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RIPH- Midterm- Reviewer

Readings in Philippine History (Our Lady of Fatima University)

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WEEK 7 The 昀椀rst Philippine Republic tried to send a Filipino

delega琀椀on to par琀椀cipate and observe the nego琀椀a琀椀on,
Treaty of Paris of 1898
but it was denied.
(Tratado de Paris de 1898; Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898)
Felipe Agoncillo - A Filipino lawyer and diplomat who
Treaty of Peace between the United States of America denied in par琀椀cipa琀椀on despite in his pe琀椀琀椀ons, he was
and the Kingdom of Spain not allowed to join.

Type: Peace Treaty The treaty was vigorously opposed in the U.S. Senate as
inaugura琀椀ng a policy of “imperialism” in the Philippines
Signed: 10th of December 1898 and was approved on Feb. 6, 1899, by only a single vote.
Loca琀椀on: Paris, France (57-27)

Condi琀椀on: Exchange of Ra琀椀昀椀ca琀椀ons Philippine-American War - Two days earlier, hos琀椀li琀椀es

had begun at Manila between U.S. troops and
Language used: English and Spanish insurgents led by Emilio Aguinaldo. For more than three
Countries involved: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mariana Islands years the Filipinos carried on guerrilla warfare against
and Philippines U.S. rule.

15th of February1898- USS Maine, a United States Navy

ship that sank in Havana Harbor in February 1898, THE PHILIPPINES UNDER AMERICAN TUTELAGE
contribu琀椀ng to the outbreak of the Spanish–American
War in April. August 1898 – the Americans established military
government in the country.
US Consul E. Spencer Pra琀琀 met with Aguinaldo during
his visit and promised him the independence of the Gen. Wesley Merri琀琀 – 1st military governor in the
Philippines in exchange for his assistance in the war country.
against Spain. Gen. Elwell O琀椀s – 2nd military governor in the country
George Dewey(HERO OF MANILA) - best known for his replacing Gen. Merri琀琀.
victory at the Ba琀琀le of Manila Bay on 1st of May 1898 - made declara琀椀on of war.
during the Spanish-American War, with the loss of only a
single crewman on the American side. Malolos Batallion

Mock Ba琀琀le of Manila- On 13th of August 1898, the 1. Major Donato Teodoro
local Spanish and American generals, who were legally 2. Gen. Antonio Luna
s琀椀ll at war, secretly and jointly planned the ba琀琀le to
New York Times - an American journal
transfer control of the city center from the Spanish to
the Americans while keeping the Philippine First Philippine Commission
Revolu琀椀onary Army out of the city center.
• January 20, 1899
Treaty of Paris • Schurman Commission
• Dr. Jacob Schurman
• Treaty of Paris in 1898 was an agreement
o Bates Agreement – se琀琀lement of Sulu
between United States and Spain that o昀케cially
as a protectorate of the US.
ended the Spanish-American War.
o Januario Galut – Filipino spy for the
• Conference opened on 1st of October 1898
Americans.
• Signed on 10th of December 1898
o Gen. Frederic Funston – learned of the
• Decision of the future of Cuba, Philippines,
whereabouts of Aguinaldo.
Guam, Puerto Rico, and Marianas Island.
o Gen. Vicente Lukban – gave the
Americans the most humilia琀椀ng defeat.
“Massacre of Balanginga”

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o Gen. Miguel Malvar – last general to William Cameron Forbes- New governor replacing
surrender to the Americans. Smith on November 11

September 11, 1902 – Philippine-American war had Francis Burton Harrison – a new governor in the
昀椀nally ended. (3 years and 7 mos.) Philippines.

The Second Philippine Commission Accomplishments of Harrison Administra琀椀on:

• March 16, 1900 1. Giving the Filipinos the majority in the Upper
• Ta昀琀 Commission House (5/9).
• chaired by William Howard Ta昀琀 2. Harrison replaced American employees with
Filipinos in government o昀케ce (89%).
The Establishment of American Civil Government 3. The Jones Bill of 1912.
• March 2, 1901 Jones Law / Philippine Autonomy Law-an American Law
• Army Appropria琀椀on Act
• It create Civil Government in the Philippines. First Independence Mission
• Spooner Amendment (Sen. John Spooner of • Composed of 40 members
Wiscousin) • Leader: Manuel L. Quezon
July 4, 1901 – inaugura琀椀on of the Civil Government. • Stable government already exist.

June 3, 1900 – the right to exercise legisla琀椀ve func琀椀ons Newton Baker (War Secretary) – Philippine
in the Philippines. Independence sympathizer.

Warren G. Harding – Republican President

Judge William Howard Ta昀琀 ✓ In his desire to know the true state of

• 1st Civil Government in the Philippines the Philippines, he sent the Wood
• He was a well-loved governor. Forbes Mission.
Sen. John Spooner – a man responsible for the ending The special commission was
of the Military Administra琀椀on in the Philippines.
cons琀椀tuted by Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood
Cayetano Arellano – Chief Jus琀椀ce of the Supreme Court.
& William C. Forbes.
Philippine Bill of 1902 / Philippine Organic Act of 1902
– 1st stage in the development of the Civil Government. Philippine Congress 1922 – 2nd

Luke E. Wright – replaced Ta昀琀 as Civil Governor. Independence Mission to the U.S.

Henry C. Ide – replaced Wright on April 2, 1906. • it came out the recommenda琀椀on of deferring
the gran琀椀ng of Philippine Independence.
James F. Smith- replaced Ide on September 20. 1906
• due to poor 昀椀nancial state, bankruptcy of the
Gabaldon Law- the 昀椀rst law that passed the Philippine PNB and the instability of the government.
Assembly
Restora琀椀on of Filipino Coopera琀椀on
Sergio Osmena- the 1 leaders of the Philippine
st
- A good working rela琀椀onship between the
Assembly
Governor-general and the Philippine Legislature
Manuel L. Quezon was restored.

• Majority Floor Leader Educa琀椀onal Developments

• Resident Commissioner 1909 ✓ Americans started opening schools in Manila
• Outstanding Performance

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✓ Act 74 – The Philippine public school system COMMONWEALTH OF THR PHILIPPINES

enacted by the Ta昀琀 Commission in January
July 10, 1934
1901.
✓ The compulsory teaching of English in school. • dra昀琀 the cons琀椀tu琀椀on of the Philippines in the
✓ Recruitment of trained teachers in the U.S. Cons琀椀tu琀椀onal Conven琀椀on;
✓ Aboli琀椀on of compulsory religious instruc琀椀on. • inaugurated at the Legisla琀椀ve building in Manila
Thomasites – 1st American teachers arrived in Manila • Claro M. Recto – president of the conven琀椀on.
on August 23, 1901. September 17, 1935 – 1st na琀椀onal elec琀椀on for the
Act 1870 – created the University of the Philippines in President and the members of the na琀椀onal assembly.
1908 enacted by Philippine Commission and Philippine Three Par琀椀es:
Assembly.
1. Coali琀椀on Party (Quezon & Osmena)
Private Higher Educa琀椀on Ins琀椀tu琀椀ons during American 2. Nacionalista Party ( Aguinaldo & Raymundo
Regime Melliza)
1. Siliman University in 1901 (Negros Oriental) 3. Republican Party (Bishop Gregorio Aglipay &
2. Centro Escolar University founded by Librada Norberto Nabong)
Avelino in 1907. November 15, 1935 – inaugurated the Commonwealth
3. Philippine Women’s University founded by of the Philippines.
Francisca T. Benitez in 1919.
Na琀椀onal Defense – the prime duty of the government.
Pensionados – Hundreds of Filipino scholars were sent
to the US on free government. Departments established on 1941

Religious Developments 1. Finance department

2. Na琀椀onal economic council – promo琀椀on of
1. The Introduc琀椀on of Protestan琀椀sm industries crop produc琀椀on, enterprises, tari昀昀s
2. The Rise of the Philippine Independent Church and taxa琀椀on.
was the establishment of Aglipayan Church on 3. Na琀椀onal development company – mass
August 3, 1902 produc琀椀on of staples like rice and corn.
1923 – 3rd Independence Mission likewise failed. 4. Agricultural & Industrial Bank – to help small
farmers with convenient loans on easy terms.
1924-1930 - 4th–8th Independence Mission 5. Na琀椀onal Council of Educa琀椀on – Rafael Palma –
Chairman.
OX-ROS Mission 1931 – 9th Independence Mission
6. Court of Appeals – aid in the speedy disposi琀椀on
Hare-Hawes Cu琀�ng Act of cases.
- Jus琀椀ce Pedro Concepcion – 1st presiding jus琀椀ce.
• Representa琀椀ve Hare
7. Ins琀椀tute of Na琀椀onal Language – November 13,
• Senator Harry Hawes
1936.
• Senator Cu琀�ng 8. Joint Preparatory Commission on Philippine
10th – 11th Independence Mission A昀昀airs (JPCPA) – mutual trade between the two
countries.
Tyding-McDu昀케e Law – a new independence measure. 9. Commonwealth Plebiscite – Filipino women
May 1, 1934 – accepted the Tydings-McDu昀케e Law by were allowed to vote.
the Philippine Legislature.

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WEEK 8 • Filipinos expected that spirit of coopera琀椀on

would be maintained. Poli琀椀cal emancipa琀椀on
Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood
would be complete.
Gregorio Zaide
REALITY
• Interna琀椀onally known as Filipino historian,
• There was a train of arbitrary acts Resulted in
author and poli琀椀cian from Pagsanjan, Laguna
curtailment of our autonomy & destruc琀椀on of
• Authored 67 books, that are used in schools
our cons琀椀tu琀椀onal system Reversal of America's
both secondary and Colleges
Philippine Policy.
• He has also wri琀琀en beyond 500 ar琀椀cles about
History that has been published both in na琀椀onal ARBITARY ACTS OF GOVERNOR GENERAL WOOD
and interna琀椀onal.
• He has refused his assent to laws which were
• He compiled and annotated the pe琀椀琀椀on le琀琀er
the most wholesome & necessary heads of
for the cons琀椀tu琀椀onal representa琀椀ves of the
department.
Filipinos.
• He has set at naught both the legal authority
Governor-General Leonard Wood and responsibility for the Philippine heads of
departments.
• Sent to the Philippines as Governor-General.
• He has subs琀椀tuted his cons琀椀tu琀椀onal advisers for
• 1923, he came to the Philippines a昀琀er his
a group of military a琀琀aches without legal
ministra琀椀on in Cuba.
standing in the government and not responsible
• Authorized governor of the Moro province, to the people.
comprising Southern Island and Mindanao.
• He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the
Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood service of the government by appoin琀椀ng
Americans even when Filipinos of proven
• The period of American coloniza琀椀on of the capacity were available.
Philippines lasted 48 years, from cession of the • He has obstructed the carrying out of na琀椀onal
Philippines to the U.S. by Spain in 1898 to U.S. economic policies duty adopted by the
recogni琀椀on of Philippine independence in 1946 Legislature, merely because they are in con昀氀ict
• Philippines under American 昀氀ag. with his personal views.
• Symbol of freedom and altruism, not • He has unduly interfered in the administra琀椀on
subjuga琀椀on and sel昀椀shness or greed. of jus琀椀ce.
• Avowed purpose is to train us in the art of self-
government and gran琀椀ng us independence. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 37
• Promised that our country would be conserved • Based on an opinion rendered by the Judge
and developed for the bene昀椀t of people. Advocate General of the United States and the
• The 昀椀rst 20 years of civil government were con昀椀rmatory opinion of the ac琀椀ng Advocate
marked by mutual understanding and loyal General on November 17, 1926.
coopera琀椀on between American and Filipinos.
• The president of US sent General Wood to the
Philippines to ful昀椀ll his promise.

Calvin Coolidge

• American poli琀椀cian and lawyer who served as

the 30th president of the United States from
1923 to 1929.

EXPECTATION

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WEEK 9 Homestead - the home and adjoining land occupied by

a family
POLITICAL CARICATURE
Homesteaders- someone who se琀琀les lawfully on
What is Caricature?
government land with the intent to acquire 琀椀tle to it.
• A picture, descrip琀椀on, or imita琀椀on of a person
Imperialism- the policy of extending the rule or
in which certain striking characteris琀椀c are
authority of an empire or na琀椀on over foreign countries,
exaggerated in order to create a comic or
or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.
ridiculous e昀昀ect.
advocacy of imperial or sovereign interests over the
• Can be insul琀椀ng or complementary and can be interests of the dependent states
serve a poli琀椀cal purpose to be drawn solely for
entertainment.
• Caricature of poli琀椀cian- editorial cartoons
• When Filipinos began winning civil service
• Caricature of Movie star- magazines,
appointments a昀琀er 1913, they found
• Poli琀椀cal caricature of the American era (1900-
themselves facing serious discrimina琀椀on in both
1941)
wags and posi琀椀ons.
Philippine poli琀椀cal cartoons gain full expression • Francis B. Harrison, the liberal Governor
during the American era Filipino Ar琀椀st recorded na琀椀onal General reed the pro; American hiring policies
a琀�tudes toward the coming of the Americans as well as of the Ta昀琀 Era (1900 – 1912) and began the
the changing mores and 琀椀mes. “’Filipiniza琀椀on” of the civil service.
• American Worker- Filipino Worker
While the 377 cartoons compiled in this book o refers not to a ten-fold di昀昀erence in
speak for themselves, Historian Alfred Mccoy provides a Filipino and American manual wages
comprehensive background not only to the cartoons but within the colony, but to a more
to the turbulent period as well. fundamental inequality - the di昀昀erence
Ar琀椀st-writer Alfredo Roces, who designed the in wages and working condi琀椀ons
book, contributes an essay on Philippine graphic sa琀椀re between the two countries.
of the period. Here are some Examples of caricature During American
Philippine cartoon achievements: Era:

• PHILIPPINE CARTOONS (1985) While the Priest Lives Alone in a Big Building
• Philippine Catholic Mass Media Award - Like many na琀椀onalists of his day. Vicente So琀琀o,
• Best Books of the Year for 2985 the publisher of the INDEPENDENT. never
• Philippine Na琀椀onal Books Award for History missed a chance to a琀琀ack the catholic church.
1986
• Gintong Aklat award (Manila) Is the Police Force Bribed
• Special Cita琀椀on for History 1987 - Depicts the 昀椀rst of manila's periodic police
De昀椀ni琀椀on of Terms: scandals. The cartoonist, Fernando Amorsolo,
gives the illustra琀椀on a usual racist edge.
Caricatures A picture- descrip琀椀on, or imita琀椀on of a
person in which certain striking characteris琀椀cs are
exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque THE BATTLE OF BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR
e昀昀ect.
BATTLE OF BATAAN (January 7 – April 9, 1942)
Aparcero "sharecropping"- A type of farming in which
families rent small plots of land from a landowner in Loca琀椀on: Bataan Peninsula near Manila Bay in Luzon
return for a por琀椀on of their crop, to be given to the Island, Philippines
landowner at the end of each year.

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• United States and Philippine Commonwealth BATTLE OF CORREGIDOR

against Japan during World War II
CULMINATION OF THE JAPANESE CAMPAIGN ON
• The ba琀琀le represented the most intense phase
COMMONWEALTH OF THE PHILIPPINES
of the Japanese invasion of the Philippines
• Ended on April 9, 1942 FOUR FORTIFIED ISLANDS PROTECTING MOUTH OF
• 76,000 soldiers surrendered MANILA BAY
• Japanese victory
Fort Mills - General Samuel Meyers Mills Jr.
• Beginning of Bataan Death March
Fort Hughes - Major General Robert P. Hughes

Fort Drum - General Richard C. Drum Fort Frank -

GENERAL DOUGLAS MCARTHUR
Brigadier General Royal T. Frank IMPORTANT
- a career American army o昀케cer and the
Commander of Allied forces in the Philippines at DATES:
the 琀椀me of their surrender to the Empire of
May 5, 1942 - Japanese 昀椀nally secured a beachhead on
Japan during the World War II.
the island of the Corregidor and landed tanks.
- Consolidated all of his Luzon-based units on the
Bataan Peninsula to 昀椀ght against the Japanese May 6, 1942 - The remaining US troops on
army. Corregidor in the Philippines surrender to the Japanese.
- In Australia, he made his famous speech in Japanese troops scream, “Banzai”.
which he declared “I shall return”.
1945 – End of war and the libera琀椀on of Luzon to
GENERAL EDWARD P. KING Japanese coloniza琀椀on.
- Commander of the Bataan forces Raiders of the Sulu Sea
- He was forced to surrender together with his
men when the Filipino and American soldiers • Based on the documentary about the pirates of
could no longer defend the Bataan peninsula the Sulu Seas from Mindanao.
from the invasion of Japanese troops. • The documentary demonstrates how these
raiders were actually plying their trade before
GENERAL MASAHARU HOMMA and during the Spanish Coloniza琀椀on.
- Lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese The Port Pilar
Army during World War II
- A昀琀er the war, Homma was convicted of war • Located on the Southern 琀椀p of Mindanao in
crimes rela琀椀ng to the ac琀椀ons of troops under Zamboanga.
his direct command. • Established by Spaniards.
- He was executed by 昀椀ring squad. • Constructed with 10 high meter wall
for琀椀昀椀ca琀椀on all around.
BATAAN DEATH MARCH • Used as base of the Spaniards to facilitate their
- Forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army trade.
of 60,000-80,000 American and Filipino • Requested by Jesuit Priest and Bishop Fray
prisoners of war from Saysayin Point, Bagac, Pedro of Cebu upon the approval of the Spanish
Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O’Donnell, Governor of the Philippines Juan Cerezo de
Capas, Tarlac via San Fernando, Pampanga. Salamanca.
- Forced to March 65 miles in 6 days. The march Three Di昀昀erent Tribes of Seafaring Filipino Muslims
was characterized by severe physical abuse and
wanton killings, and was later judged by an • Tawi-Tawi and Sulu group of islands and the
Allied military commission to be a Japanese war Maguindanao area is where the three tribes
crime. sails.
- Hundreds of Americans and Filipinos had died.
The three tribes were known as the;

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1. Samal Balangingi The History Documentary was actually focusing

2. Ilanuns or Iranuns on how the tribes were able to organize a FLOTILLA with
3. Sultanate of Sulu or Tausug. of a hundred ships or more with more than 3,000 men.

The Three Tribes This happened when the three tribes connived
to Fort Pilar.
1. Samal Balanguigui
✓ One of the Samal Communi琀椀es, that originally How the tribes gathered?
inhabited The Tongkil Island Group.
✓ The three tribes had some sort of a pact on how
✓ They were relocated to Zamboanga Peninsula
to go about their business and employing
coast and Islands as a result of the 1848 military
Tausug’s as their warriors.
campaign.
✓ One tribe could set out to sea with a few boats
2. Ilanuns or Iranuns
then drop-by each of the several bases of the
✓ Known as merciless
tribes along the shores.
✓ Inhabited the Ilana Bay area in southern
✓ They would call upon all available seafarers to
Mindanao
join the expedi琀椀on.
✓ They were a 昀椀erce marine force of the Sultanate
of Sulu. The Slavery Trade Ended
3. Tausug
✓ People “Tau” Current “Sug” ✓ When the Spaniards ordered three steamboats
✓ Cons琀椀tuted the people of Sultanate of Sulu or from England.
Lupah Sug. ✓ Steamboats were faster, easier to navigate and
✓ Speaks in Tausug Language that is related to the has various armament to take on the tribes.
Butuan Dialect. ✓ Spaniards were now able to chase and follow
the boats to their bases and conduct raids.
The Three Tribes
The Documentary of Raiders of the Sulu Sea
- are not really pirates during the 琀椀mes, instead
they were plying their trade of capturing people ✓ The documentary addresses Moro resistance
and selling them as slaves. versus Spanish and American rules in Southern
- They land in di昀昀erent shores posing as Philippines.
昀椀shermen and without any warning they draw ✓ Moro raids on coastal areas demonstrated
their 1-meter-long swords and take many slaves resistance versus Spanish Rule.
as they can. ✓ The much-feared Dalasi a琀琀ack in December
- Once captured, the slaves’ palms are punctured 1720 failed, although Zamboanga was under
and 琀椀ed to each other, then they are loaded in a siege.
25-27 meter by 6-meter boats that has 30 to 34 ✓ These raids were sanc琀椀oned by the Sultan for
oarsmen and sails. Poli琀椀cal and economic mo琀椀ves.
✓ Spanish policy was to stop raids, par琀椀cipate and
The Three Boats that the Raiders of the Sulu Sea Used monopolize trade and propagate Chris琀椀anity.
✓ Slave raiding was part of the bigger regional
LANONG – the biggest boat that is used by the slave
trade in Islands Southeast Asia.
raiders.
✓ Moro de昀椀ance against America imposi琀椀on
GARAY – the fastest among the boats and can carry 60 – drama琀椀zed resistance versus American Rule.
80 men. ✓ Colonial rule and armed con昀氀icts in this region
cause the impoverishment of Muslim Areas.
SALISIPAN – the smallest of all the boats and is used to
monitor the sea shores and carry men who pretend to
be 昀椀shermen.

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Sulu in Spanish Times 1872 Cavite Mu琀椀ny: SPANISH PERSPECTIVE

• Jolo was a “slave market” in the 18th to 19th Jose Montero y Vidal
Century.
- a Spanish historian documented the event and
• Panglima Taupan, from Balanguingui Tribe was a
highlighted it as an a琀琀empt of indios to
notorious Slave Raider.
overthrow the Spanish government in the
• Spain wanted to control mari琀椀me trade in Sulu
Philippines.
Sea in addi琀椀on to its goal of Chris琀椀anizing the
popula琀椀on Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s
• “Money and Mission can go together” they
- o昀케cial report magni昀椀ed the event and made
believed.
use of it to implicate the na琀椀ve clergy.
Weapons used by the Raiders
Izquierdo and Montero
Kalis – used by Tausug and Balanguingui Tribe.
- scored out that the main reason of the
Cherished for its symbolic connec琀椀on and con琀椀nuity
revolu琀椀on is the aboli琀椀on of privileges of the
with ancestors’ struggle.
worker of Cavite.
Barong – also used by Tausug and Balanguingui Tribe. It
Izquierdo
is valued for its steely cu琀�ng strength in cu琀�ng into
halves modern ri昀渀es. - reported to the King of Spain that the ‘rebels’
wanted to overthrow the Spanish government
Kampilan – used by Ilanuns. Described as long and
to install a new ‘hari’ in the likes of Father
sharp, used to decapitate his opponent and cut the
Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.
opponent’s head.
January 20, 1872
The Reason behind Raiders of the Sulu Sea A琀琀acking
Sgt. Lamadrid
• The Three Tribes which are the Balanguingui
Samal, Ilanun, Tausugs started to a琀琀ack the Fort • The district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of
Pilar to opposed the changes that Spaniards the Virgin of Loreto.
want them to follow. • The par琀椀cipant celebrated it with the 昀椀reworks
• The three tribes didn’t like the idea of the display.
Spaniards forcing them to convert into • Those in Cavite mistook it as the sign for the
Chris琀椀anity. a琀琀ack.
• They want to 昀椀ght for their iden琀椀ty, tradi琀椀ons, • The 200 men con琀椀ngent headed by Seargent
and religion. Fernando Lamadrid launched an a琀琀ack
targe琀椀ng Spanish o昀케cers at sight and seized the
arsenal.
WEEK 10
February 17, 1872
The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mu琀椀ny By Chris
• A琀琀empt of the Spanish government and
Antone琀琀e Piedad-Pugay
Frailocracia to ins琀椀ll fear among Filipinos so that
“GOMBURZA” they may never commit such daring act again,
the GOMBURZA were executed.
- The Martyrdom of the three martyr priests in
• The execu琀椀on of the Gomburza is one of the
the person of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
moving forces that shaped Filipino Na琀椀onalism.
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA)
- All Filipino must know the di昀昀erent sides of the
story since this event led to another tragic yet
meaningful part of our history.

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A Response to Injus琀椀ce: country making them prey to the to rage of the

friars.
The Filipino Version of the Incident
5. Filipino was ac琀椀ve par琀椀cipant and responded to
Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, what they deemed injus琀椀ce.
6. The execu琀椀on of GOMBURZA was a blunder on
- a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the the part of Spanish government.
Filipino version of the Filipino incident in Cavite.
- In his point of view, the incident was a mere “Not forget those who fell during the night”
mu琀椀ny by the na琀椀ve Filipino soldiers and
Elias (Noli Me tangere)
laborers.
- On January 20, 1872, about 200 men comprised
of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal and residents
WEEK 10
of Cavite headed by Sergeant La madrid rose in
arms and assassinated the commanding o昀케cers THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINE
and Spanish o昀케cers in sight.
- Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Gen. FIRST MASS
Izquierdo used Cavite Mu琀椀ny as a powerful • According to Pigafe琀琀a, the 昀椀rst mass happened
lever by magnifying it as a full-blown on March 31, 1521 which is Eastern Sunday on
Conspiracy. Southern Leyte.
Central Government of Spain welcomed an educa琀椀onal • Father Pedro de Valderrama held the mass and
degree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted the The Rajah of Mazaua and Rajah of Butuan were
fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars into a present.
schools called “Philippine Ins琀椀tute”. • A昀琀er the mass party, a cross was planted on a
summit of a li琀琀le hill. The First Mass marked the
- Convicted educated men who par琀椀cipated in birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.
the mu琀椀ny were sentenced life imprisonment
while members of the na琀椀ve clergy headed by WHY IN BUTUAN:
the GOMBURZA were executed by garrote. Butuan Tradi琀椀on: the 3-century tradi琀椀on
- This leads to the awakening of Na琀椀onalism and
eventually to the outbreak of Philippine THE MONUMENT ERECTED NEAR THE MOUTH OF
Revolu琀椀on. AGUSAN RIVER WHICH HAS AN INSCRIPTION:

To the Immortal Magellan: The People of

Butuan with their Parish Priest and the Spaniards
Unravelling the Truth resident therein, to commemorate his arrival and the
Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mu琀椀ny, celebra琀椀on of the First Mass on this site on the 8th of
there were some basic facts that remained unvarying: April 1521. Erected in 1872, under the District Governor
Jose Ma. Carvallo.
1. There was a dissa琀椀sfac琀椀on among the workers
of the arsenal; their privileges were drawn back • The date of the First Mass may be an error due
by Gen. Izquierdo. to the use of Gregorian Calendar in the
2. Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict transla琀椀on of the original date
policies that made Filipinos move turn away • Labor Evangelista (Father Francisco Colin)- The
from Spanish Government in disgust. First Mass, Solemn plan琀椀ng of the cross and the
3. The Central Government failed to conduct an formal taking possession of the Islands in the
inves琀椀ga琀椀on on what truly happened. name of the Crown of Cas琀椀le happened in
4. Filipino clergy members ac琀椀vely par琀椀cipated in Butuan on Easter Sunday of 1521.
the seculariza琀椀on movement in order to allow • Historia de Mindanao y Jolo (Father Francsico
Filipino priest to take hold of the parishes in the Combes)- Magellan landed on Butuan and
planted the cross in a solemn ceremony.

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Informa琀椀on about the First Mass is not Philippines but only the plan琀椀ng of the
men琀椀oned. cross.
• Colin and Combes both pictured that Magellan
Witness: Antonio Pigafe琀琀a wrote Mazaua as the name
visited Butuan and Limasawa.
of the island.
SUPPORTING EVIDENCES
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
• Name of the Place
• The evidence of Albo’s Logbook
• The expedi琀椀on traveled 20 to 25 leagues from
• The evidence of Pigafe琀琀a
Homonhon, the 昀椀rst landing point
• Summary of Evidence of Albo and Pigafe琀琀a
• The la琀椀tude posi琀椀ons
• Con昀椀rmatory evidence from Legazpi Expedi琀椀on
• The geographical feature
• Monograph by Fr.Bernard in 1981
o Bon昀椀re
• Study of William Henry Sco琀琀 in 1982
o Balanghai
o House RECENT EVIDENCES
o Abundance of Gold
o Developed se琀琀lement • RA 2733

POSSIBLE WITNESS: CONCLUSION

• Gines de Mafra-Ambrosiana Codex • Limasawa is the original site of the First Catholic
Mass in the Philippines, according to a 2-year
RECENT EVIDENCES study of Na琀椀onal Historical Commission in the
Philippines (NHCP}. (August 24,2019. ABS CBN
• 1976-BCHFI’s 28 new gathered evidences and 10
News)
newly discovered balanghai boats in Masao
River REPUBLIC ACT No. 2733
• Statement of Gregorio Zaide
An Act to Declare the Site in Magallanes,
• Archaeologist examining the coordinates
Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte, Where the
• Yale Codex
First Mass in the Philippines
CONCLUSION
The NHCP Board of Commissioners signed
• Mazaua is located 9 and 1/3 la琀椀tude, south of Resolu琀椀on No. 2 last July 15 adop琀椀ng the report
Seylani which is 10 la琀椀tudes. This could mean submi琀琀ed by the inves琀椀ga琀椀ng panel on the issue
that it can be nearly located Butuan City or in surrounding the 1521 Easter Sunday Mass in the
the municipality of Agusan del Norte. Philippines

WHY IN LIMASAWA: The na琀椀onal historical commission also studied

the 1895 journal ar琀椀cles of historians Trinidad Pardo de
• Limasawa is a small island now occupied by the
Tavera and Pablo Pastells, SJ, which revisited Pigafe琀琀a’s
province of Leyte
accounts and emphasized that Limasawa, not Butuan, as
• Historically important because Ferdinand the site of the 昀椀rst Catholic mass in the country.
Magellan le昀琀 a昀琀er 昀椀rst landing and res琀椀ng in
Homonhon in March 1521

IMPORTANT EVENTS TOOK IN LIMASAWA ISLAND: WEEK 11

• Ferdinand Magellan’s alliance with Raha DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE “CRY “

Kulambu
Pío Valenzuela’s “Cry of Pugad Lawin”
• The First Mass
o According to Francisco Albo’s account, • August 23, 1896
he didn’t men琀椀on the First Mass in the • “Cry of Balintawak” as the staging point of the
Philippine Revolu琀椀on.

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• He surrendered to General Ramon Blanco on were ready and eager to join Bonifacio and his
September 3, 1896 and was imprisoned in Fort men.
San琀椀ago, where upon inves琀椀ga琀椀on, he told • Monday, August 24, 1896, Bonifacio hold a
Francisco Olive, the Spanish inves琀椀gator that mee琀椀ng inside a big barn began at 9 o’clock in
the “Cry” was staged at Balintawak on the morning were about 1000 ka琀椀puneros
Wednesday, August 26, 1896. present.
• On August 22, 1896 in the house of Apolonio • 12 o’clock of the same day when the mee琀椀ng
Samson at Kangkong. adjourned, the loud cries of “Long Live Sons of
• It was at Pugad Lawin, in the house of Juan the Country!” (Mabuhay ang mga Anak ng
Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino where over Bayan!) were heard.
1000 of ka琀椀puneros met and carried out debate
Guillermo Masangkay’s The “Cry of Balintawak”
on August 23 whether or not the revolu琀椀on
start on August 29, 1896. • August 26, 1896
• Only Teodoro Plata protested. • The historic 昀椀rst rally of the Philippine
• A昀琀er the mee琀椀ng, the ka琀椀puneros tore their Revolu琀椀on occurred at the rus琀椀c barrio of
cedulas and shouted “Long Live the Balintawak, a few kilometers north of the city of
Philippines!” Manila.
• At about 9 o’clock in the morning of August 26,
Gregoria de Jesus’s Version of the First “Cry”
1896, a big mee琀椀ng was held in Balintawak by
• August 25, 1896 Bonifacio
• “Lakambini of the Ka琀椀punan” • Teodora Plata, Briccio Pantas and Pio Valenzuela
• Custodian of the secret documents, seal, and opposed to start the uprising early.
weapons of the Ka琀椀punan. • The people then agreed to Bonifacio and
• While Bonifacio and his men gathered in the screamed “Revolt!”
hills of Balintawak for the war, the Spanish • Bonifacio then asked the people to give pledge
authori琀椀es were coming to arrest her so she by destroying their cedulas as it is the sign of
昀氀ed to manila and later joined his husband. slavery of the Filipinos by the Spaniards.
• When the Ka琀椀punan had been discovered and • At about 5 o’clock in the a昀琀ernoon, while the
some of the members were arrested, she gathering of Balintawak was celebra琀椀ng the
immediately returned to Caloocan. decision of the Ka琀椀puneros to start the uprising,
• Through her friend, she learned that the the guards outside gave warning that the
Spanish were coming to arrest her so at 11 Spaniards were coming. Shot were exhanged
o’clock at night, secretly going through the rice between the Ka琀椀puneros and Spaniards thus
昀椀elds in La Loma with inten琀椀on of returning to the start of the Revolu琀椀on.
Manila.

San琀椀ago Alvarez’s The “Cry of Bahay Toro”

• August 24, 1896

• Son of Mariano Alvarez and rela琀椀ve of Gregoria
de Jesus.
• Unlike Masangkay, Samson and Valenzuela,
Alvarez was not an eyewitness of the historic
event. Hence, His version cannot be accepted as
equal in weight to that given by actual
par琀椀cipants of the event.
• Sunday, August 23, 1896 at 10 o’clock in the
morning at the barn of Kabesang Melchora,
about 500 of the ka琀椀puneros met together and

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