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Classification of engineering materials $Brass and bronze *The iron-carbon diagram, also known as the iron-carbon phase
1.Metals: Strong, malleable materials like iron and aluminum. * Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc, often with diagram, is a graphical representation of the phases and phase
2.Polymers: Flexible plastics and rubbers, like nylon and PVC. other metals mixed in. It's known for its gold-like appearance transformations that occur in iron-carbon alloys as a function of
3.Ceramics: Hard, brittle substances such as porcelain and glass. and is used in many applications like musical instruments and temperature and composition. It's a fundamental tool in
4.Composites: Mixes of materials for strength, like fiberglass and plumbing fixtures. understanding the behavior of steel and cast iron. The diagram
carbon fiber. * 1.Appearance: It has a gold-like appearance that can vary typically shows the different phases such as ferrite, austenite,
*Metals are materials known for their strong atomic bonds, depending on its composition. cementite, and graphite, as well as regions of phase
conductivity, and malleability, making them vital in numerous 2.Corrosion Resistance: Brass is resistant to corrosion, making transformations such as melting, solidification, and phase
applications from construction to electronics. it suitable for outdoor and marine applications. transitions between different solid phases. It's essential for
*Polymers are large molecules made of repeating units. They're 3.Malleability: It can be easily shaped and formed into various designing and controlling the microstructure and properties of
flexible, lightweight, and used in many everyday items like objects without breaking. steel during heat treatment and alloying.
plastics and rubber. 4.Ductility: Brass can be drawn or stretched into thin wires
*Ceramics are hard, inorganic materials made from metal and without losing its strength.
non-metal elements. They're known for their durability and * 1.Musical Instruments: Brass is widely used in the
resistance, used in various applications from pottery to manufacturing of musical instruments like trumpets,
engineering. trombones, tubas, and saxophones due to its acoustic
*Composites are materials formed by combining different properties and malleability.
components to create properties superior to those of individual 2.Plumbing Fixtures: Brass fittings, valves, and pipes are
materials. They're widely used in various industries for their commonly used in plumbing systems due to their corrosion
strength, lightness, and versatility. resistance and durability.
3.Decorative Items: Brass is popular for decorative items like
$The raw material door handles, knobs, hinges, and ornamental fixtures due to its
*Aluminum: Lightweight, versatile, corrosion-resistant metal aesthetic appeal and ability to be polished to a high shine.
used in transportation, construction, and packaging. Highly 4.Electrical Components: Brass is used in electrical connectors, stress-strain diagram shows how a material deforms under
recyclable, though health concerns persist. switches, and terminals due to its electrical conductivity and stress. It typically includes an elastic region (linear relationship
*Copper: Excellent conductivity, corrosion resistance, and corrosion resistance. between stress and strain), a yield point (transition to plastic
versatile applications in electronics, plumbing, and more. Highly -@-Bronze-- deformation), a plastic region (permanent deformation without
recyclable and aesthetically pleasing. *Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, sometimes with other increased stress), and a fracture point. It helps engineers
*Lead: Dense, malleable metal historically used in construction, metals added. It's known for its strength, durability, and understand a material's behavior and design structures
batteries, and radiation shielding. Toxicity concerns have led to historical significance in sculpture, weaponry, and coinage. accordingly.
reduced usage, but it still finds niche applications. * Strength: Bronze is stronger than pure copper, making it $process
*Zinc: Corrosion-resistant metal used in galvanization and alloys suitable for structural applications. *Casting is a manufacturing process where a liquid material, like
like brass and bronze. Essential for human health and commonly Durability: It is highly resistant to corrosion, making it suitable metal, is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify, forming the
found in dietary supplements. for outdoor and marine environments. desired shape. It's used to make complex parts with high
*Tin: Silvery-white metal prized for malleability and low melting Malleability: Bronze can be easily shaped and molded into accuracy and detail, common in industries like automotive and
point. Used historically in alloys like bronze and for tin plating intricate designs without losing its strength. aerospace.
steel. Essential in solder for electronics. Ductility: It can be drawn into thin wires or sheets without *Forming processes shape solid materials into desired forms
*Brittle Materials: fracturing. through techniques like bending, forging, or stamping. It's a
Ceramic (e.g., pottery) * Art and Sculpture: Bronze has been used for centuries in art versatile manufacturing method used across industries for
Glass and sculpture due to its malleability and ability to hold intricate creating various products.
Cast iron details. *Forging is shaping metal by hammering or pressing it between
Concrete (although it can exhibit some ductile behavior Bearings and Bushings: Bronze is commonly used in bearings dies. It's used to create strong and durable parts, common in
depending on the composition and reinforcement) and bushings due to its strength, durability, and self-lubricating industries like automotive and aerospace.
Some types of stone (e.g., granite) properties. *Drawing is a manufacturing process where metal is pulled
*Ductile Materials: Marine Hardware: Bronze fittings, fasteners, and propellers are through a die to reduce its cross-section, commonly used for
Steel used in marine applications due to their resistance to corrosion making wires and tubes.
Aluminum in saltwater environments. *The rolling process shapes metal by passing it through pairs of
Copper Musical Instruments: Bronze alloys are used in the construction rolls, reducing thickness and altering shape. It's used to produce
Gold of bells, cymbals, and other percussion instruments due to their sheets, plates, and other components with consistent
Nickel resonant qualities. dimensions.
Most metals and their alloys (depending on their composition $Iorn *Coining is a cold forming process that uses high pressure to
and treatment) *Iron is a common metal (chemical symbol: Fe) known for its create precise features on metal surfaces. It's often used for
$Steel strength and versatility. It's crucial for making steel, used in producing coins and detailed metal parts.
*what is steel : Steel is a strong alloy of iron and carbon, widely construction and industry. In the body, it's essential for *Bending is shaping material, often metal, by applying force
used in construction and manufacturing for its durability and transporting oxygen. along a straight axis to create curves or angles. It's used in
versatility * 1.Wrought Iron: Low carbon, high ductility, used in decorative various industries for making components with specific shapes.
* Steel p : Strong, durable, versatile, resistant, tough, ironwork. *Casting is a manufacturing process where liquid material is
conductive, weldable, recyclable.. 2.Cast Iron: High carbon, low ductility, used in pipes and poured into a mold and solidified to create a desired shape.
*1. Carbon Steel cookware. *Molding is creating shapes by pouring or injecting material into
2.Alloy Steel 3.Steel: Alloy of iron and carbon, varying properties based on a mold and letting it solidify to take the mold's form.
3.Stainless Steel composition, widely used in construction and machinery. *Cold working is shaping metal at room temperature or below
4.Tool Steel 4.Pig Iron: Crude iron from blast furnaces, high carbon content, without heating it, improving its strength and hardness.
5.High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Steel further processed into wrought iron or cast iron. *Heat treatment is a process of heating and cooling metal to
6.Galvanized Steel 5 Grey iron is a type of cast iron known for its graphite flakes, alter its properties, making it stronger or more durable for
7.Weathering Steel (Corten Steel) providing good damping capacity, machinability, and thermal various applications.
8.Maraging Steel conductivity. It's cost-effective and widely used in various *Manufacturing processes with engineering materials involve a
*Carbon steel is a type of steel made mainly of carbon, iron , industries. variety of techniques tailored to specific materials and desired
with other elements in small amounts. It's strong, versatile, and 6 Wrought iron is prized for its malleability, strength, corrosion outcomes:
widely used in construction and manufacturing due to its resistance, historical significance, aesthetic appeal, and
affordability and durability versatility in decorative and structural applications 1.Metal Casting: Melting metal and pouring it into molds to
* High carbon steel has a lot of carbon, making it super hard and $Properties create complex shapes.
strong, perfect for things like knives and cutting tools. -----Mechanical Properties 2.Metal Forming: Shaping metal through processes like forging,
* Medium carbon steel contains more carbon than low carbon =Strength: A material's ability to resist applied forces without rolling, bending, and extrusion to achieve desired geometries.
steel, making it harder and stronger, suitable for applications breaking or deforming. 3.Machining: Removing material from a workpiece through
like gears and machinery components. =Hardness: A measure of a material's resistance to indentation, cutting, drilling, milling, or turning to create precise shapes.
* Low carbon steel is steel with a small amount of carbon, scratching, or wear. 4.Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): Building objects layer by
making it soft, ductile, and easy to shape. =Ductility: The extent to which a material can be deformed layer from digital designs, often used for rapid prototyping and
* Stainless steel resists rust and corrosion due to its chromium without breaking. small-scale production.
content. Tool steel is hardened for durability and used in making =Toughness: A material's ability to absorb energy and withstand 5.Joining: Bonding metal parts together through welding,
tools like drills and molds. sudden impacts without breaking. brazing, soldering, or mechanical fastening.
* alloy steel is a type of steel that contains additional elements =Malleability: The ability of a material to be hammered or rolled
like chromium, nickel, or manganese to enhance its properties into thin sheets without breaking.
-----Physical Properties
6.Heat Treatment: Altering the material's properties through =Density: The mass of a material per unit volume. such as strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. It's widely
controlled heating and cooling processes to enhance strength, =Melting point: The temperature at which a material changes used in various industries for its tailored mechanical properties
hardness, or other characteristics. from solid to liquid state. *High-speed steel (HSS) excels in hardness, wear resistance, and
7.Surface Treatment: Applying coatings, plating, or treatments =Boiling point: The temperature at which a material changes heat resistance, maintaining sharp edges during high-speed
to improve surface properties such as corrosion resistance, wear from liquid to gas state. machining. It's versatile, tough, and cost-effective over time.
resistance, or aesthetics. =Thermal conductivity: A measure of a material's ability to *Tool steel: Hard, wear-resistant, tough. Used for cutting tools,
*stress process transfer heat. dies, and molds in various industries.
Tensile Stress: Stretching force. =Electrical conductivity: A measure of a material's ability to *Die steel: Hard, wear-resistant, tough. Used for dies in forming,
Compressive Stress: Squeezing force. conduct an electric current. stamping, and molding.
-----Chemical Properties *Plain steel" typically refers to steel that hasn't undergone any
Shear Stress: Sliding force. =Reactivity: How readily a material undergoes chemical additional treatments or coatings. It's just the raw material,
Torsional Stress: Twisting force. reactions with other substances. often used in various manufacturing processes or as a base
Bending Stress: Flexing force. =Corrosion resistance: The ability of a material to resist material for further treatments like galvanizing or painting. It's
Hydrostatic Stress: Uniform pressure. degradation due to chemical reactions with its environment. valued for its strength, versatility, and relatively low cost
Thermal Stress: Due to temperature change =Oxidation resistance: A material's ability to resist forming compared to other materials
oxides when exposed to air or other oxidizing agents.
-----Structural Properties $Alloy
=Grain structure: The arrangement and size of grains or crystals * An alloy is a mixture of metals or a metal with a non-metal,
in a material, which can affect its overall properties. created to enhance certain properties like strength or resistance
=Defects: Imperfections in a material's structure, such as voids, to corrosion. Examples include steel, bronze, and brass
cracks, or inclusions, which can impact its performance. *Alloys are diverse and serve various purposes. Here's a concise
optical properties list:
Refractive Index: Measures light speed in materials, affecting Brass
light bending. Bronze
Transparency & Opacity: Determine light transmission or Stainless Steel
blocking. Duralumin
Transmittance & Reflectance: Percentage of light passing Inconel
through or reflecting off materials. Titanium Alloy
Absorption: Light energy absorbed by materials, depending on Monel
thickness and wavelength. Pewter
Dispersion: Separation of white light into colors in materials. *Ferrous alloys are mixes primarily containing iron. Steel and
Birefringence: Difference in refractive indices for different light cast iron are examples, prized for their strength and durability.
polarizations. *Copper alloy is a mix of copper with other metals, like tin or
Photoluminescence: Light emission from materials after zinc, designed to improve properties such as strength or
absorbing radiation. conductivity. Examples include bronze and brass.
------magnetic properties $Pewter
Magnetic properties of engineering materials play a crucial role *Pewter is a malleable metal alloy traditionally composed
in various applications, such as electric motors, generators, mainly of tin, with varying amounts of other elements such as
transformers, and data storage devices. Here are some key copper, bismuth, and antimony. Some key properties and
magnetic properties: characteristics of pewter include:
=Magnetization: The extent to which a material can be -Low melting point: Pewter has a relatively low melting point,
magnetized when subjected to an external magnetic field. typically around 230-250°C, which makes it easy to cast and
=Permeability: Measures the ease with which a magnetic field work with.
can be established in a material. Higher permeability materials -Malleability and ductility: Pewter is a soft and easily workable
are used in magnetic cores for transformers and inductors. alloy, allowing it to be shaped, hammered, or rolled into various
=Hysteresis: The phenomenon where a material's forms.
magnetization lags behind an applied magnetic field, resulting -Corrosion resistance: The high tin content in pewter makes it
in energy loss. resistant to corrosion, rust, and tarnish, making it suitable for
=Coercivity: The intensity of the magnetic field required to creating long-lasting objects.
reduce a material's magnetization to zero after it has been -Attractive appearance: Pewter has a lustrous, silver-like
magnetized. High coercivity materials are used in permanent appearance that makes it popular for decorative and functional
magnets. items such as tableware, jewelry, and collectibles.
=Magnetic anisotropy: The directional dependence of magnetic -Non-toxicity: Modern pewter alloys are lead-free, making them
properties in a material. Materials with strong magnetic safe for use in food and drink applications.
anisotropy are used in applications like magnetic sensors and -Thermal and electrical conductivity: Pewter is a good conductor
data storage. of heat and electricity, which can be beneficial in certain
=Magnetostriction: The change in a material's dimensions in applications.
response to a change in its magnetization. This property is Overall, pewter is a versatile and attractive alloy that has been
relevant in applications like sonar and vibration sensors. used for centuries in various decorative and functional
applications due to its favorable properties.
@ ---Pewter advantages:
*Malleable
*Low melting point
*Corrosion-resistant
*Attractive appearance
*Non-toxic
*Good thermal and electrical conductivity
@---Pewter disadvantages:
*Soft and easily damaged
*High thermal expansion
*More expensive than some alloys
*Potential for causing allergic reactions
@---Pewter applications:---
Tableware
Decorative items
Jewelry
Collectibles
Mugs and tankards
Awards and trophies
Musical instruments
Historical reenactment items