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Recent Advances and Application of Biotechnology in the Dairy Processing

Industry: A Review

Chapter · January 2023

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105859

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Chapter

Recent Advances and Application

of Biotechnology in the Dairy
Processing Industry: A Review
Muhammed Nurye Gebeyehu

Abstract

Worldwide continuous demand for milk and milk products triggers different
stakeholders in the dairy sector, which leads to the establishment of modern dairy
farms, processing companies, and the invention of artificial intelligence. This
dramatic change in the sector boosted milk production and reduce the impact of
dairying on the environment. There has been a tremendous improvement in all unit
activities such as separation, standardization, pasteurization, homogenization, and
packing due to modern innovations in the fluid milk processing business. Advanced
technologies in milk processing are applied to extend the shelf life, enhance the
nutritional quality and safety of dairy products and health advantages without
altering its physicochemical characteristics. Generally, the use of recent technologies
in milk production has a significant impact to address the demand for milk and milk
products, poverty alleviation, reducing GHG emissions, and other global challenges.
The dairy industry can benefit greatly from new advancements and innovations in
modern biotechnology, such as rDNA technology, transgenics, probiotics, bio preser-
vatives, recombinant enzymes, starter culture, and improved bioprocess engineering
tools by producing novel foods customized for specific consumers. While biotechnol-
ogy brings incredible benefits, it also persuades a potential impact on health and the
environment. Therefore, its application needs great intention.

Keywords: biotechnology, dairy product, milk, technology, processing

1. Introduction

While milk production per cow has risen dramatically in the last three decades
through research that emphasizes efficient and sustainable milk production alongside
productivity improvement, farmers still seek the wisdom of attempting to increase
milk production with long production years in order to alleviate their fear of dairy
cows’ short productive lifespan. Moreover, achieving maximum productivity using
scarce natural resources is the greatest challenge for dairy farmers, which can be
addressed by implementing dairy farming innovations on every farmer’s farm. The
application of innovations at all stages of production, from fodder cultivation to milk
marketing, is a critical need in today’s world [1]. As a result, scientists and researchers

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Intensive Animal Farming - A Cost-Effective Tactic

devise a variety of innovations to increase resource efficiency and/or provide infor-

mation to farmers. In the last two decades computerized or automated technologies,
such as computerized feed delivery and milking systems, on-farm computers to
manage dairy records, automatic take-offs for milking units, and a holding pen with
an udder washer that uses computer hardware and software, have been discovered.
Moreover, Pulsed electric fields, high hydrostatic pressure, high-pressure homog-
enization, ohmic and microwave heating, microfiltration, pulsed light, UV light
processing, and carbon dioxide processing are some of the emerging dairy processing
technologies that could reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
[2]. The efficiency of processing technologies is also enhanced by using bacteriocins.
Furthermore, milk processing has a significant impact on small-scale dairy producers
to generate higher cash incomes than selling raw milk and offers better opportuni-
ties to reach regional and urban markets. Milk processing can also help to deal with
seasonal fluctuations in milk supply [3].
Despite the fact that achieving expected animal productivity at a lower cost for
greater economic returns is dependent on the ability to transfer these innovations
from the lab to the field in the dairy farming system, innovations have a significant
impact in overcoming the sector’s current challenges. Consequently, to raise milk
production with minimal GHG emissions, improved animal husbandry techniques
should be adopted in smallholder household dairy farms [1] along with technological
innovations.
Biotechnology’s application in the dairy industry has a substantial role that
improve milk production, animal health, and food processing. Genetically modi-
fied microorganisms such as bacteriocins and probiotics have been associated with
lowering the risks of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease, as well
as better weight management [4]. Besides, probiotic products contain microorgan-
isms that are viable, specific, and effective in critical nutritional physiology systems.
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Saccharomyces, and Streptococcus are some of the bacteria
found in fermented dairy products [5, 6]. Bio-preservation with natural preservatives
has a positive effect on consumer health promotion in addition to improving food
safety and shelf-life as a technological effect [4].
Furthermore, the application of technology has had a significant impact on
addressing several challenges faced by the food industry on food safety, preservation,
nutrition, and allergies, food security, changing consumer needs, environmental
concerns, economic viability, and policy reforms. Dairy processing companies around
the world need efficient, low-cost, and automated innovations to increase profits and
meet the demand of a wide range of products. Therefore the aim of this paper is to
recapitulate and combine the different information on current development in milk
production and processing.

2. Overview of the global dairy industry

Global milk production trends increases dramatically in the last 30 years from
530 million tonnes in 1988 to 843 million tonnes in 2018 [3]. Over the next ten years,
global milk production is expected to increase at a rate of 1.6 percent each year (to 997
Mt. by 2029), outpacing most other major agricultural commodities [7], however, the
expected growth remains tight in 2022, with only a 0.6 percent increase projected and
EU countries produced below the expectation, especially New Zealand and Australia
[8]. Moreover, the global milk production reported in January 2022 was lower by 1.6%
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Recent Advances and Application of Biotechnology in the Dairy Processing Industry: A Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105859

than the previous year’s counterpart [9]. USDA is estimating just a 0.7% rise in milk
production in 2022, which is bullish for milk prices.
On the other hand, milk production growth is predicted to decline by 0.5 percent
per year in the European Union (EU) and reach 162 million tonnes by 2031. However,
organic milk production in this region is predicted to increase (to 8% by 2031), result-
ing in economic gains, environmental benefits, and improved animal welfare [10].
The growth of average global milk production is achieved by improving the dairy cow
production performance than the number of herds. Besides the large volume of milk
consumed in the form of fresh dairy products, including pasteurized and fermented
products, due to a significant increase in milk product demand in developing nations,
the proportion of worldwide fresh dairy products consumption is predicted to rise
over the next decade OECD [11]. In developed countries, processed dairy products
are preferred, whereas, in underdeveloped countries, fresh dairy products account for
more than 75% of the average per capita daily intake of milk solids. In underdeveloped
countries, regional differences are enormous, with fresh dairy product consumption
ranging from 99% in Ethiopia to 5.8% in the Philippines OECD [11].
Furthermore, according to Minj et al. [12], the production, storage, and distribu-
tion of various types of dairy products, as well as the management of dairy-related
data, are significantly influenced by global milk production and processing.
According to literature evidence, various processing technologies have been used to
produce several types of milk and milk products. Market milk, flavored milk, cream,
butter, butter oil/ghee, condensed and evaporated milk, milk powder, fermented
milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream, and indigenous dairy products are among the most
common processed dairy products. The major processing technologies necessitate a
robust setup for continuous production and maintaining final product quality [12].

2.1 Revolutions in milk production and milking

Manual or hand milking is a time-consuming, labor-intensive process and the

milk preserving process is also unsanitary, moreover, a bacterial infection in milk can
occur as a result of a manual process. Wondatir [13] proposed a novel robotic milk-
ing technology that can grab the milking claws of cows. Introducing auto-milking
has solved this problem more efficiently through lowering costs and manpower,
automatically preserving the milk by using various smart cooling tanks. Few models
of low-cost, nonelectric milking machines are also developed considering the locality
and need of dairy farms. Milk that did not fit for human consumption is diverted to
a separate container. The sensors in the automatic milking machine play important
role in detecting the readiness of teats for milking and also identify impurities, color,
and quality of milk. The majority of auto-milking systems rely on two components:
a computer and specialized herd management software. This material can perform
activities such as collecting the animal, cleaning the animal before milking, attaching
the milking equipment, extracting milk, removing the equipment, and routing the
animal out of the special area Muhammad Osama [14]. The robotic feeding system
can calculate the effectiveness of feed for milk production as well as a cow’s nutri-
tional requirements.
The invention and introduction of highly efficient automatic milk meters that
built into robotic milking systems of cows are extremely important to control the
main technological parameters in the process of milking (live weight, temperature,
electrical conductivity, and so on) [15, 16]. Additionally, it is also a remarkable role
to determine different stages of lactation, heat periods, somatic cell count, motor
3
Intensive Animal Farming - A Cost-Effective Tactic

activity, and other zootechnical registration parameters. Viguier et al. [17] revealed
the use of SCC as an alternative method of detecting mastitis. Hereafter numerous
sensors are used in the production of high-quality milk and the use of microchip tech-
nologies has resulted in faster results. Furthermore, with these technologies, you will
be able to diagnose mastitis more successfully with more effective tests and results
with a wider angle and more accurate results. Milk conductivity and milk appearance
are commonly used on farms. Other methods, on the other hand, provide another
early mastitis detection for a quick and accurate decision to cure the disease.
Moreover, an automatic milking system has a priceless impact not only on milk-
ing but also on management systems including feeding, cow traffic, cow behavior,
grazing, milk quality, and animal health by using electronic devices or sensors. A
large number of research studies have reported analyses of AMS impact on specific
aspects such as milk yield/quality [18, 19], animal behavior/health/welfare herd
management [20] performance, and labor efficiency [21, 22]. Some studies reported
a 2 to 12 percent increase in milk production in cows milked 2+ times per day in AMS
compared to cows milked twice per day in traditional milking parlors. However, the
result of Hansen et al. [23] revealed that the use of AMS did not show an increase in
milk production, especially for prim parous cows [24–26].
The machine can monitor the state of herd productivity and express milk analysis
is a critical condition for effective milk production and industry competitiveness.
Express analysis of each animal’s milk allows you to assess the animal’s health and
productivity with confidence. The data obtained from the automated machine will
be processed and used to control the level of productivity and identify problems for
immediate corrective action [27].
The first commercial AMS in dairy farms was introduced in the Netherlands in the
1990s, and about 50,000 units were adopted worldwide by 2020 [28]. AMS is mainly
concentrated in Europe (90%), Canada (9%), and other countries (1%). However,
it is expected that by 2025, 50% of dairy cows in North-Western Europe will be
equipped with AMS [29].
To recapitulate, the innovation of robotic milking machines is useful in eliminating
the pressure on human labor and maintaining a hygienic milking process with remark-
able improvement in milk production, as well as managing every aspect of manage-
ment and reproduction in the farm by incorporating an automated milk meter on it.

2.2 Recent advances in milk processing or dairy industry

In the last two decades, major technological advances in the fluid milk processing
industry have been observed, with a significant improvement in all unit operations
such as separation, standardization, pasteurization, homogenization, and packaging.
Besides, many advances have been made in terms of production capacity, automation,
and sanitary operation [30]. Traditionally, milk is processed by heating it to a specific
temperature for a fixed period of time, which results in a significant reduction in
the microbial population [31]. However, recently developed nonthermal processing
methods are ideal for milk and other food staff with higher performance of eliminat-
ing microorganisms or any other biological entities without causing a significant
temperature rise, thereby preventing a chain of undesirable reactions in foods [31].
High-pressure processing (HPP), microfiltration, centrifugation, pulsed electric
field (PEF), ultraviolet light (UV), and cold plasma processing are among the widely
used nonthermal processing. Moreover, automated technologies have also been
developed to reduce labor costs and losses during processing, including automated
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Recent Advances and Application of Biotechnology in the Dairy Processing Industry: A Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105859

clean-in-place (CIP) system, inclined film scraped surface heat exchanger (ISSHE),
automated spray dryer, membrane processing (ultra filtration (UF), reverse osmosis
(RO), micro-filtration (MF), nano filtration (NF), and electrodialysis). Ultrasonic
processing or sonication is a promising alternative technology in the food industry as
it has the potential to improve the technological and functional properties of milk and
dairy products. Furthermore, High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) is a promising emerg-
ing technology, specially designed for economy, simplicity, and energy efficiency.
HIU has multiple benefits either in the processing or evaluation of products [32].
It also offers a great potential to control, improve, and accelerate processes without
damaging the quality of food and other products.

2.2.1 High-pressure processing (HPP)

A nonthermal method of food and dairy product preservation and sterilization in

which a product is subjected to extremely high pressure, causing some microbes and
enzymes in the food to be inactivated [33]. Research on raw milk treated with high
pressure has shown that HPP treatment produces raw milk of comparable quality
to pasteurized milk, as it is equally successful in eradicating pathogenic and spoil-
age microorganisms. When compared to foods with a higher pH, such as milk, HPP
proved effective at inactivating bacteria in both high- and low-acid food systems. It
may influence the qualities of treated milk by modifying the fundamental features
of milk ingredients [34]. In the food and dairy sector, high-pressure processing is a
unique alternative to thermal processing [33] that includes a treatment chamber, a
pressure generating system, a pressure transmission medium, and a pressure intensi-
fier [34]. HPP was performed at 680 MPa for 10 minutes at room temperature and the
number of microorganisms was reduced by 5–6 log cycles.

2.2.2 Pulsed electric fields (PEF)

The fundamental principle of PEF technology is the use of short pulses of high
electric fields with durations ranging from microseconds to milliseconds and intensi-
ties ranging from 10 to 80 kV/cm. Short pulses (1–10 μs) generated by a high voltage
(5–20 kV) pulse generator have been used to treat biological material or food placed
between two electrodes installed 0.1–1.0 cm apart in a treatment chamber separated
by an insulator [35].
The processing time is calculated by multiplying the number of pulse times with
effective pulse duration. The applied high voltage results in an electric field that
causes microbial inactivation. When an electrical field is applied, electrical current
flows into the liquid food and is transferred to each point in the liquid because of
the charged molecules present ([36]; as cited by [33]). PEF treatment has achieved a
reduction in the microflora of milk with a shelf life similar to that of high tempera-
ture, short time (HTST) pasteurized milk.
The ability to control the amount of ohmic heating in food preservation (low-
temperature processing) is the main benefit of PEF technology in liquid food pas-
teurization. This avoids the Maillard reaction, which affects the functional properties
of food such as color, taste, and smell [37]. PEF is also effective in the inactivation of
microorganisms such as Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria innocua, and E. coli up to 5.0
log cycles [38].
The method is highly scalable and can be incorporated into existing food process-
ing lines. In comparison to traditional heat pasteurization technology, it is more
5
Intensive Animal Farming - A Cost-Effective Tactic

energy-efficient [39]. Furthermore, PEF treatment chambers can be easily adapted to

existing continuous-flow production lines for liquid food pasteurization [40]; how-
ever, achieving a homogeneous treatment may be an issue [41]. The main disadvan-
tage of PEF technology is its effectiveness and efficiency, which are largely dependent
on the liquid conductivity and viscosity [42].

2.2.3 Ultra-sonication

It refers to the application of sound waves at the frequency (˃ 16 kHz) greater

than the upper limit of human hearing through liquid, solid, or gases, which
causes the formation of small bubbles (known as cavitation). While droplets reach
the required size range, they collapse under near-adiabatic conditions, resulting
in significant conditions both within the droplets and in the surrounding liquid
that include intense shear forces, turbulence, and micro streaming effects. These
ultrasound-induced physical effects are increasingly being used in food and dairy
processing industries, its application is used to enhance whey ultrafiltration,
extraction of functional foods, reduction of product viscosity, homogenization
of milk fat globules, crystallization of ice and lactose, and the cutting of cheese
blocks [33].
The use of ultrasound in traditional dairy processes has the potential to bring sig-
nificant cost savings and improved product qualities to the dairy sector. Furthermore,
as compared to other new technologies, the use of ultrasound as a processing tech-
nique has been deemed safe [43]. These technologies include low- and high-intensity
ultrasounds. Low-intensity ultrasounds have been used to determine, evaluate, and
define the physical features of foods, whilst high-intensity ultrasounds have been
utilized to speed up specific biological, physical, and chemical processes during the
handling and transformation of food products [44].

2.2.4 Cold plasma (CP)

Cold Plasma is an electrically powered gaseous state consisting of charged par-

ticles, free radicals, and some radiation that is known as the fourth state of matter.
An electrical discharge [45] produces a partially or totally ionized plasma made up of
photons (basically), ions, free electrons, and atoms in their fundamental or excited
states. These species are classified as either “light” (photons and electrons) or “heavy”
(remaining constituents) [46, 47].
Currently, CP undergoing extensive testing for the preservation of perishable
commodities such as milk and milk products. The use of cold plasma (CP) techniques
to preserve milk and milk products has been pushed as a revolutionary nonthermal
technology. CP not only preserves the nutritional value of the food but also inactivates
germs, eliminating the risk of resistance. Cold plasma was also discovered to disrupt
enzymes involved in browning (color change) processes and the production of an
off-flavor [48].

2.3 Membrane separation technology

It is a method of separating a liquid into two streams using a semipermeable

membrane. The two streams are called retentate and permeate, respectively.
Specific components of milk and whey can be separated using membranes with

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Recent Advances and Application of Biotechnology in the Dairy Processing Industry: A Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105859

different pore sizes. Membrane filtering technology offers a variety of applica-

tions in the cheese industry, including boosting nutritional quality, improving
compositional control and production by increasing total solid content, using
whey during cheese manufacturing, and minimizing the need for rennet and
starter culture. Concentrating milk before manufacturing cheese opens up a new
market for the cheese industry, lowering costs and speeding up the entire process
[49]. Membranes in the cheese industry concentrate the cheese milk, increasing
yield and quality while controlling whey volume. It is now possible to recover
growth factors from whey because of advancements in membrane technology [50].
Membrane filtration can basically be divided into four main technologies, which
are as follows:

2.3.1 Microfiltration (MF)

Microfiltration is a membrane filtration technique that uses a membrane with

an open structure and is powered by low pressure. The membrane allows dissolved
components to pass while rejecting the majority of non-dissolved components.
Microfiltration is widely used in the dairy industry to reduce bacteria and spores,
remove fat from milk and whey, and standardize protein and casein.

2.3.2 Ultrafiltration (UF)

Ultrafiltration is a membrane filtration process that operates at medium pres-

sure. Ultrafiltration works by passing most dissolved and non-dissolved components
through a membrane with a medium open structure while rejecting larger compo-
nents. UF is widely used in the dairy industry for whey protein concentration and
milk protein concentration as well as standardization.

2.3.3 Nano-filtration (NF)

Nano-filtration is an intermediate step in the high-pressure membrane filtra-

tion process. In general, nano-filtration is a type of reverse osmosis in which the
membrane has a slightly more open structure that allows primarily monovalent
ions to pass through. The membrane rejects divalent ions to a large extent. Nano-
filtration is primarily used in the dairy industry for specialized applications
such as partial demineralization of whey, lactose-free milk, and whey volume
reduction.

2.3.4 Reverse osmosis (RO)

Reverse osmosis is a high-pressure, membrane-based filtration process that uses

a very dense membrane. In theory, only water passes through the membrane layer.
Reverse osmosis is commonly used in the dairy industry for milk and whey concentra-
tion or volume reduction, milk solids recovery, and water reclamation.

2.4 Application of biotechnology in dairy processing

Recent biotechnological breakthroughs have emerged as a significant tool for

developing quality features in livestock products, such as dairy and dairy-based

7
Intensive Animal Farming - A Cost-Effective Tactic

products. In most developing nations, biotechnology has been used to improve food
processing by using microbial inoculants to improve qualities such as flavor, scent,
shelf life, consistency, and nutritional content of meals and dairy products. Probiotic
food products are a rapidly expanding segment of functional food that has been well
received by consumers. The food sector, on the other hand, is striving to offer a vari-
ety of probiotic foods other than dairy products with potential health benefits [51].
Moreover, modern biotechnology has brought up new and exciting opportunities
in the dairy industry, making milk and milk products more accessible to the poor
and meeting the demands of a larger population. Since the dairy industry’s primary
responsibility is to provide consumers with high-quality, nutritional, and affordable
dairy meals, biotechnological intervention at various stages of milk production and
processing has become a foregone conclusion [52]. It has provided us with delicious,
nutritious, wholesome, handy, shelf-stable, and safe foods. As long as research and
development efforts continue, biotechnology will inevitably have a greater impact
on the food we eat. It has enormous potential for expanding the variety and quality
of food available to humans, especially more healthy and appealing foods. It also
appears likely that it will continue to provide benefits to food processing and safety
monitoring as new technologies develop at a faster rate. Furthermore, the biotechno-
logical application has a remarkable role in dairy product bio-preservation, probiotics
manipulation, and production; enzyme production; milk derived bioactive peptides
and other functional ingredients; and starter cultures technology and genetic
manipulation.

2.4.1 Bio-preservation

Although recent advances in innovative modern technologies implemented in food

processing and more stringent microbiological food-safety standards have reduced
the incidences of foodborne illnesses and product spoilage, they do not completely
eliminate the possibility of health risks associated with such foods. As a result, the
food industry is always exploring novel techniques and methods to produce mini-
mally processed, ready-to-eat food that retains its nutritional value, taste, and flavor.
Bio-preservation like bacteriocin is an ideal choice to preserve ready-to-eat processed
foods without altering their nutritional and chemical properties.
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides that are deemed harmless since they are
easily destroyed by mammalian gastrointestinal proteolytic enzymes. Furthermore,
the majority of bacteriocin producers belong to lactic acid bacteria (LAB).
Bacteriocins, whether purified or secreted by bacteriocin-producing bacteria, are a
wonderful alternative to chemical preservatives in dairy products because they pose
no health risks. Bacteriocins can be added to dairy products in purified/raw form, as
a bacteriocin-producing LAB in the fermentation process, or as an adjuvant culture.
Bacteriocins and bacteriocin-producing LAB have been used to control pathogens
successfully in milk, yogurt, and cheeses in a number of cases. One of the most recent
development is the inclusion of bacteriocins, whether directly as purified or semipu-
rified form, or as bacteriocin-producing LAB, into bioactive films and coatings that
are directly applied to food surfaces and packaging [53].

2.4.2 Probiotics

Probiotic is a relatively recent term that means “for life,” and it refers to bacteria
that have been connected to beneficial effects in humans and animals. The probiotic
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Recent Advances and Application of Biotechnology in the Dairy Processing Industry: A Review
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105859

microorganisms are primarily Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, but Bacillus,

Pediococcus, and several yeast strains have also been identified as suitable possibili-
ties [54]. Sour/fermented milk, yogurt, cheese, butter/cream, ice cream, and infant
formula all contain probiotic bacteria. These probiotics are either used as a starter
culture alone or in combination with traditional starters, or incorporated into dairy
products after fermentation, where their presence confers many functional character-
istics to the product (such as improved aroma, taste, and textural characteristics), as
well as many health-promoting properties [55].
Milk and milk products, particularly fermented dairy foods, are thought to be
excellent carriers of probiotic strains, which allows to express their health-promoting
functions to the greatest extent possible. Probiotic microorganisms can be concen-
trated and added in small amounts directly to food or a milk product, where they
can grow. Yogurt is a well-known example of probiotic-rich functional dairy food.
Probiotic yogurt, also known as bio-yogurt, should contain living bacterial cultures.
Probiotics have been used to treat intestinal disorders as dietary supplements and oral
agents. Probiotics have appeared recently as among the most precious bugs due to
their ability to express a plethora of novel health-promoting functions that are strain-
specific. Immunomodulation, restoring the balance of disturbed gut flora, strength-
ening the mucosal barrier function, and preventing lactose intolerance are the most
notable probiotic functions. However, the focus at the moment is on researching
probiotics as potential biotherapeutics for chronic inflammatory metabolic disorders
such as diabetes, CVD, obesity, irritable bowel disease (IBD) and syndrome (IBS),
Ulcerative Colitis (UC), Crohn’s disease (CD), acute diarrhea, serum cholesterol
reduction, shortening the duration of respiratory infections, blood pressure control,
colon cancer, and urinary tract infection (UTI), among others.

2.4.3 Biotechnology and enzyme production

Enzyme production is a new field that answers the needs of the food processing
industry by drastically lowering investment and processing costs. Enzymes are a
biotechnological processing tool whose action in the food matrix may be manipulated
to produce high-quality products. Moreover, the application of biotechnology has a
significant role to produce enzymes used in the food and dairy industries, microbial
protease, lipase, and galactosidase are enzymes that come from beneficial micro-
organisms. Their thermoresistance, thermostability, and thermoacidophilic qualities
brought a particular interest to food producers [56].
The industrial production of enzymes for use in food processing dates back to 1874
when Danish scientist Christian Hansen extracted rennin (chymosin) from calves’
stomachs for use in cheese manufacturing. Bovine chymosin was the first enzyme
to be produced through biotechnological approaches in E. coli. Since then, genetic
manipulation has been used to make tailor-made enzymes for specific consumer
requirements. Now enzymes can be produced through recombinant DNA technology
in large quantities for their subsequent application in the food industry (Table 1).
Some microorganism strains have been genetically modified to boost their capacity
for enzyme synthesis under ideal conditions. In most situations, changed genes from
other kingdoms of microorganisms can be found in GM microorganisms that generate
enzymes. Bio-based compounds such as glucoamylase, lipase, −amylase, pectinase,
antibiotics, amino acids, lactic acid, nucleic acid, and polysaccharides are created
utilizing GM starting cultures. For example, one of the DNA codes for chymosin,
which causes milk to curdle or coagulate during cheese fermentation, was cloned
9
Intensive Animal Farming - A Cost-Effective Tactic

into bacteria (Escherichia coli), yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis), and mold (Bacillus niger)
(Aspergillus niger). In Thailand, modified E. coli is being utilized to produce lysine,
with the goal of increasing yield in less time [58].

2.5 Future application of biotechnology in the dairy industry

In the past, biotechnology has made substantial contributions to the dairy sector
from animal genetic improvement to milk product processing. Thus, the follow-
ing areas are some examples of possible applications of biotechnologies in future
scenarios.
Dairy production

• Recombinant bovine

• Recombinant vaccines

• DNA fingerprinting

• Embryo transfer technology

• Animal cloning

• Gene forming and transgenic

Dairy processing

• Food grade bio-preservatives

• Dairy enzymes/proteins

• Probiotics

Enzymes Microorganisms Application

Phytase Aspergillus niger Dair
Lipase Baking, cheese flavor development
Lipase Aspergillus oryzae Cheddar cheese production
Chymosin Escherichia coli K-12 Cheese

Chymosin Kluyveromyces marxianus Cheese production

var. lactis

Microbial rennet Mucor miehei Baking, starch, cheese

Protease Starch, Aspergillus usamii brewing, meat tenderizer, milk coagulation,
improvement of bread quality

β-Galactosidase LAB Lactose intolerance reduction in people Prebiotic

(lactase) food ingredients
Source: Ghoshal [57].

Table 1.
Enzymes produced from genetically modified microorganisms using gene technology used in the dairy industry.

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Recent Advances and Application of Biotechnology in the Dairy Processing Industry: A Review
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• Functional foods and nutraceuticals

• Dairy waste organization and pollution control

3. Conclusion

World dairy production and consumption were significantly increased in the last
three decades, researchers and trend analysts claim that this growth will continue for
the next few decades. However, in some countries especially in the EU, the number
of cows is decreasing in recent years due to environmental, animal welfare, and other
reasons. On the other hand, a number of technologies are invented and introduced
to support the intensification of dairy farms. Recent technologies such as automatic
milking machines, sensors, blockchain, and automatic feeders can provide significant
improvements to milk production, environmental sustainability, and animal welfare
in livestock agriculture. Similarly, sophisticated milk processing technologies have
also been developed, which will have a remarkable role to produce dairy products
that are wholesome and fit for human consumption. As well most recent processing
technologies have a great potential for reducing GHG emissions during production,
processing, and storage. Recently new biotechnological products are being developed
for use in both animal production and food processing, dairy product bio-preserva-
tion, probiotics manipulation and synthesis, enzyme manufacturing, milk-derived
bioactive peptides, other functional components production, and starter cultures
technology and genetic manipulation are all examples of biotechnological applica-
tions. Conversely, the invention and application of these mysterious technologies
were restricted in developed countries. Therefore, these advanced technologies
should be more accessible to farmers around the world particularly to farmers in
developing countries to improve milk production per cow, reduce higher GHG emis-
sions, and feed growing populations.

Author details

Muhammed Nurye Gebeyehu

Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Oda Bultum University
College of Agriculture, Chiro, Ethiopia

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
11
Intensive Animal Farming - A Cost-Effective Tactic

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