C. relatively few fossils of nonendothermic marine reptiles have been found in those locations.
During the Late Cretaceous, seawater temperatures were likely higher throughout mosasaurs’ range, including near
D. the poles, than seawater temperatures at those same latitudes are today.
Question ID 11c68ded
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Central Ideas and
Ideas Details
ID: 11c68ded
A contraction of “you all,” the pronoun “y’all” has long been used as a plural version of “you” in the South and in Black
communities around the US. In recent decades, most other English-speaking communities in the US have begun to use
“y’all.” What explains its rise in popularity? Many varieties of English have no pronoun that specifically addresses more
than one person and instead must use “you” to address both one person and more than one. But “y’all” always refers to
two or more people. As a result, it conveys the speaker’s meaning more precisely than “you” can.
Which question does the text most directly attempt to answer?
A. How many other plural versions of the pronoun “you” are there in English, besides “y’all”?
B. Why has the pronoun “y’all” become more widely used in the US?
C. When was the first recorded use of the pronoun “y’all” in the English language?
D. Is “y’all” commonly used in English-speaking regions of the world besides the US?
Question ID 7cbb9764
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 7cbb9764
Accomplished printmaker and sculptor Elizabeth Catlett (1915–2012) used her art to explore the Black experience in
the United States. In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that Catlett had a particular talent for unifying
various artistic traditions and styles in her work.
Which quotation from a scholar describing Catlett’s work would best support the student’s claim?
“In Mother and Child, a sculpture of two Black figures, Catlett used an ancient Indigenous sculpting technique and
A. combined the visual aesthetic of modern Mexican muralists with that of German artist Kathe Kollwitz.”
“In her collage New Generation, Catlett overlaid fabric onto the canvas to represent the clothing of a father and his
B. toddler, positioned to evoke classic images of a mother and child.”
“Created in 1968, Catlett’s sculpture Black Unity, a stylized fist sculpted from mahogany and measuring two feet
C. across, remains an important piece and has received renewed and well-deserved attention in recent years.”
“One series of Catlett’s prints, made by the artist using the linoleum cut method, depicts several notable African
D. American women, including Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth.”
Question ID 94ca8ebd
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 94ca8ebd
A student is examining a long, challenging poem that was initially published in a quarterly journal without explanatory
notes, then later republished in a stand-alone volume containing only that poem and accompanying explanatory notes
written by the poet. The student asserts that the explanatory notes were included in the republication primarily as a
marketing device to help sell the stand-alone volume.
Which statement, if true, would most directly support the student’s claim?
The text of the poem as published in the quarterly journal is not identical to the text of the poem published in the
A. stand-alone volume.
Many critics believe that the poet’s explanatory notes remove certain ambiguities of the poem and make it less
B. interesting as a result.
The publishers of the stand-alone volume requested the explanatory notes from the poet in order to make the book
C. attractive to readers who already had a copy of the poem in a journal issue.
Correspondence between the poet and the publisher reveals that the poet’s explanatory notes went through several
D. drafts.
Question ID 66c47028
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Central Ideas and
Ideas Details
ID: 66c47028
In 1934 physicist Eugene Wigner posited the existence of a crystal consisting entirely of electrons in a honeycomb-like
structure. The so-called Wigner crystal remained largely conjecture, however, until Feng Wang and colleagues
announced in 2021 that they had captured an image of one. The researchers trapped electrons between two
semiconductors and then cooled the apparatus, causing the electrons to settle into a crystalline structure. By inserting
an ultrathin sheet of graphene above the crystal, the researchers obtained an impression—the first visual confirmation
of the Wigner crystal.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Researchers have obtained the most definitive evidence to date of the existence of the Wigner crystal.
B. Researchers have identified an innovative new method for working with unusual crystalline structures.
C. Graphene is the most important of the components required to capture an image of a Wigner crystal.
D. It’s difficult to acquire an image of a Wigner crystal because of the crystal’s honeycomb structure.
Question ID 0770b53d
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Command of
Ideas Evidence
ID: 0770b53d
O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the novel, Cather portrays Alexandra Bergson as having a deep emotional
connection to her natural surroundings: ______
Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively illustrates the claim?
“She had never known before how much the country meant to her. The chirping of the insects down in the long grass
had been like the sweetest music. She had felt as if her heart were hiding down there, somewhere, with the quail and
the plover and all the little wild things that crooned or buzzed in the sun. Under the long shaggy ridges, she felt the
A. future stirring.”
“Alexandra talked to the men about their crops and to the women about their poultry. She spent a whole day with
one young farmer who had been away at school, and who was experimenting with a new kind of clover hay. She
B. learned a great deal.”
“Alexandra drove off alone. The rattle of her wagon was lost in the howling of the wind, but her lantern, held firmly
C. between her feet, made a moving point of light along the highway, going deeper and deeper into the dark country.”
“It was Alexandra who read the papers and followed the markets, and who learned by the mistakes of their
neighbors. It was Alexandra who could always tell about what it had cost to fatten each steer, and who could guess
D. the weight of a hog before it went on the scales closer than John Bergson [her father] himself.”
Question ID 58e9e497
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Information and Inferences
Ideas
ID: 58e9e497
In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States used agricultural
techniques developed by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier, but it seems that few of those farmers
had actually seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the possibility of several farmers of the same era
independently developing techniques that the Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these facts most strongly
suggest that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
those farmers learned the techniques from other people who were more directly influenced by Haudenosaunee
A. practices.
the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American farmers in the northeastern United States were not well suited to
B. Haudenosaunee farming techniques.
C. Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely used in regions outside the northeastern United States.
Euro-American farmers only began to recognize the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques late in the
D. nineteenth century.
