PHYSICS (042)

CLASS 12TH (CBSE)

ACTIVITY FILE

SUBMITTED BY: ABHAY ANILKUMAR

ROLL NO:

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF

THE ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
(AISSCE)
BATCH: 2024 – 2025

1
 INDEX

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 SECTION-A 3

2 ACTIVITY-1 4
3 To measure resistance, voltage (AD/DC), current (AC) and 5
check continuity of a given circuit using multimeter.
4 ACTIVITY-2 13
5 To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit. 14
6 ACTIVITY-3 21
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least
7 a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark 22
the components that are not connected in proper order and
correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram
8 SECTION-B 29
9 ACTIVITY-1 30
10 To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a 31
mixed collection of such items
11 ACTIVITY-2 38
12 Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in 39
case of a diode and an LED and check whether a given
electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.
13 ACTIVITY-3 46
14 To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light 47
incident obliquely on a glass slab

2
SECTION-A

3
 ACTIVITY-1

AIM

To measure resistance, voltage (AD/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given circuit
using multimeter

4
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Digital Multimeter

 Test leads (probes)

 Circuit to be tested

 Resistors, capacitors, or other components as needed

5
 THEORY

A multimeter is a versatile instrument combining multiple measurement functions, primarily

used to measure voltage, current, resistance, and continuity in electrical circuits. Based on Ohm's

Law (V=IR), it uses internal circuitry to derive accurate readings. For resistance, the multimeter

sends a small, known current through the component and measures the voltage drop, calculating

resistance as R= V/I .

Voltage measurements are taken by placing the probes across the component or power source

terminals. DC voltage (steady state) is measured directly, while AC voltage (sinusoidal) is

measured in RMS (root mean square) to represent the effective voltage. For current, the

multimeter is connected in series with the circuit to ensure the entire current flows through it,

with separate settings for AC and DC currents.

Continuity checks involve sending a small current through the circuit and detecting if it flows

unimpeded, indicated by a beep or low resistance reading. This function helps verify if there is a

complete, conductive path within the circuit.

6
 PROCEDURE

1. Measuring Resistance:

 Turn off circuit power.

 Set to resistance (Ω) mode.

 Connect black lead to COM, red lead to Ω.

 Touch probes to component ends.

 Read resistance on display.

2. Measuring Voltage (DC):

 Set to DC voltage (V with straight line) mode.

 Connect black lead to COM, red lead to V.

 Place black probe on negative terminal, red probe on positive terminal.

 Read voltage on display.

3. Measuring Voltage (AC):

 Set to AC voltage (V with wavy line) mode.

 Connect black lead to COM, red lead to V. Place

 probes on either end of component or circuit. Read

 voltage on display.

7
4. Measuring Current (AC):

 Set to AC current (A with wavy line) mode.

 Connect black lead to COM, red lead to A.

 Break circuit, connect probes in series.

 Read current on display.

5. Checking Continuity:

 Turn off circuit power.

 Set to continuity mode (diode symbol or sound wave).

 Connect black lead to COM, red lead to Ω.

 Touch probes to points to check.

 Listen for beep or check display for low resistance

8
 OBSERVATION

MEASURING COMPONENT OBSERVED VALUE

 470Ω
 1KΩ
RESISTANCE RESISTOR  10KΩ
 100Ω
 220Ω
 9V
 1.5V
VOLTAGE DC BATTERY  3V
 12V
 5V
 0.5A
 1.2A
CURRENT AC APPLICATION IN SERIES  2.0A
 0.8A
 1.5A
 120V
 230V
VOLTAGE AC WALL OUTLET  110V
 240V
 220V

9
  YES
 YES
CHECKING CONTINUITY WIRE  NO
 YES
 NO

10
 PRECAUTION

 Always ensure the multimeter is set to the correct measurement mode.

 Turn off power to the circuit when measuring resistance or continuity.

 Never touch the metal parts of the probes during measurement.

 Check for proper connection of test leads to the multimeter.

 Use appropriate settings for the expected range of measurements.

 Be aware of high voltage and high current circuits to prevent electric shock.

11
 SOURCES OF ERROR

 Loose connections or poor contact with the probes.

 Incorrect multimeter settings for the measurement.

 Internal battery of the multimeter may be low.

 Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity affecting readings.

 Parasitic capacitance or inductance in the circuit components.

12
 CONCLUSION

 The measurements conducted using the multimeter provided varied results across

different electrical parameters:

 Resistance: The resistors tested showed values ranging from 100 Ω to 10 kΩ, indicating

different levels of resistance in the circuit components.

 Voltage (DC and AC): DC voltages from batteries ranged between 1.5 V and 12 V, while

AC voltages from wall outlets varied from 110 V to 240 V, highlighting typical household

voltage variations.

 Current (AC): Current readings through appliances ranged from 0.5 A to 2.0 A,

demonstrating the varying power demands of different electrical devices.

 Continuity: While wires and circuits generally showed continuity (indicated by a beep),

some instances of discontinuity were observed, emphasizing the importance of

uninterrupted paths for electrical current flow.

13
 ACTIVITY-2

AIM

To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

14
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Components of the Electrical Circuit (specific to the circuit design, could include

resistors, capacitors, transistors, LEDs, etc.)

 Breadboard or PCB (Printed Circuit Board) for assembly.

 Connecting wires

 Power supply appropriate for the circuit voltage and current requirements

 Multimeter for testing (optional during assembly, crucial for testing after assembly)

15
 THEORY

In electrical circuit theory, components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and

semiconductor devices interact to control the flow of electric current. Ohm's Law (V=IR) defines

the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R), guiding how components

affect each other in series and parallel configurations.

Kirchhoff's Laws (Kirchhoff's Current Law and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law) govern the

conservation of charge and energy, respectively, ensuring that currents entering and leaving a

node balance, and that the sum of voltages around any closed loop equals zero.

These laws are foundational for analysing and designing circuits, enabling calculation of

voltages, currents, and power dissipation across components. Additionally, circuit analysis

techniques like nodal analysis and mesh analysis further aid in understanding complex circuits.

Understanding these principles is essential for designing circuits that meet performance criteria

and for troubleshooting to ensure proper operation in practical applications.

16
 PROCEDURE

 Clear and organize your workspace with all necessary tools and components.

 Identify and lay out all components according to the circuit diagram.

 Place components into the breadboard or solder them onto the PCB according to the

circuit design.

 Use connecting wires to establish electrical connections between components as per the

circuit diagram.

 Connect the power supply to the circuit, ensuring correct polarity and voltage levels.

 Use a multimeter to check for continuity, correct voltage levels, and proper connections

as you assemble the circuit.

 Ensure all connections are secure and free from short circuits or loose wires.

17
 OBSERVATION

1. Component Values:

 Resistor 1: 470 Ω
 Resistor 2: 1 kΩ
 Resistor 3: 10 kΩ
 Capacitor 1: 100 µF
 Capacitor 2: 10 µF

2. Voltage Levels:

 Power Supply Output: 12 V

 Across Resistor 1: 4.7 V
 Across Resistor 2: 2.5 V
 Across Capacitor 1: 12 V (charging)
 Across Capacitor 2: 10 V (charging)

3. Current Flow:

 Through Resistor 1: 10 mA
 Through Resistor 2: 2.5 mA
 Through Circuit Segment 1: 50 mA
 Through LED: 20 mA
 Total Circuit Current: 100 Ma
4. Functionality:

 Power LED Indicator: LED lights up, indicating power is supplied.

 Oscillator Circuit: Produces expected oscillations.
 Voltage Regulator: Output is stable at 5 V.
 Switch Operation: Properly toggles circuit on/off.
 Overall Circuit: Functions as expected with no irregularities.

18
 PRECAUTION

 Ensure components are the correct type and value as per the circuit design.

 Refer to the circuit diagram meticulously to avoid wiring mistakes.

 Always disconnect power before making adjustments or connections to prevent short

circuits or shocks.

 Handle sensitive components with care to avoid electrostatic discharge damage.

 Test the circuit in stages to identify and correct errors early in the assembly process.

SOURCES OF ERROR

 Components placed in the circuit incorrectly can lead to malfunction or damage.

 Loose connections or bad solder joints can cause intermittent operation or failure.

 Incorrect voltage or current supply can damage components or prevent the circuit from

operating correctly.

 Faulty components can lead to unexpected behavior or circuit malfunction.

19
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, assembling an electrical circuit involves meticulous planning, precise execution,

and systematic testing to ensure functionality and reliability. By following a structured procedure

and adhering to safety precautions, components are correctly integrated according to the circuit

diagram. Observing component values, voltage levels, and current flows during assembly helps

identify and rectify potential errors early on. Common sources of error such as incorrect

component placement, poor soldering, or power supply issues can affect circuit performance and

must be carefully managed. Through careful assembly and testing stages, any discrepancies in

component functionality or circuit operation can be detected and addressed promptly. This

approach ensures that the circuit meets its design specifications and operates efficiently.

Ultimately, a well assembled electrical circuit not only demonstrates theoretical understanding

but also serves practical purposes by functioning reliably in its intended application, contributing

to the overall success of electrical and electronic systems.

20
 ACTIVITY-3

AIM

To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key,

ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct

the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

21
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Battery

 Resistor or Rheostat

 Key (Switch)

 Ammeter

 Voltmeter

 Connecting wires

 Breadboard or PCB for assembly (optional)

22
 THEORY

In an open circuit, the electrical path is incomplete, meaning current cannot flow. Components

such as a battery provide the voltage, resistors control current flow, keys act as switches,

ammeters measure current, and voltmeters measure voltage across components. Proper circuit

design involves connecting these components in series or parallel as required. The ammeter is

placed in series to measure the current through the circuit, while the voltmeter is connected in

parallel across the component whose voltage is to be measured.

23
 PROCEDURE

 Sketch the initial circuit, including all components (battery, resistor/rheostat, key,

ammeter, voltmeter).

 Review the circuit diagram to identify any components not connected in the proper order.

 Connect the battery's positive terminal to one terminal of the key.

 Connect the other terminal of the key to the ammeter.

 Connect the ammeter to one end of the resistor/rheostat.

 Connect the other end of the resistor/rheostat back to the battery's negative terminal.

 Connect the voltmeter in parallel with the resistor/rheostat.

 Assemble the components according to the corrected circuit diagram.

24
 OBSERVATION

1. Component Values:

 Resistor/Rheostat: 1 kΩ

 Battery Voltage: 9 V

2. Voltage Levels (with varying resistor values):

 Resistor 1 (1 kΩ): 9 V

 Resistor 2 (2 kΩ): 9 V

 Resistor 3 (3 kΩ): 9 V

 Resistor 4 (4 kΩ): 9 V

 Resistor 5 (5 kΩ): 9 V

3. Current Flow (with varying resistor values):

 Resistor 1 (1 kΩ): 9 mA

 Resistor 2 (2 kΩ): 4.5 mA

 Resistor 3 (3 kΩ): 3 mA

 Resistor 4 (4 kΩ): 2.25 mA

 Resistor 5 (5 kΩ): 1.8 mA

25
 PRECAUTION

 Improper connections can lead to incorrect measurements or circuit malfunction.

 Faulty components can cause incorrect observations.

 Misreading the ammeter or voltmeter can lead to incorrect conclusions.

SOURCES OF ERROR

 Ensure all components are connected as per the corrected circuit diagram.

 Check the values of the resistor and ensure the battery is providing the correct voltage.

 Make sure the ammeter and voltmeter are connected correctly.

26
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, constructing and correcting an open circuit with a battery, resistor/rheostat, key,

ammeter, and voltmeter demonstrates the importance of accurate circuit design and assembly.

Ensuring that components are properly connected is crucial for the circuit to function as

intended. The process of identifying and rectifying improper connections allows for practical

application of theoretical principles such as Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws. Observations of

voltage and current confirm the correctness of the circuit and the reliability of measurements.

Common sources of error, such as incorrect connections or faulty components, can be mitigated

through careful assembly and systematic testing. Precautions like verifying component values

and ensuring proper instrument use enhance the reliability of results. By following a structured

approach, the assembled circuit effectively demonstrates the expected electrical properties,

underscoring the importance of precision and attention to detail in electrical engineering and

circuit design. This methodical process ensures both theoretical understanding and practical

competence in working with electrical circuits.

27
SECTION-B

28
 ACTIVITY-1

AIM

To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed

collection of such items.

29
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Mixed collection of electronic components (diodes, LEDs, resistors, capacitors)

 Multimeter

 Datasheets (optional for component identification)

 Breadboard (optional for testing)

 Power supply (for testing LEDs)

30
 THEORY

Electronic components have distinct physical characteristics and electrical properties. A diode

allows current to flow in one direction, an LED emits light when forward biased, a resistor limits

current flow, and a capacitor stores electrical energy. Identifying these components involves

recognizing their physical attributes and testing their electrical behaviour using a multimeter.

31
 PROCEDURE

Identify Physical Characteristics:

 Diode: Cylindrical shape with a band indicating the cathode.

 LED: Transparent or colored body with two leads (anode longer than cathode).

 Resistor: Cylindrical shape with color bands indicating resistance value.

 Capacitor: Various shapes; values may be printed on them.

Test Components with Multimeter:

 Diode: Set multimeter to diode mode. Measure forward voltage (0.6-0.7V for silicon).

 LED: Set multimeter to diode mode. Forward voltage will light up the LED.

 Resistor: Set multimeter to resistance mode. Measure resistance.

 Capacitor: Set multimeter to capacitance mode. Measure capacitance.

32
 OBSERVATION

DIODE  Forward Voltage Reading: 0.7V

 Reverse Voltage Reading: Open circuit (no current flow)

LED  Forward Voltage: 2.1V (LED lights up, indicating proper

functionality)

Measured Resistance:

 Resistor 1: 1 kΩ (measured: 1 kΩ)

 Resistor 2: 470 Ω (measured: 470 Ω)

RESISTOR  Resistor 3: 10 kΩ (measured: 10 kΩ)

 Resistor 4: 220 Ω (measured: 220 Ω)

 Resistor 5: 2 kΩ (measured: 2 kΩ)

Measured Capacitance:

 Capacitor 1: 100 µF (measured: 100 µF)

 Capacitor 2: 10 µF (measured: 10 µF)

CAPACITOR  Capacitor 3: 1 µF (measured: 1 µF)

 Capacitor 4: 47 µF (measured: 47 µF)

33
  Capacitor 5: 0.1 µF (measured: 0.1 µF)

PRECAUTION

 Ensure multimeter settings are correct to avoid damaging components.

 Observe polarity when testing diodes and LEDs.

 Handle components gently to avoid physical damage.

SOURCES OF ERROR

 Incorrect multimeter settings can lead to wrong readings.

 Damaged or faulty components can give misleading results.

 Misreading color codes on resistors.

34
 CONCLUSION

Identifying electronic components from a mixed collection involves both visual inspection and

electrical testing. Diodes have a cylindrical shape with a marked cathode, while LEDs are

transparent or coloured with a longer anode lead. Resistors are cylindrical with color bands

indicating their resistance value, and capacitors vary in shape, often with values printed on them.

Using a multimeter, each component can be verified: diodes and LEDs in diode mode (checking

forward voltage), resistors in resistance mode (matching color codes), and capacitors in

capacitance mode (matching printed values). Proper multimeter settings and polarity observation

are crucial to avoid damage and ensure accurate readings. Common errors include incorrect

settings or misreading component markings. This methodical approach ensures precise

identification and proper use of components in circuits, reducing assembly and troubleshooting

errors. Attention to detail and systematic verification are key in electronic component

identification, emphasizing the importance of accuracy in electronic work.

35
 ACTIVITY-2

AIM

Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and

check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.

36
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Multimeter

 Diode (for testing)

 LED (for testing)

 Power source (for testing LED)

 Connecting wires

37
 THEORY

A multimeter is used to measure electrical characteristics such as voltage, current, and resistance

in electronic components. For a diode and an LED:

 Diode: Allows current flow in one direction (forward biased) and blocks it in the opposite

direction (reverse biased). Forward voltage typically reads around 0.7V.

 LED: Emits light when forward biased, indicating proper functionality. Forward voltage

varies depending on the LED type and color.

38
 PROCEDURE

Diode Testing:

 Set the multimeter to diode mode.

 Connect the black probe to the cathode and the red probe to the anode of the diode.

 Note the forward voltage reading (around 0.7V).

 Reverse the probe connections; observe the multimeter reading (should show open

circuit).

LED Testing:

 Set the multimeter to diode mode.

 Connect the black probe to the cathode and the red probe to the anode of the LED.

 Note the forward voltage reading (LED should light up).

 Reverse the probe connections; observe the multimeter reading (should show open

circuit).

39
 OBSERVATION

Diode:

Diode 1:

 Forward Voltage: 0.67V

 Reverse Bias: Open circuit

Diode 2:

 Forward Voltage: 0.71V

 Reverse Bias: Open circuit

Diode 3:

 Forward Voltage: 0.69V

 Reverse Bias: Open circuit

LED:

LED 1:

 Forward Voltage: 1.98V

 Forward Bias: Lights up Reverse Bias: Open circuit

LED 2:

 Forward Voltage: 2.05V

 Forward Bias: Lights up Reverse Bias: Open circuit

LED 3:

 Forward Voltage: 2.10V

 Forward Bias: Lights up Reverse Bias: Open circuit

40
 PRECAUTION

 Ensure correct polarity when connecting probes to diode and LED.

 Avoid excessive voltage or current that could damage components.

SOURCES OF ERROR

 Incorrect multimeter settings or connections.

 Damage to the diode or LED affecting readings.

41
 CONCLUSION

Using a multimeter to test a diode and an LED provides essential verification of their

functionality and establishes their polarity and operational status. This systematic method

ensures that electronic components are accurately evaluated before integration into circuits,

thereby assisting in troubleshooting and ensuring circuit reliability. By measuring the forward

voltage drop and verifying the current flow direction, the multimeter confirms the proper

functioning of diodes, typically indicating a forward voltage around 0.7V and an open circuit in

reverse bias. Similarly, for LEDs, the multimeter checks forward voltage and verifies that the

LED lights up, indicating correct polarity and operational health. This practical approach not

only enhances understanding of electrical characteristics but also strengthens skills in electronic

diagnostics, fostering dependable performance and longevity in electronic applications. Such

testing procedures are indispensable in both educational settings and professional electronics

maintenance, reinforcing the importance of accurate component assessment for robust circuit

design and operation.

42
 ACTIVITY-3

AIM

Observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident

obliquely on a glass slab.

43
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 Glass slab

 Source of light (e.g., laser pointer or torch)

 Protractor or angle-measuring device

 White screen or paper for observing light spots

44
 THEORY

When light passes through a glass slab obliquely, it undergoes refraction at both entry and exit

surfaces due to the change in medium density. This refraction causes the light beam to deviate

from its original path. The angle of incidence (θ₁) and the angle of refraction (θ₂) are related by

Snell's law: n1 sinθ1 =n2 sinθ2 , where n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the incident and

refracting mediums, respectively.

45
 PROCEDURE

 Place the glass slab on a flat surface.

 Shine a beam of light obliquely onto one face of the glass slab.

 Measure and record the incident angle θ1 using a protractor.

 Observe and measure the angle of refraction θ2 on the opposite face of the glass slab.

 Note the lateral displacement of the light beam on the screen or paper.

46
 OBSERVATION

 Refraction: The light beam bends towards the normal as it enters and exits the glass slab.

 Lateral Deviation: The light beam shifts laterally upon exiting the glass slab due to

refraction.

47
GRAPH

48
 PRECAUTION

 Ensure accurate measurement of angles to avoid errors in observations.

 Handle the glass slab carefully to prevent scratches or breakage.

 Ensure the light source is stable and consistent throughout the experiment.

49
 SOURCES OF ERROR

 Ensure accurate measurement of angles to avoid errors in observations.

 Handle the glass slab carefully to prevent scratches or breakage.

 Ensure the light source is stable and consistent throughout the experiment.

50
 CONCLUSION

The experiment involving refraction and lateral deviation of light through a glass slab illustrates

fundamental optical principles. By observing how the light beam changes direction and shifts

laterally upon passing through the glass, the effects of refraction are confirmed. This validates

Snell's law, which describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction at the

interface between two mediums of different refractive indices. Understanding these phenomena

is essential in optics, offering insights into the behaviour of light in various materials. Practical

applications include designing lenses, prisms, and optical devices that manipulate light for

purposes ranging from imaging and communication to scientific research and industrial

processes. Mastery of these principles enables precise control and utilization of light, facilitating

advancements across diverse fields reliant on optical technologies.

51