General
Chemistry 2 11
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 4
Spontaneity Based
on Entropy
General Chemistry 2 – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Spontaneity Based on Entropy
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General
Chemistry 2 11
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 4
Spontaneity Based on Entropy
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Quarter 4 Self-Learning Module 4 on
Spontaneity Based on Entropy
This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and
reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.
This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:
Welcome to the General Chemistry 2 Quarter 4 Self-Learning Module 4 on
Spontaneity Based on Entropy.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills
that you will learn after completing the module.
Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson
at hand.
Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts
and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.
Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.
Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.
Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and
application of the lesson.
Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the
lesson.
Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed and designed for Senior High School Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students.
After going through this self-learning module, you are expected to:
1. describe spontaneous process.
2. predict spontaneity based on entropy; and
3. cite practical applications of entropy to our everyday life.
PRETEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about spontaneous process?
A. Spontaneous process or reactions happen automatically.
B. It has a great tendency to proceed in one direction.
C. It require an energy in order an output to occur.
D. Spontaneous process may be fast or slow.
2. Which of the following thermodynamic quantity expresses the degree of
disorder in a system ?
__________.
A. enthalpy B. free energy C. entropy D. internal energy
3. For which of the following conditions a reaction will be spontaneous at all the
temperature?
A. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0 C. ΔH < 0 and ΔS = 0
C. ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0 D. both (b) and (C
4. What is the unit of entropy?
A. J mol-1 C. J-1 K-1 mol-1
B. J K mol-1 D. J K-1 mol-1
5. Identify the INCORRECT statement:
A. An endothermic process which is spontaneous must have a positive ΔS.
B. Every naturally occuring spontaneous process is attended with an increase in
the entropy of the universe.
C. Every naturally occuring spontaneous process in a system is attended with a
decrease in free energy of the system.
D. Every naturally occuring spontaneous process in a system is attended with an
increase in entropy of the system.
RECAP
How does the entropy of a system change for each of the following processes?
Example: Subliming dry ice : entropy increases
1. Heating hydrogen gas from 60 o C to 80 o C :___________ ________
2. Condensing water vapor :_____________
3. Forming sucrose crystals from a supersaturated solution: _________.
4. Freezing ethanol :________
5. Dissolving glucose in water ____________
LESSON
Thermodynamics lets us predict whether a process will occur but gives no
information about the amount of time required for the process. How do you determine
if the process is spontaneous? Let us find out in our lesson.
What is spontaneous process?
A spontaneous process is one that occurs without outside intervention. You
have learned in previous module about Second Law of Thermodynamics. It states
that a spontaneous process will increase the entropy of the universe.
Generally, a reaction is said to occur spontaneously if the entropy increases.
Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder in a system.
Spontaneous reactions or processes happen “automatically”, and do not
require an input of energy to occur. Spontaneous processes have a great tendency to
proceed in one direction. In a closed system, entropy always increases over time. In
an open system, energy can be added to a system to cause a decrease in entropy,
but this is not necessarily a spontaneous reaction.
You know already that entropy may be defined as a measure of how much the energy
of the particles become more spread out in a process. Now, how is entropy related to
the spontaneity of a reaction?
Determination of Spontaneity based on Entropy:
There are three factors that combine to predict spontaneity. They are:
1. Energy Change
2. Temperature
3. Entropy Change
The driving force for a spontaneous process is an increase in the entropy of
the universe. The best indicator of spontaneity in a reaction is the change in
Entropy. (S or ∆S).
Remember: Spontaneity of a process can be determined from the change in entropy
and change in free energy of a system.
Application of Spontaneity
The application of spontaneity with respect to equilibrium is as follows:
A reaction will never spontaneously move away from equilibrium and will
always move spontaneously towards equilibrium.
Although spontaneous reactions are often exothermic, this is not a criteria for
spontaneity.
Entropy change measures the dispersal of energy: how much energy is spread
out in a particular process, or how widely spread out it becomes (at a specific
temperature). This is reflected in the idea that a spontaneous change always
results in the dispersal (spreading out) of energy (and also matter). You see now
how hot pans cooling and chemical reactions belong to the ‘how much' category
where energy is being transferred. Coffee in cream and gas expansion and perfume
in air are ‘how widely' processes where the initial energy of the molecules stay the
same but the volume occupied by the molecules increases. You have probably heard
the phrase “the ever expanding Universe”, although this phrase is often taken to
mean our ever increasing knowledge of our Universe, it also is quite true that our
Universe is expanding and this effect is entropic in nature.
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1. Predict whether the change in entropy of the system would be positive or
negative:
A. Solid sugar is added to water to form a solution
B. Iodine vapor condenses on a cold surface to form crystals
C. Water freezes
D. Student breaks a pyrex beaker
E. A gas expands
Activity 2
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and if the statement is false, change the
underlined word to make it correct.
1. Entropy change measures the dispersal of energy: how much energy is spread
out in a particular process.
2. Entropy, S, is a measure of randomness or disorder. The natural tendency
of things is to tend toward lesser disorder.
3. Spontaneity is independent of the speed or rate of a reaction.
4. A spontaneous process is one that occurs without outside intervention.
5. Thermodynamics studies how changes in energy, enthalpy and temperature
affect the spontaneity of a process or chemical reaction.
WRAP – U P
KEY TAKEAWAYS!!!
1. Spontaneous process is one that occurs without outside intervention.
2. Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder in a system.
3. There are three factors that combine to predict spontaneity: energy change,
temperature and entropy change.
4. The driving force for a spontaneous process is an increase in the entropy of
the universe.
5. The degree of disorderliness can be determined by (a) number of arrangement of
molecules can have in a system (b) the number of types of molecules as well as
the number of molecules.
6. A reaction will never spontaneously move away from equilibrium and will always
move spontaneously towards equilibrium.
7. Spontaneity of a process can be determined from the change in entropy and
change in free energy of a system.
VALUING
An autonomous person is spontaneous and flexible , a person who is not foolishly
impulsive.
These person sees many options available and utilize what kind of behaviour
needed and appropriate to the situations in order to solve a problem.
Cite instances that you become flexible specially now in this time of pandemic.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer:
1. For a spontaneous reaction
A. C.
B. D.
2. Which of the following is true for the entropy of an isolated system?
A. It can never increase C. It can never be zero
B. It can never decrease D. None of the above
3. For spontaneous adsorption of gas
A.
B.
C.
D.
4. Which of the following will determine the spontaneity of a reaction?
A. entropy and free energy C. enthalpy and free energy
B. entropy and enthalpy D. endothermic and exothermic
5. Which of the following can be considered as an application of entropy
principle?
A. transfer of heat through a finite temperature
B. mixing of two fluids
C. maximum temperature obtainable from two finite bodies
D. all of the mentioned
KEY TO CORRECTION
REFERENCES
https://socratic.org/questions/how-is-entropy-related-to-the-spontaneity-of-a-reaction
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics – Introductory Chemistry- 1st Canadian Edition
(pressbooks.pub)
12.2 Entropy - Chemistry: Atoms First 2e | OpenStax
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (lardbucket.org)
Entropy | CK-12 Foundation
Microstates - Chemistry LibreTexts
https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1046course/spontaneity.html#:~:text=The%20best%20indi
cator%20of%20spontaneity,not%20a%20very%20accurate%20definition.
https://www.cae.tntech.edu/~snorthrup/chem1120/Quiz1-18.htm
lhttps://www.slideshare.net/NicoleGala/chemical-thermodynamics-spontaneity-and-entropy
