TOPICAL QUESTIONS: TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

(1) (a) Name a blood vessel that has capillaries on both ends. (1 mark)
(b) Briefly explain how bee stings can cause death. (3 marks)
(2) Students subjected an orange plant growing outside the laboratory to the following:
(i) Selected two sized leaves and gently brushed them clean on both sides
(ii) Placed two strips of dry cobalt chloride paper on both sides of each leaf and opposite each
other and covered the cobalt chloride with the cello tape. They observed time taken for any
color change to occur and recorded the following.
Side of the leaf Upper epidermis Lower epidermis
Time taken 5 minutes 2 minutes
a) (i) What was the aim of the experiment? (1mk)
(ii)What was the purpose of brush cleaning the leaf? (1mk)
b) (i) What was the original color of dry cobalt chloride paper? (1mk)
(ii)What color change did the students observe? (1mk)
c) Explain the difference in the time taken for color change observed. (2mk)
d) Explain how water shortage could have an indirect effect on photosynthesis by influencing the
availability of co2. (2mks)
(3) Give three reasons why pressure of blood is greater in the arterioles than in the veins of mammals
(3 marks)
(4) State three ways through which a newborn acquires natural immunity (3 marks)
(5) Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows.

(a) Draw the set up how it would appear after a week on the space above (1mark)
(b) Explain the above appearance after a week (3marks)
(c) Name the hormone which would revert the effect of stem ringing…………. (1mk)
(6) a) Name two diseases babies should be immunized against soon after birth (2 mks)
b) State two importance of blood clotting on a fresh wound (2 mks)
(7) State two differences between the composition of blood entering the liver via hepatic portal vein and
blood leaving the liver to the heart via hepatic vein. (2mks)

Blood entering the liver Blood leaving the liver

(8) State what can be measured in the following manner using a Potometer (2mks)
(i) Directly
(ii) Indirectly

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(9) The diagram below shows part of a longitudinal section of a young root.

(a) Describe how the structure labeled A is structurally modified to perform its function. (4 marks)
(b) Explain how water molecules enter the structure labeled A. (2 marks)
(b) State two forces that maintain a continuous column of water in the structure D. (2 marks)
(10) The red blood cells lack mitochondria
a) How is this of advantage to red blood cells? (1 mark)
b) Apart from the reason stated above, give one other reason. (1 mark)
c) State two other characteristics of the red blood cell. (2 marks)
(11) Explain why the rate of transpiration is reduced when humidity is high. (1 mark)
(12) A girl has blood group AB.
(a) Give the antibodies found in the red blood cells of her blood. (1 mark)
(b) What makes the girl a universal recipient (1 mark)
(13) Give two structural differences between xylem and phloem tissues. (2marks)
(14) Explain why a fresh wound on the skin bleeds more on a hot sunny day than on a cold chilly day
(15) State three adaptations of red blood cells to their functions.
(16) How are sieve tube elements adapted to their function
(17) Name the polysaccharides found in the following structures:- (a) Exoskeleton
(b) Xylem vessels
(18) State three factors that maintain transpiration stream
(19) (a) List three forces that facilitate the transport of water and mineral salts up the stem.
(b) Name the tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed.
(20) What is the destination of materials translocated in plants?
(21) A person whose blood group is AB requires a blood transfusion, name the blood groups of the
donors.
(22) Explain why capillaries are: (i) Thin walled
(ii) Branched
(23) An experiment was set-up as shown below to investigate a certain plant process:

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 (a) What process was being investigated above?
(b) What observation was made if;
i. The experiment was left in strong wind for one hour?
ii. All the leaves were removed from the plant?
(24) How is aerenchyma tissue adapted to its function?
(25) (a) State three structural differences between arteries and veins in mammals
(b) Name a disease that causes thickening and hardening of arteries
(26) Identify two forces that help in upward movement of water in plants
(27) (a) State three ways in which red blood cells are adapted to their functions
(b) Distinguish between tissue fluid and lymph
(c) Explain why deficiency of vitamin K leads to excessive bleeding even from small cuts
(28) Name the type of circulatory system found in the phylum Arthropoda
(29) Name the blood vessel that nourishes the heart
(30) a) In which form is oxygen transported in the blood.
b) Why do plants not take in oxygen during the day although they need it for respiration?
(31) Name a disease of the blood characterized by excessive production of white blood cells
(32) Laboratory analysis of a patient’s urine revealed the following concentration of various
Substances:
Blood proteins 0.00%
Water 50%
Glucose 48%
Salts 0.8%
Urea 1.2%
(a) From the analysis above, which disease is the patient suffering from
(b) Name two symptoms of the disease in 3(a) above
(33) The diagrams below show two conducting elements of the xylem tissue

(a) Identify each of them A and B

(b) What makes the cellulose side walls of both A and B able to prevent collapsing?
(34) Explain why the rate of transpiration is reduced when humidity is high
(35) (a) State two functions of the xylem vessels,
(b) List two structural adaptations that make xylem vessels suitable to their function
(36) (a) What is peristalsis?
(b) Explain how the process above is brought about.

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(37) The diagram below shows a part of a circulatory system. The arrows indicate the direction of the
flow of blood;

B
A
Ileu
m

C
(a) Identify the blood vessels labeled A and B
(b) Explain why it is important to transport food substances to organ C before being released
for circulation to the rest of the body
(38) Name four methods plants employ to remove excretory waste products
(39) a) State the form in which oxygen is transported in the mammalian blood
b) Why is it dangerous to sleep in an enclosed room with a burning jiko
c) Why do plants not take in oxygen during the day although they need it for respiration?
(40) Name a disease of blood characterized by excessive – production of white blood cells
(41) The diagram shows a section through a plant organ.

(a) (i) Name the class of the plant from which the section was obtained belong.
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a)(i) above
(b) How the part is labelled C adapted to its functions?
(42) State two roles of transpiration to a plant
(43) Uptake of water by plants is not affected by metabolic poisons. Explain.
(44) The diagram below represents a plant tissue.
A
A B

(a) Identify each of them.

(b) What property makes B to be more efficient in function?
(c) What makes the walls of both A and B impermeable to water and solutes?
(45) A woman gave birth to a child of blood group B+ (B positive). Name the two antigens that
determined her child’s blood group.
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(46) A transfusion of RH+ blood was given to a patient with Rh- blood. After one week a similar
transfusion was given to the same patient. What was likely to be the effect of the second transfusion?
(47) The diagrams below show stages in the process of feeding shown by amoeba.

Food

Nucleus A
(a) Name the part labeled A.
(b) Name the process illustrated in the diagram above.
(c) Name the type of cell in human beings that exhibit this process.
(48) (a) Why are xylem vessels more efficient in the transport of water than tracheids?
(b) What is the significance of xylem vessels being dead?
(49) Distinguish between guttation and transpiration
(50) Other than transport, state one other function of xylem tissue in plants
(51) State two functions of aerenchyma tissue in plants
(52) (a) What is sickle-cell anaemia?
(b) Identify the part of the heart that initiates the heart beat
(53) (a) Give a reason why the left ventricle muscles are thicker than the right ventricles muscles
(b) State the forms in which carbon (IV) oxide is transported in the blood
(54) Explain how the following adaptation reduce transpiration in xerophytes
(a) Sunken stomata
(b) Thick waxy cuticle
(55) Name the: (a) Material that strengthens xylem tissue
(b) Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed
(56) The diagram below shows the traverse section of a young stem.

B
C

(a) What are the functions of the structures labeled A, DB and C

(b) WhatE type of cells are fonjd in the parts labeleld D
(c) Name the tissue labeled E
(57) Name the components of blood that do not enter the renal tubule in mammals
(58) Outline the route taken by a molecule of glucose from the ileum up to the kidney.

(59) The flow chart below shows a blood transfusion pathway

A

O AB

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B
 (a) What three conclusions can you draw from the flow chart?
(b) State two precautions that must be observed during blood transfusion
(c) Explain how blood clot is formed once a blood vessels is injured
(60) The figure below represents a diagram of a photometer;

(a) What is the photometer used for?

(b) State the precautions which should be taken when setting up a photometer
(c) Explain what you will expect if set up was placed under the following environmental
conditions;
(i) Dark room
(ii) Leafy shoot enclosed in polythene bag
(iii) In a current of air created by a fan
(61) The amount of blood flow through various parts of the body of a mammal was measured in cm3
per minute at rest and during different physical activities. Results are shown below.
Blood flow in cm3/min
At rest During light Exercise During strenuous Exercise
Heart muscles 200 300 1050
Gut 1300 1000 400
Skeletal muscles 1100 5050 23000
Kidneys 900 650 250
Skin 400 1300 600
(a) Calculate the percentage change in blood flow through the skeletal muscles and gut when the
mammal was exposed to strenuous exercise.
i) Skeletal muscles
ii) Gut

(b) Account for the differences in amount of blood flow through the gut and skeletal muscles;
i) At rest
ii) During strenuous exercise
(c) Account for the result obtained for the skin during light exercise
(c) Name two substances which are removed from the body by the kidney
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 (62) The diagram below represents a transverse section of a young stem.

(a) Name the parts labeled A, B and D

(b) State the functions of the parts labeled C and E
(c) List three differences between the section above and the one that would be obtained from the
root of the same plant
(63) Kosgei and Onyancha collided during a football match and each got bruised. Kosgei’s bruise
stopped bleeding after ten minutes while Onyancha’s bruise continued bleeding and he had to be
taken to hospital for treatment.
(a) Explain the process which brought about stoppage of Kosgei’s bleeding
(b) Distinguish between blood clotting and haemagglutination.
(c) Name the disease that Onyancha could be suffering from.
(64) In an experiment, a leafy shoot was set up in a photometer and kept in a dark room for 2 hours.
The set up was then transferred to a well-lit room for 2 hours.
(a) What was the aim of this experiment? (1mk)
(b) Explain the results which would be expected in each of the two experiments conditions. (3mks)
(65) Explain how drooping of leaves on a hot sunny day is advantageous to plant. (2mks)
(66) Explain how environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration in flowering
plants. (20mks)

(67) The diagram below represents a transverse section of a young stem.

a) Name the parts labeled A and B (2mks)
A___________________
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B____________________
b) State the functions of the parts labeled C, D and E
C________________
D_____________
__
E_____________
__
c) List three differences between the section shown above and one
that would be obtained from the root of the same plant (3mks)

5. The diagram below represents the pathway of water from soil into the plant.
_a) Name the structu
K_______________
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L_______________ (2mks)
b) Explain how water from the soil reaches the structure labeled L.
(5mks)
c) Name the process by which mineral salts enter into the plant.
(1mk)
6. State two ways in which xylem are adapted to their function. (2mks)
7. What makes young herbaceous plant remain upright? (2mks)
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8. The diagram below represents part of phloem tissue

_a) Name the structures labeled R and S and a c

R ___________________
S ___________________
Cell T ___________________ (3mks)
b) State the function of the structure labeled S. (1mk)
c) Explain why xylem is a mechanical tissue (2mks)
9. Name the
a) Material that strengthens xylem tissue. (1mk)
b) Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed.
(1mk)
10. How are xylem vessels adapted for support? (1mk)
11. What is the role of vascular bundles in plant nutrition? (3mks)
12. a) Name two tissues which are thickened with lignin. (2mks)
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b) How is support attained in herbaceous plant? (1mk)
13. The diagram below represents a transverse section through a plant organ.

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 a) From which plant organ was the section obtained? (1mk)
b) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above. (2mks)
_c) Name the parts labeled J, K
J__________________________________
K_________________________________
L_________________________________
d) State two functions of the part labeled M. (2mks)
14. Describe how water moves from the soil to the leaves in a tree. (20mks)
15. State two ways in which the root hairs are adapted to their function.
(2mks)
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16. The diagram below represents a plant tissue. Name the part labeled
_17. In an experiment to determine the effect of ringing on the conce
phloem, a ring of bark from the stem of a tree was cut and
removed. The amount of sugar in grammes per 16cm3 piece of
bark above the ring was measured over a 24 hour period. Sugar
was also measure in the bark of a similar stem of a tree which was
not ringed. The results are shown in the table below
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Among of sugar in grammes per 16 cm 3 piece of bark
Normal stem Ringed stem
Time of the day
06 45 0.78 0.78
09 45 0.80 0.91
12 45 0.81 1.01
15 45 0.80 1.04
18 45 0.77 1.00
21 45 0.73 0.95
00 45 0.65 0.88
.
a)
Using the same axes, plot a graph of the amount of sugar against time
(6mks)
b) At what time was the amount of sugar highest in the;
i) Ringed stem (1mk) ii) Normal stem (1mk)
_ii) 15 45 hours and 00 45 hours _(2mks)
c) How much sugar would be in the rigged stem if it was measured at 03 45
hours.
(2mks)
d) Give reasons why there was sugar in the stems of both trees at 06 45
hours.
(2mks)
e) Account for the shape of the graph for the tree with ringed stem between:
i) 06 45 hours and 15 45 hours (3mks)
f) Other than sugars name two compounds that are translocated in phloem.

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(2mks)
18. Explain why plants shed off their leaves. (2mks)
19. a) What is the importance of transpiration to plants?
b)Give adaptive features which enable a plant to reduce the loss of water
1. People can die when they inhale gases from burning charcoal in poorly ventilated
rooms. What compound is formed in the human body that leads to such
deaths?
(1mk)
2. Explain why blood from a donor whose blood group is A cannot be transfused
into
a recipient whose blood group is B. (2mks)
3. State one difference between closed and open circulatory systems. (1mk)
4. a) Give an example of a phylum where all members have
_i) Open circu
ii) Closed circulatory system (2mks)
b) What are the advantages of the closed circulatory system over the
open circulatory system? (5mks)
5. Explain two ways in which mammalian erythrocytes (red blood cells) are adapted
to their function (2mks)
6. a) i) Name the blood vessels that link arterioles with venules.
(1mk)
ii) Explain four ways in which the vessels you named in (a) above are suited to
carrying out their functions. (4mks)
b) State two ways in which the composition of blood in the
pulmonary arterioles differ from that in the pulmonary venules.
(2mks)
7. Why would carboxyhaemoglobin lead to death? (2mks)
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8. Explain how the red blood cells of mammals are adapted for efficient transport of
oxygen. (2mks)
9. The chart below is a summary of the blood clotting mechanism in man.
_Name _ i) The blood cells represented by X ii) Metal ion represented by Y
iii) The end product of the mechanism represented Z
10. a) How can excess bleeding result in death? (2mks)
b) Name the process by which the human body naturally stops
bleeding. (1mk)
c) How can low blood volume be brought back to normal? (2mks)
11. a) Name one defect of the circulatory system in humans. (1mk)
b) State three functions of blood other than transport. (3mks)
12. a) What prevents blood in veins from flowing backwards? (1mk)
b) State two ways in which the red blood cells are adapted to their
function. (2mks)
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1. State one way by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted from mother to child.
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 (1mk)
14. Explain how the various components of blood are adapted for their function.
(20mks)
15. Distinguish between blood, plasma, serum, tissue fluid and lymph.
(10mks)
16. a) A patient whose blood group is A died shortly after receiving
blood from a person of blood group B. Explain the possible cause of
death of
the patient. (2mks)
_b) A person of blood group AB requires
i) Name the blood groups of the possible donors (2mks) ii)
Give reasons for your answer in (i) above. (2mks)
17. Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity. (2mks)
18. Explain why a person can catch a cold several times in a year but only
catches
measles once in his or her lifetime. (2mks)
19. Most carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs within the red
blood
cells and not in the blood plasma. Give two advantages of this mode of
transport.
(2mks)
20. What is the importance of tissue fluid? (2mks)

ANSWERS
1) (a) Hepatic portal vein;

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 (b) The bodies of some people react to allergens like bee sting by over producing antibodies; An
antigen – antibody reaction occurs causing cells to bust to release histamine; which causes blood vessels
to be dilated lowering pressure, inflammation increases permeability of epithelial cells which causes
swelling and inflammation. OWTTE
2) a) (i) To investigate the rate of transpiration on both upper and lower leaf surfaces (1mk)
Reject: rate of transpiration
(ii) To remove the cuticle thus exposing the stomata (reject: clean the leaf/ remove cuticle
only) (1mk)
b) (i) Blue Reject: pink (1mk)
(ii) Changed from blue to pink (1mk) reject: changed to pink
c) It takes less time for the chloride paper to change on the lower leaf surface than on the upper
leaf surface; because higher rate of transpiration is on the lower leaf surface than on the
upper leaf surface because there are more number of stomata.
d) Guard cells lose turgidity; stomata close restricting entry of carbon (IV) oxide;
3) Blood flows into the arteries at higher pressure directly from the heart.
4) Through its placenta
Breastfeeding
Natural infection by pathogen
5)
a)

b) Removal of bark of the stem (during ringing) removes phloem; translocation interfered with on
ringed section, leading to accumulation of manufactured on ripper part.
c) Traumatin- Hormone produced in response to wound. It is a precursor to traumatic acid
hormone.
6) a) Tuberculosis; Polio/poliomyelitis; (2mks)
b) - Prevent loss of blood/loss of nutrients in blood;
- Prevent entry of pathogens; (2mks)
7)

Blood entering the liver Blood leaving the liver

- More nutrients Less nutrients;
- Less Carbon (IV) Oxide
More Carbon (IV) Oxide concentration;
concentration
- More Oxygen less Oxygen;
8)
(i) Rate of water uptake ;
(ii) Rate of transpiration ;
9) (a) Elongated to increase surface area for absorption of water and mineral salts; Large sap vacuole to
increase the osmotic pressure of root hair cell;
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 (b) Water molecules are in high concentration in the soil than in the sap vacuole of root hair
cell; water molecules moves into the cell by osmosis;
(c) Root pressure; adhesion and cohesion force; transpiration pull; capillarity; any 2.
10) a) To prevent them from consuming space/room for the oxygen they carry (1mk)
b) To create room for hemoglobin packing. 1mk
c) - Have thin membrane to reduce distance caused by diffusing gases.
- Have haemoglobin which has high affinity for oxygen.
- Are flexible / can bend and twist to be able to pass through the capillary lumen.
Any 2mks
11) Air around the leaf gets saturated with water vapour hence space for water vapour from the leaf
to occupy / low saturation deficit / low diffusion gradient / the difference in concentration of water
vapour in the atmosphere and in the air spaces are greatly/highly reduced. (Any one mark)
12) a) None;
b) Can receive blood from any donor without agglutination due to absence of antibodies;
13)
xylem phloem
Dead tissue Living tissue
Lignified wall Not lignified
Hollow Has cytoplasmic strands and sieve plates
Perforated Not Perforated
Has bordered pits No pits
14) On a hot sunny day blood vessels are dilated hence more blood is lost; on a cool chilly day the
blood vessels have constricted hence less blood flows on the surface of the skin;
15) - Biconcave disc shaped to increase surface area for gaseous exchange;
- Have no nucleus to increase room for the package of red blood cells;
- Numerous in number to increase surface area for the transportation of oxygen
- Have haemoglobin which has a high affinity of oxygen;
16) - Cytoplasmic filaments/strands along which food streams;
- Companion cells have mitochondria that provide energy for translocation;
- Sieve plates with sieve pores thorugh which cytoplasmic filaments pass.
- Photoplasmic material pushed on the sides to create lumen space for translocation;
17) (a) Chitin;
(b) Lignin:
18) - Root pressure;
- Cohesion – adhesion forces
- Transpiration pull;
19) (a) – transpiration pull;
- Cohesion and adhesion;
- Capillarity;
- Root pressure;
(b) Phloem;
20) - Growing regions (e.g meristems); storage organs for storage (e.g stems, roots, fruits)
- secretory organs (e.g. flower nectarines);

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21) A, AB, B, O; for all blood groups
22) (i) Efficient diffusion of substances e.g. food, gases and waste products;
(ii) Efficient transport of food/gases/waste products to and from cells;
23) (a) Transpiration;
(b) (i) The level of water in the boiling tube reduced significantly;
(ii) The level of water did not reduce;
24) Aerenchyma tissues have large and numerous air spaces; hence facilitation buoyancy;
25) a)

Arteries Veins
- Thick muscular - Thin muscular walls
- No valves (except pulmonary artery - valves present;
and aorta
at the base - Wide lumen (large) lumen;
- Narrow (small) lumen
b) Arteriosclerosis; reject Artheroma
26) Transpiration pull; Capillarity;
Cohesion and adhesive forces; Root pressure;
27) (a) -numerous to increase surface area
-Biconcave to increase surface area for packaging hemoglobin alter shape to fit narrow
lumens of capillaries;
-No nucleus to increase surface area for oxygen leading;
-Have hemoglobin which has high affinity for oxygen;
(b) Tissue fluid is a fluid / liquid found surrounding cells/ between cells formed as a result of
ultra filtration from blood while lymph is inter cellular fluid which nutrients and oxygen have
been taken and is rich in waste materials (mark as a whole)
(c) Vitamin K is needed for formation of prothrombin which is activated to thrombin which
helps in clotting of blood.
28) Open circulatory system
29) Coronary Artery;
30) a) Oxyhaemoglobin;
b) Use oxygen released from photosynthesis process;
31) Leukemia (acc. blood cancer)
32) (a) Diabetes mellitus
(b) - Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
- Passing urine frequently;
- Constantly feeling thirsty;
- Dehydration;
- Loss of weight;
- Poor resistant to infection;
33) (a) A – Tracheid; B – Vessel;
(b) - Side walls are impregnated with lignin/deposited with lignin /walls are lignified/pressure of
lignin nucleus not enclosed by a membrane ;

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34) There is high concentration of water vapour around the leaf/less space for water vapour form the
leaf to occupy low saturation deficit /low diffusion gradient / the diffusion between the
concentration of water vapour in the atmosphere and the air spaces is greatly reduced.
35) a) Transports water and dissolved mineral salts; provides mechanical support due to
lignification of cells
b) Narrow lumen of vessels and tracheids – enhances capillarity forces;
Presence of pits on lignified walls follows for lateral movement of water;
They are hollow to allow uninterrupted/ continuous flow of water from roots to leaves;
36) a) Involuntary movement of food along the alimentary canal
b) Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscles along the gut;
37) a) A – Hepatic portal vein; B- Hepatic artery;
b) Excess glucose must be converted to glycogen; for storage
38) - Leaf fall;
- Exudation;
- Gutation;
- Transpiration
39) (a) Oxyhaemoglobin
(b) Burning charcoal produces carbon (II) Oxide which combines with haemoglobin to
Oxyhaemoglobin form carboxyhaemoglobin that is stable/ does not dissociate; reducing
efficiency of haemoglobin in carrying oxygen leading to death; Rej. death alone
(c) Because oxygen is release as a by-product of photosynthesis hence utilized by plants for
respiration.
40) Leukemia/ blood cancer;
41) (a) (i) Dicotyledonae;
(ii) Star shaped xylem/phloem between the arms o the xylem;
(b) Lignified walls to prevent it from collapsing/keep it hollow open throughout:
- Hollow/Lack cross walls for continuous flow of water and mineral salts any 1
- Narrow Lumen to enhance capillarity;
42) - Creates transpiration pull:
- Absorbs latent heat of vaporization hence cools leaves of the plant: (2marks)
43) Water absorption does not involve active transport that requires energy from respiration
facilitated enzymes ; hence no metabolic inhibition involved;
44) (a) A – Tracheids ; B – Xylem vessel;
(b) B is hollow at the middle therefore the substance flowing through it gets to their destination
faster as compared to that of A; 
(c) – Lignifications; 
45) - Antigen B;
- Rhesus antigen / Rhesus factor /rhesus protein;
46) After the first transfusion the patient would produce rhesus antibodies; second transfusion
rhesus antigen would react with rhesus antibodies; causing agglutination;
47) (a) Pseudopodium; 
(b) Phagocytosis; 
(c) White blood cells.

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48) (a) Xylem vessels are hollow (lack cross walls) , hence more efficient in transporting water
than tracheids which have trapped ends with perforation;
(b) Xylem vessels are dead due to heavy lignification on their walls hence provision of support
to the plant as well preventing collapse ;
49) Transpiration is the loss of water vapour, while gutation is loss or exudation of liquid water
through hydathodes
50) Support
51) – Storage of air
- For buoyancy
52) (a) A blood disorder where red blood cells appear sickle shaped
(b) Sino-atrio node/pace maker
53) a) To generate high pressure to pump blood; to all parts of the body/ to furthest distance;
b) Hydrogen carbonate (HCO3)
Carbonic acid;
54) a) Sunken stomata form pits; in which water vapour accumulates reducing rate of
transpiration
b) Water proof to reduce the rate of transpiration;
55) a) Lignin;
b) Phloem;
56) a) A – Transport of organic food substances from sites of manufacture;
B – Formation of new xylem and phloem tissues;
C – Transport of water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves;
b) Parenchyma cell;
c) Sclerenchyma;
57) - Blood cells;
- Plasma proteins;

58)
Absorbed Blood Hepatic Liver Hepartic
Ileum
portal vein vein
stream

Systole
Lungs Pulmonary Systole Inferior
Right Right
artery vena cava
ventricle auricle

Systole Systole Renal artery

Pulmonary Left Left Aorta
Vein
auricle ventricle
Kidney
Acc. Descriptive form Rej. – From appoint of a mistake
59) (a) - Blood group O is a universal donor (as it donates to all other blood groups); *UGU*
- Blood group AB a universal recipient (as they receive blood from all other groups.
- Blood group A can receive blood from group O and A only.
- Blood group B can receive blood from O and B only.
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 - Blood group O does not receive blood from other blood groups except O.
- Compatibility of blood group
- Absence of pathogens in blood.
- The Rhesus factor matches.
(c)- When blood vessel is injured, exposed platelets rupture to release thromboplastin
(enzymes); which converts prothrombin to thrombin; in presence of Ca2+ thrombin activates
conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin; which forms mesh work of fibre in the cut surface;
60) a) Measure rate of transpiration;
b) -Assemble apparatus under water;
- Apply vasectomy between cork shoot contacts;
- Open the reservoir tap;
c) i) The air bubble will not move
ii) Water droplets will be seen in he polythene;
iii) Air bubble will move faster
61) (a) (i) (23000 – 100) x 100 = 1,990%;
1100
(ii) (1300 – 400) x 100 = -6.92%;
1300
(b) (i) At rest, the gut is more active than skeletal muscles as this is the time when digestion is
taking place; more blood goes to gut to transport the absorbed food;
(ii) During strenuous exercise, skeletal muscles are more active; and a lot of blood is diverted
to help it contract and relax while very little blood flow through the gut which becomes
less active;
(c) During light exercise, the skin becomes more active; thus give the highest blood flow
compared to other times to release excess heat, sweat and wastes.
(d) – Excess water;
- urea, ammonia, uric acid; (OWTTE)
62) a) A- Epidermis
B- Pith
b) C- Transports manufactured food/ products of photosynthesis/ translocates food
E- Transports water and mineral salts
c)
Section above Section from root
Xylem/ phloem form around cambium Xylem star shaped and centrally placed
Pith at the centre No pitch
Roof hairs absent Roof hair present
Epidermis has cuticle Epidermis has no cuticle
63) a) Platelets exposed to air rupture on damage tissues to release thromboplastin/(enzyme)
/thrombokinase; Thromboplastin neutralizes heparin; and activates prothrombin to thrombin;
throbin activates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin; which forms meshwork of fibres
on the bruised surface;
b) Blood clotting is the conversion of soluble blood protein into a mass of tangled threads of
insoluble protein; while haemogglutination is the clumping together of red blood cells;
c) Haemophilia;
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