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Physics Med Easy by MR Sir

The document discusses various properties and behaviors of electric charge, including types of charge, methods of charging, and the principles of electrostatics. It covers concepts such as Coulomb's Law, electric field intensity, electric dipoles, and Gauss's Law, along with practical applications and calculations involving electric forces and potentials. Additionally, it addresses the behavior of charges in different configurations and the implications of electric fields in various scenarios.

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risavkundu
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1K views81 pages

Physics Med Easy by MR Sir

The document discusses various properties and behaviors of electric charge, including types of charge, methods of charging, and the principles of electrostatics. It covers concepts such as Coulomb's Law, electric field intensity, electric dipoles, and Gauss's Law, along with practical applications and calculations involving electric forces and potentials. Additionally, it addresses the behavior of charges in different configurations and the implications of electric fields in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

risavkundu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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[charge er | me | em wave [Rese —|x< | x< [ veconst” | ue [ eu | de [ Accelerated | Gx| at'| ior 2> Properties of Charge :~ 9 Scalar, Conserved, Quantized Qs 2 Invariant does not depends upon speed ie, n= integer 2 Two type; Positive charge -> deficiency of electron, Negative charge -> excessness of electron 2 Charge can't exist without aass but mass can exist without charge. 2 Same charge — repel (may attract) © Opposite charge > must attract © Sure check of charge body is repulsion © Slunit tC = 3x10" esu. C= + omy, 1 © Smallest unit frankline = 1 esu o Largest unit Faraday 1 Faraday = 96500 C ° One charge may attract other Neutral Quarks :~ Does not exist in free state Which of the following charge is possi, w 2 50 © 48% 1070 (d) 156 x 10%6 Ans. Use Q = ne (a) is possible 2> Charge *t Sharp Point THz #1 3> Charging of Body by conduction :- For conductor only QaR narge = VAR TQ New Charge = Fo [Grn fe [Q, + Q] Qe, tO 4> Charging of body by friction :- For insulator only equal and opposi, charge on two rubbing object 5 Charging by induction :~ For conductor and dielectric -+ equal or lesser charge of positive nature induces > Charge density :~ Linear object | Areal object | Volumetric object dq =Adl dq = pdv a ) 9 = pa =p em 2 Linear charge density Areal charge density Charge density 7 Gold leaf experiment ;~ 2 Device used to detect charge, not use to measure charge © Method involves conduction or induction. © Diverge angle x charge of leaf conlornb’s Law = aiid for point oF spherical chay, neers ge nservative, [ong range, Follow inverse co 2 2 cquare taw(p xe ); central, mediated by photon. Kafe 2,= 8.85% 410712 CO Nm L 2 2 Ni 2 ee axto7 i Mag:~ Fo ae E reula : Dir: Buddhi ® Another Medium between Charges :~ Electrostatic force on q, due to q, does not depends upon medium or presence of other charge +True. o Net electrostatics force on q, due to 4, depends upon medium or presence of other charge > True. @. Two identical charge ‘q’ repel each other with a force of 100 N, one of the charge is increased by 10% and decreased by 10% then new force of repulsion at the same distance? Ans. q', = 110%q, qn = 90%4 pa k4a pr - KO _, p= 2aN 2 r 9% Neutral Point :- Find position of 3™ charge where force on that charge will be zero = 4 gana —____+———* Q 1O>IF we Divide char Like Charge a es Jeen n= Bada charge Chota charge Unlike Charge each other with Pe eee ss ith Ewe a Position & Value of "4 so that stem will be in Equilibrium a (Jn+ 27 12> Pendulum Problem :- © Value of « and B depends on charges and masses but ratio of & and B does not depends on charges and depends only on masses 4 Wy. tana tanB o If m, =m, then «= B o If m, > m, then « 9, but m, = m, then which of the following is correct? (aa=B (bya>B (c)a Force on Rod Due to Point Charge :~ aq, de Fe a(a+L) 14>Coulomb's Law in Vector Form :— Foy = Ti 3, Miata Ire) "al 15> Electric Field Intensity :~ Electrostatic force per unit positive charge. Fs Ce (A) Point charge :~ =N/C. Vector ! S|n +=along E we Fdur } "s we Pass SO oposite > E #Garda Visualisat”. 16> Electric Field Due to Line Charge :- ae Ss ec line = EF gemin line = E , ginite line =~ B= ——Usin w+ sin By? +(Cos & + Cos 8) 7] ginite line at 'r° when (=) :— = 2KA B= singi a Charge (-9) A) movis ‘ating line charge with speed fa @ Find electric Field at centre ? A <_—2— 2) +e :) +Q +Q 2 +Q ~~ wees *4 @’ UR? Put +Q and -Q charge on the corner, where no charge is present. 27Motion of Charge EF. :- 2 Charge is drop/released :~ ait ye Set p= aet ma m ree pd fee sei" KE=D 2m a2 Phctrestaties d Particle in Uniform P= em, mr. Deuteron = ¢, 20m. “-particle = 26, av, 2> Chare '9€ is projected with "U,” of EF; with °U,” in dir # 26 mm 7 CONS -V=Uys Et AP = get seug 22 rom ws 2m e arn’ 3> Charge is projected 4! to EF. a-particle and field perpendicular Q. Proton, Deutron projected in electric to it, then find ratio of deviation if: (i) They projecte sheer Sagi same KE. d with same speed (it) They are projected with 1 ‘genes 524 with same monaenture (i) projected 5p:89' 807 **? s @ “ombination 48> Graph of EF with R due to Combinat of Point Charge :~ L 19>Electrie Dipole :- Two equal and opposite charge placed at small distance Unit = Cm, Net charge = 0, Ideal dipole small dipole | zB. | Mag. of ae J. ~ve Dist” betwe two charge Direction of dipole moment to +ve charge. (@) Equitorial line :- Axial WEF. Sam line rein hogi E-F. equitorial line 1” hogi aur dipole Ke opposite hogi, uy r) a le (©) ® From ideal dipole E Ww KPsing 2KPcosé Psin® Angle between E & P = 64x KP sinO/2 2KPeosb/x> ~ tan « = tand 2 The Angle from dipole at which ELP ww 4> Force b/w two dipole oc a7, p> Force b/w point charge & - f dipole « 1/73 3 eee two Charge xe a x e wyiska Power t woh sabse niche? porelectric oscillate in electric field :— xE =PEsin® Vector! g= Angle between E & P. Torque hamesha dipole ®t EF. a dip Align FEI aE t =2nr/— r PE = Moment of Inertia T= Time period of oscillation P= Electric dipole moment E = Electric field. o Electric field on the axis of electric dipole is always parallel to electric dipole moment — False 9 Electric field on the equitorial line of dipole is anti-parallel to dipole > True 21>Electrostatic P.E. Stored in Dipole in Uniform ELF. :~ Scalar. — PE cos0. Uj=- P.E= Ps ° Work done by E.F. to rotate dipole= *Special Case :~ © Work Done to Rotate From Stable to Unstable :~ U = 2PE, SUR ve Rotate Ret att uc amt am at WD. = 0! 22> Electric Flux :- = flue= EA = EA cosé 8 = Angle between E & A > Gives the idea of electrostatic energy passing through given area. > Counting of field lines passing through given crosss-section area > Sealar > Unit (Volt - meter) & (Nm? C) > do = fe. dA vaviable electric Field. Flux :- Aaisi line joh area Ko aarpar ched banakr jarahi hai ! B-D body :~ Pin = VE Pout = *VE Protat = Fin + Pout Uniform E.F:~ (rota) cose surtace = © @ or of @. A charge Q placed on the cornor Square plate of side ‘L’ then find flux throug that square plate ~» zero. 23. Gauss Law :- os ge cA = Aevslesed. fo ¢ = RAF inside charge % ATCT inside sx outside AY % | > Flux from close surface does not depends shape, size of surface and location of charge inside surface and charge outside the surface e > Always valid > Only applicable to calculate electric Field for symmetric charge distribution Special Case :- 42> Flux through faces not touching the corner charges :~ 3 ‘0 th nikalo, Aaise Question mein pahile le charge distribu a tion dekho At = — lagado 1 £6 rm) 3> Relation between plane angie » . angle (2-cos6) 2 Application of gauss law :~ 1> EF. Due to point charge :~ E KQ ee + 2> Infinite line charge :~ E bec r - > Infinite hollow/solid conducting or hollow non-conducting cylinder :~ radius outside Point n-conducting cylinder :- 2). soit Oe Bot = Qeor é ye dn = A = 9[27RII = eleR*JI 2KA r e= 9 EF. Due to hollow conducting/N.C. Solid conducting sphere :- 7> Spherical Shell (like Hollow Sphere) = kQ Cove = > 8> Conducting Shell :~ EF. inside isolated Conductor is zero. 9> EF. Inside cavity of non-conducting solid sphere :~ distn b/w centre of sphere to centre of cavity > or. tos = — (uniform) r=, - Fr, 3, ) Cames from — from Sphere Cavity 10> EF. Due to infinite large [non] conducting plate/sheet :- Kuch na bola jaye toh by default Non-conducting consider Karo! 44> E.F. Due to conducting plate :- Charge Ke Terms am sheet Ka Formula same %) 42> Electric field due to charge disc jm oe) Es X—ee G «o charge distribution on concen, trie 24. Charge Distribution :~ Total sphere :~ Charge final charge on outer Charges on outer surface of plate = —> 4 G face of outer sphere )= 4,, 22 3a} % 2 Gharge on inner surface of outey => = 4-4 Phe, # 9 ee i bringing unit positive charge vx done i La infinity to the point without change in e scaled electric potential at that point. (or) XE eve work done by electric Force in bringing Mee positive charge from infinity to that point. vr depends upon refrence unit: volt, J/C, weber/sec, N-w/C potential ave= (é dr = Area of -E/r graph fv dr Se diff avo. E=-7P (aifP") E = (slope of V/r graph) ave - ia dr= - | Far= _ Wee ¥ a4 q > Scalar Ref. at a, V=0. av # E=-—= — [Slope of v-r graph] wv. we w i = te SJ ea E Re * ty! > Potential decrease in the direction of Electric Field. + Positive potential due to positive charge —. False > Due to positive charge potential may ‘vero depends on refrence reroute By # At two point potential will b/w the charges and 2 che oF steal charge (V = 0 karne ke liye dono charge opposite nature ke hona Chahiye) kQ KQ Voorn) R be +ve, -Ver —+ True ° ° ° ° ° If potential zero then electric fj zero — Flase ld mae | IF field is zero then potential aust be 22, ~ False If potential constant then field is ra — True If electric Field. constant zero — False (we move perpendi remains constant, — Tr direction of electric field. — then potential icular to Field potenti rue opposite to True 5 PP " ¥ @ @® 3> infinite charged plate :- pla 4 at large dista ss > [2KQ? Saal nce From vin <9 he, PRE distribution opens find or any charge ® T r el a 6 @ ; Electrostatic shielding WY yO | # a gE otal no. of terms of PE s~ NO = no. of Charges Wig 2 + AU 2 OKE = Gav grag a b aa tar atte Enat * Eo * Find eT der kee bat faa 22 ; wa = Ent * £o “ Einduce = £o ul OO rd HR cra fT ut @-<@ rh 2> 2 2 0.2kQ? 0ekg? _OSKE , O20R Urotal = R R Rg surface Centre to toc Surface AV=0 W=O0 field of center due 4> point charge pherical. te line charge ~ cylindrical. a> infin’ ‘erie Potential Elect # Jitna External &. Field hoga Utna opposite Eintuce HOGA Q. Neutral conducting sphere, find electrie to + q charge. @ infinite charge ae —A Charge: @, Area B 6 Q DAE, (ty ~ "s) Find potential difference b/w two concentric sphere ae =) avenged] Potential difference does not depends on charge on outer sphere only on inner charge. when two concentric spherical charge connected with wire the potential difference becornes zero, all the charge of ‘nner sphere will fow to outer sphere Wage = AU = gv Waker etd = ~AU = gay when two conducting sphere i, with wire (Not concentric) "ey S—¢ Final charge 4 & Radius (R) Potential V = Same i 2 Surface charge density o "Radi 1 Radius After earthing potential of Conductor Hg be zero, charge may or may not basen Final charge on each sphere whey _ sphere is grounded. ef Electric field on surface E 1 distance then distance of a ott Oe oach + Gast OPP fixed a" ee 0? Vo ~ nat gmount of work is done in what arnarge of + coulombs from mond 520 volts to a point at 230 ts? vyeontal difference between the two ints BV 2 230 - 220 volts AV = 20 volts amount of charge moving q = 4 coulormbs thus work done W = qaV w=4x 10 = 40 joules @. Three point charge -4, +q and -4 are placed along straight line at equal distance (say r meter). Electric potential energy of this system of Charges will be if +4 charge is in the middle. Sol. -qer qr 4 “KG Ka kg r r ar sal Ue us ar Q Inanuniform electric field E = 10N/C as shown in figure, find V,.-Vo' A E 20, 2m Sol. We know that Electric Field, distance , and voltage are related by f 1y Form Ed=v la, Subsituting values, V = 10x2xc0s1 50° Vz -40v Q. The work done to move a charge on an equipotential surface is? Sol. Workdone in equipotential surface is zero as W=q(Va-Ve) & Va2Va Q. Equipotential surfaces are shown in fig. then the electric field strength will be Sol.V = - E.drcos® -AV Arcos? (20-10) ea E = Jox10™ cost20° -10 2: —— 10x10™ (-sin30°) _ 22 200 vim 1/2 Q Equipotential surface due to Q IF potential at centre of Non charge then compair r. and = Poing conducting sphere is zero then find ed potential at surface of sphere? Sol. Hint E=-—Fe Sol. AV = Same, does not depends on he veference SAasma bhi jhukega tere aage yu hi junun ke had se guzarte raho pura Jeevan ek sangarsh hai ladte raho or aage badhte raho.® ,citor + Ce ctrical device which c an cetatic energy by storing charge, store > pect ener it is combination of two ? gonductor> having equal and opposite onarge: c . ae vers Farad + pepends on size, between them - Vara V, 4 slope of Q/v graph 9 Sealar sunit c/v = Farad > Dim > [MAL 214A7] 2> Spherical Capacitor :~ Special Case :- o nsmall charged sphe a bigger sphere. @' OR@ —— @, @6O n caw vie wev Renn ure WU, shape & Medium Vo ve combine to form Capacitor = C= 4nea 4> Parallel Plate Capacitor :- A= Effective Area o_ 8 E (due to one plate) = = ( one plate) = 2 o- DAe oe fo eo od _ Qa ave Afo Ato, 1 introduce between plates :~ *Dielectrit Force between the Plates :~ @ oA F=qE = FRey Bey Pressure on the plate ia aS a” Gate,” Be Energy density 2 2 Energy Je * Volume ~ 20Ad ic field only tween the plate net electric fiel © ee te change On baner aarfoce oF plate = 2 @ = charge of inner surface. Enet , AtoB Va - C= Vz Va - Vy = Q/C 2 2¢ 2 Self Energy :~ For Spherical Capacitor :~ 2 v=o 81,R ©> Cylindrical Capacitor charging of Capacitor ;— r 2 R Key wD by battery in Charging Copan, sie ir Or wt 9 WD in Charging Capacitor = Soe ° Une = = OF Heat MR® for Calculating Ejes, ° U; + Weattery L itil Q.AV= charge > CR transfered (emf of battery) in & Connection of Two Capacitor ;~ 9 Same Terminal Connection is Vz = LaMat CoV, ata, C.+ Cy GC, Loss in Energy :~ = C:¢, AY «= 2 -v,)? 20,46, W2-Vay Final Charge :~ q', = ON, q'2= CMe Transfer :— [4-4',] © Reverse Polarity Connection :- vp = 6%. - Gv, C140, 1 Go, au: _¢,¢, 5 2 Cec, MatVal AN air Filed capacitor charged wil Potential V connected with identi! uncharged Capacitor filled an common potential and the jelectrie ehiaargt anh vines. Vez GtKC C(a+kK) — 1+K adielectricy= £Y Lek alain” “44K tion of Capacitor :~ ap combination of wa) series combination of capacitors ¢ = same ye¥,+ Vor 1 2 Zope Cy Cy Law of Potential drop :- Q=cv= same. MR* smd Fea) uiska Capacitance Jyada hoga Usmein Voltage drop Kam hoga. Parallel combination of capacitors ( Ss Vv = Same Q24, +4 te Coq 2 Cz + Cn Ca tem Law of Charge Distribution -~ ow Ged ED viska Capacitance jya4a hg* woh jyada charge rakh lega! v. Ve mre “24 = FN Cy oo IF V,2Vo, Cyvstlan 76(Va-VO Vege CNC, CoHCaaCy If n-indentic ‘ Pa ee neater * Series :— * Parallel :- Cc ay = Cig = HC. Ci, in smaller Cy i a is larger than Smallest than fanaest Capacitor Capacitor. Breakdown Voltage :~ Vinay that can be applied across a Capacitor. * Series :~ * Parallel :~ Vp = Vi + Va + Vs *Special Case :- ‘No. of gap = No. of Cap: — ¢ ob Q Find change and potential difference across each capacitor. Cy anf Ca= AF “HI “yp 10V L—_,-—4 20V sv assume potential ka refrence any one point of circuit. > you can zero potential at Qy26(Vo-Va) = Cylon ® apps os wins tn series Cuy Must be less thay ing +10Vv oe pe | Ladder Type - 2 26 20 a¢ ——T Ll +20V 20v kai (Let) : re a A 2 = fos 2uf x B Gone 2.2 = 66 edd 26 b X insite then (Change on C. 2) @ bs (AY) = 4uf x parallel with C. (40-5) = 20,2 oy, Gy, c, +Vy A 2¢ f 21 x 20% 202K CK & —_[ J eo ; Vv, OV(Let) vy mre Series main Cys less than smallest ant Bade aaravasdl parallel Cuq larger than largest "4 OWVy#0,V,4C,x0 Vee Cnty Wheat stone Bridge :- Ladder Network :~ Ladder Type - 1 A infinity me 2 unit ‘K Subtrace karne se fark nahi pada X+2€ connect «. X&2C Paralle| _ Ca? Cao aa” then it ha cin cries to g x) Oo ft © C. y ¢. 3 a My = Vy # Charge on C20) i circuit :~ amen i & 4 Cc & B din e c ty? 2c/3 A é c tt 1 Ce 1 1 sl c c 4 Se3C/2. C é 4 c C/ ; ea c B > Dielectric Medium in an External E. Field :~ E = E, aise Coulomb F. dec. “k” time net = “Similarly E. Field dec. "K" tines (A) Series Combination of Dielectrics :- Ek ke baad Ek daalte rena ! (B) Parallel Combination of Dielectrics :~ a i ‘Saare dielectric ka ek terminal sve SR Dusra ve terminal E, =a + RyAgt. Coq = Fe KA, + Kote] arallel plate air capacies, @ A pacitance C. Half of space betwee, late is filled with dielectric k getty Fo Fig Then new Capacitance co ‘fem, (a) c= (S) Ket | 2K wy oze A] Ikea c=c IF K=e0 Conductor C=2c Introduction of dielectric b capacitor. © Battery is Connected :- etween plates @ Initially | Finaly, Capacitance G KC, Potential Vy "y, Charge Ka, E. Field & Uz (Energy) KU, Fo (Force KF on Plate) _ Battery Ziddi hai potential same rakhed | is removed then dielectric is Op C ae ig “OH, mitially Finally & KC Vo = Bolo "Vo 7K Qo = Coo | “Qo conserved Ey = Vo/d E,/K = QG/2L, Us /K FG /K pute isolated hai to charge conserved rahega. Dielectric of width t placed between capacitor :— @ Find charge and potential drop across each capacitor — 4 f apf we Lane Sol MRE ya 4 ¢c V5 asK(let) Vi=2x Vy KH2KHA SIO tie we 22 7 volt Q. The charge on capacitors shown in the figure and the potential difference across each will be respectively auf) Cx 14 Spf Cs 4pf 120V 1) Sol. The total capacitance of the cireuit is, C= 2pf a=cv So, @ = 240nC Voltage across 3uf capacitor will be, @ = 40V Ge ey across the 2uf Capacitor yay 7 = (2x 40) ue = ey , = eae Voltage across 2uf and 4uf capacitor chee across the 4uf capacitoy iy will be, = (4 x 40) uC 4 = oe one V, = (220-242) y z Duniya me koi kam asambhay nabi, bas hosla aur nehnat: ki Jarurat hoti hai.d be, ent 2 unit (Anapere), 2 dimension [A*] current thr Ans.1 = (ny + Male pecs - The rate of directional a ad Oe S ekarge is called electric Current 4a | | 244 ne” Be nse 7G _ fide | = slope of charge Sat -time graph + Charge on circular path ene fag = fide “T 4, AQ = Area of ney = Area o = nef current time graph o scalar, @ Through a given cross section n, electron per-sec are passing and n, proton are passi to left simultaneou ‘ough this cross section. from left to right ing from vight sly then the electric Q Find ratio of current: 2> 'solated Conductor :~ ne = 106 ym? v= aot m/s Voue = Mes OE, =O (Speed VocT) Be ae +2 ber Kyetsaaoe 3> Battery Connected to Conductor :- Fu=ge a2 ¢-¥ ”, 7 Force on electron V, 207? 4 ar cet ™, Vysar = E = electric field V, = drift velocity length of conductor n= no. of electron per unit volume t= relaxation time m, = mass of electron V = emf of battery e = charge of electron 2 ~ Property of charge carrier. «Does not de lepends on drift velosty and electric fiel Vy _ et ne M22 ge —E om a He? Hp ? Boeut. = Hoc @ If drift velocity is doubled then what about mobility ? Ans. Remains same > Current Density :~ (Vector) isTK= 8 a Vector form onnieyp of Ohm's law B A Current Wel Current density : Jy ¢ Jp Drfit velocity Vs Vp 7> Variation of Resistance :- Material prop. (a) L> Change — | (b) L > Change A> Const" V > Const” Rel Re? (c) A> Change (a) A Change 1 > Const” V > Const” Re t/a Re 4/47 el? , eM (2) R=——x density R= M UO Re ya F M Re W Re z The masses of the wire in the rat 2:3: Sand their length are in yatiy 5: Bs 2. The ratio of their resistang, io of ans Rak RR, Ry= 425-45 2 1 8> Ohms Law :~ Fe oy mil vy; w= nec im “Note :~ Conductor) == ove ot op insulator) = -ve ot pj Seri ttt) w= ve ot 9> Temperature Dependence of Resistance & Resistivity :~ r= Polt + x AT], a= AT e e < Cu = unit K> # Two resistance R, and Ry connected in series and their R,, does not depends upon temperature then Rx, = -Ryt, # Rese = Ro (2 + oT) always valid R= Ry, [+ (T, —T,)] Valid for smaall change in temperature Nichrome = f @ wire of Resistance R stretched to double of its length the new resistance becomes 4R. Ry. tat, | Ry = resistance at oC RB, teat, | Re = Resistance at t, always valid | Ry = Resistance at ty prweer © ansion ( 2 tlt “y cnargiog (b) Discharging aveerr AV=E-ir on ts gpxirchofPs Law +~ ‘ Che im +0 [End] Law (ii) Energy Conserv’. sHousehold circuit maltab parallel circuit 20. s me ek sath add ko serie: 1 sath polarity ke Sare resistance ko ek kar ke battery sath add kare aD. av > current depends on on potential and depends on assume Z6r0 ney “one point of circuit. ero man sakte hai) tential potential difference otential differenct Poference, hence Point po! Q Fi Ans. potential at Voie ek point Pe seanegeliat ie, ind d current in 15q Ry an [eines ~ a 2ov UN 159 40 300 4 500, _ (20-10) _10_ 30. 30, 20V we) t+ ——wwy———} 202. (Put) OV) vtlet) 4} — 10V' AO SQ current through each resistance ? 102 V (let) ind current through each vesictang, Now, we can caleulate each current | Q. Find cur’ ig * 4K. an a 52 pence we have because we have V potential difference. PI 13>Combination of Resistance Parallel [v = same] Series i = Same potential different | current different Veotat = VitVgtVg+... | leotat = Is tlatls : 2 roe 2 baile a eo Bee ae 37 X= 2 Amp If n equal resistance, fn equal resistance, 14> Combination of Battery R= AR Ruy = R/n Rey will be larger | R,, will be smaller sere than the largest | than smallest re ts Resistance Resistance. Arum rem p VeeR fe 4/R & & vitna Jyada“R” | Jitna Kam “'R” a fe NES Vina Jyada Vrop, Utna jyada “i” net ies “Household circuit maltab parallel circuit. Snet =a + a ty x » se # If there ave “nw” identical battery is To Calculate Potential at Midpoint :- cosuiected im se¥ieK MM fi RR Vesie = —— Ve wir Vi, ae 2 Mi # IF “n® identical battery is connected in RR” & sevies out of which “wm” veversed : : . Fret = [R-2m]E Q Find current and potential drop across nee = M0 [Maxinnuen] each resistance Parallel :~ 22 62 40 & bin ——_| I 24 votl Ans. V = IR VaR M2 =x(let) Va = 3x Vi x ay Hence x + 3x4 2x = 24y VY, = X= 4 volt V2 = 12 volt V, = 2 volt “ # lfthere are n-identical cell in parallel thes az” BAbp 2 Ene = Eemf) 2 tag = ¢/n [Mininnurn] oupind iol vical battery (EP) connec itt ide ted noldetthen this series combination intieted ra-times parallel with Seernal vesistance R. _ series = nE, nr _times parallel (nE) © then on né 12a Re mm his | will be raaxiraum when nr 5 ge (=) (Internal resistance) Circuit Mai chalna Important Hai : ER | = V,-E+IREV, o Current ki direction me resistance ko cross karne par potential drop hoga (-IR). 9 Current ke opposite potential increase hoga (+IR): 9 Battery ko lower to higher cross karne pe potential increase hoga (+E). © Higher to lower cross karne pe potential decrease (-E). ° Current ki direction se fark nahi pedega. @ Find V,? Vp Sf A 125A 20. ev 42 3V 4 Ans. Move from 'P! to ground Vpt 5x2 —BHHx SHEA Vp = 33 +8 = -25 volt 15> Power :— Poe series :- Parallel :~ poR Po t/R currant Joule's Law of heating H= PRE = ivt = msae Variable :~ agar ye internal resistance be ye i tween civeuit iss pattern mein raha toh oe Same hoga woh doh circuit mein! ““? Power drop inext. Circuit with maximum power theorem R ae ey Power drop across R, P= PR=|>— p across PR Ee Power drop will be maximum when r=R 46> Bulb :- (Pure Resistance » © Rated power and rated voltage given to calculate resistance of bulb. Va Raub = Be a. Reule ~ Prated If two bulb of power (6OW, 330V) and (200W, 110V) are connected in series with supply of 220V then? Ans. Potential drop across GOW bulb will be greater than 210 hence it will fuse. @ © Series Combination :- Bakwas Combination (PY) (PY) (PY) Vv i @ » & Pome Py” Py” Pe If all ave identical bulb then, is smaller than the P Peons Peowe. = smallest Prasad bulb. o Poors. 2¢ Rou oe rated Peowsumed = © Reulb Joh Kava P ay ka hoga woh Jyada Chamkega! © Parallel Combination :~ PV) Me UE h Ww Poons. = Py + Pa + Pa iF all are identical bulb then, 1 Pons. X R— & P, Raw rated v P, a. “consuned Rous P. ‘cons. = wP Joh Jyada "1 » Chamkega! rated” Ka hoga woh Jyada [2 kwh = 36 x 10°] 17> Time Taken by Heater Coils -- 2 Series :- @ a parallel :- tite t= rt gar electrical instruments :— (a) Galvanometer :- 5 An instrument use to detecg easure smaall current. o 5 very sensitive, produce large erry, Iq = Maximum current that cay i. 5 G= resistance of galvanorneter ‘As Ammeter :~ Connected in serigg circuit. 5 small resistance shunt connectes ; parallel with galvanometer, t > Ideal R = O; Behave as simple wiry % Error x 100 & nig ig aple i- tg : | R _ as vammeter = GS eda RL n=t | % Error) i_we want to Measure i jitna Galvano-meter se jayega. n= 9 AS Voltmeter :~ Connected parallel * circuit > large resistance connected instl” with galvanometer | 2 Ideal R = eo infinite (Behave * open wire) (g) Potentiometer wire :- Working based on potential gradient. > To Find EMF :~ “Step *step-iii potential gradient potential drop per unite length in wire. Halancing length where current through galvanometer is 26r0. | Caution 1 “EMF of the battery m to the Potential drop is “Upar ke battery Ki ke battery Ki polaris t be less oF equal in wire Polarity aur niche ity Supportive honi chahiye nai toh bi hai..! alance point asambhay 2 To Compare EMF :~ — en E F points E, & E are support each \}<———R, L other and when oppose each other -—— respectively. 1S a & 2 R=Known r= Unknown Resistance R= Known joined resistance in 33°! |, = initial length before connecting known Resistance - |, = Final length. @ 19> Colour Coding *~ a ow . tot Bo Blak 0 410° wi Whee * =) Bo Brown 3. 10° G Gold 10% 2 sw s silver 102 O Orange 3 10° No Colour 1 Y Yellow 4 10* To Calculate Tolerance :~ ae es G Green s 10° R * 200 Bo Blue 6 108 R410 ty Vo Viole = =7 107 Yalow Violet Brown Gold ee uw a ae Sag at angen ot orefia Tat &, wen gates itt anit at a field outside current carying lect 2 ire is 20FO inside current carrying erie Field ale may not be zero. wire may OF moving charge near to current carrying wire experience force hence there it oe a field that is magnetic Feld ena 22 7 Freosing a * veurrent carving wire produces MF around wire. aB dl oe \d8 Ase ape © pc (Scalar for) ae = 1077 Tra/Amp- b aT=107G=2 ue ww Vector Form :- dix? _ vo (idl) a 4a MR’ To find direction of magnetic field da - _ idl (Result) (2 vector) + four-finger (pale) of right 2 vector slap 2nd vector, 7 (2% vector) Magnetic Sam eae rans [sino + sin] &, B :- Hamesha point Bi lena hai ! P MR* Dimensional Format Lo oo Dir” of Magnetic Field :- Right hand Rule: 9 Place thumb in current then curling finger represent direction of magnetic thunab will represent B - _~—~/>. the direction of will field > Symmetrical Object '~ Combination of two thick and two thin wire @ Lor i) 4 7 7 ° LT Bio EABrO! Aas # eS “x) (iii) 2 Similavities and difference between Biot Savart law and coloumbs law :- () Electric field is produced by scalar source "charge" (it) Electric field along the position vector from source (Magnetic field produced by vector source "current elervent idl (i) Magnetic field perpendicular to the Position vector from. —____| source @ i) follow inverse | (i) also Follow saya, Gi ware (aw re tinea inside source | (i) linear inside soyyg,| = Shel Lag al *o i scab a=b=L Se oe a “eee 17 2(R4x2)/? Circular loop :- centre ~ “9R Semi-Circular loop : Bol Quarter Circle :- generalized Forraula for Circular Are :— radian. ‘r(Anti-clock) Boup Anti B@down ‘c' clock | anti-Needle up the conductor o® clock-Needle down the conductor L(clock-wise) Graph of Mag. Field of Current Carrying tireular loop: B "R= Constant.” > Same wire rewound ! L=2nR = const”. ', B, in-loop 1-loop Magratic EMect of Electric Current B due to all inside or outside current. Always valid for all type of current. only applicable when only applica current distribution Not a magnetic i ee see Flux, because here is close 8. dl = yi i= enclose current. Assume direction in loop and if direction of loop same as magnetic field then current will be positive if opposite then it will be negative. §Bdl=+.r gBat because B also Anti~Clocke wise and loop bd Bis anti-ctock but loop is clock Steps to apply Ampere's circuital law 2. Draw close symmetric Avaperian loop, that must be passes through the point where field have to calculate. Ex cireular, square loop ete 2. Angle between loop and magnetic field rnust be 0°, 90° or 180° 3, Value of B must be constant at all point of loop. i 8 anv) = pp, fai = fies (are. é é [= o= tee 3r 2 Magnetic field wil be uniform gy cavity © Finite Solenoid /CREBAO ni . = POM sino + sinB] z Bont Boe onl Bag = © Infinite Solenoid :- Rees SEUTECBON ———___ >, L B= pant = HoNi | N = Total turn a he L = Total length n= Turns per unit length an N Total turns ea ae (length of solenoid 4*B : agaetosrarces= sayetic field vest charge per Fore nahi agate . Fe aqBvsin® = a(V x B) = Angle between V & B. ELV and F LB UV only direction will change, speed will remains constant. KE = constant Work done = 0 Power = FV =o _ Me. At starry abr % gr At speed change FL -# Garda visualize. Lekin acel" #0 kyuki die” change hokr V & P. change hoga! MF. is like Centripetal Force (F 1 V) “gretic Effect of Electric Current MrR* Law for direction: — Place your fe is ae four finger of right hand Aen oie nd then Gap magnetic a direct elem then thuone wil represent Charge is projected i to Mag. Field :- F.=O azo dist” = vt 2> Charge is projected 1° to Mag. Field :- V = Const™ V = Variable Fy, = VB qvB Time Period :- Time taken to complete one rotation. T does not depends upon speed time taken to Rotate @ angle @ utside > Charge particle is projected from outs! region of M.F. 1" to Field 24VB a ‘ag = Bp ® Charge particle is projected Field at Some angle with boundary of M, Field :— (ME. :~ inwards) he ra(20) 9B 9VB sing Red 1” to Mag. ticle is projected |e , > Charge pa © Ma, eld at some angle with boundary ot 9'= Angle between boundary 8 velogity, Note > Time req. when “q” loose contact ra smooth inclined plane :~ Magnetic field is outside the plane; py 9B gsinOt = mgcosd meoté 9 Charge particle is Projected 1” to May Field wheve (d < R) then 5 => 5 = Ang. deviat" rejected with speed “V” at an Cyclotron :~ , 0 from Mag: Field :~ © Devic fe euse to acceler ; in 4 i ration charge particl wd of obs particle wil be helo Uke proton destroy, arte but 40° & 180° ae electron, we use betatron for x Bete agai gro” Electric Flea Init en ares Aecelecation partes > Electric field used to acceleration and shift provide ke. to the charge particle. 9 Magnetic field used to keep the charge particle inside magnetic field. vwlocity Selector = © Freq, of oscillator = Frea. of charge 9 Magnetic Electric field and : “ee article . vaocity all are perpendicular to each other. 5 Charge velocity which having velocity Vo will passes without deviation por a il 1 B m\ because net force on that will be zero. ea . aque 5 Particle which have velocity V > Vo will experience large magnetic force and deviates downward : 5 Wire i= » Particle which have velocity V < Vo will experience small magnetic force o Magnetic force always perpendicular to the plane of Idi and 8 and deviates upward. «o Force on close loop of any shape is zero (lee = ©) Ramial ni kB 6 = Angle betwee i> baat ba = inger of Mrfor direction: Place your four finget © right hand along Ib and slap ™29! field thumb will represent force. @. Magnetic force on different wire. 2BIR (ii) F= 4IB Bil (iv) F = 4BI . = Bo OF=0 = ee —_— ——— ee F= BIR B effective length perpendicular oO toBisR ® @ " ——s Attract Repel FeBiys Hoe 2na @ Bolsin (: (: + 4] Fee Hin S24) an a ye sab Mutual Force hai rata jitna bay, choti wire pr Force lagayega utnahi rye. choti-badi pr lagayegi. Case 3 :- “Force per unit length” Ko qVsin@ B= 9 = Angle between | & r. Note ;~ Fup page2V2 a x— < 2 Cs Mofo Fep 2?>>>> Fyyp elas CnTOn COP AS eM agmetie 2 pale poi BR Dp Rei 2KM Bae = i(reR*) = (A vector ‘> Amp m2 Dir” along Area vector cw ACW South-pole North-pole m-®@ M:-© Direct” of Mis along B. (HE NAD > N= no. of turns. IA = efreR® » Ratio of Mag. Moment and Angular Momentura:~ Bohr Magnet on :- Wine || am, [20 =MxB = MB sind = BINA sind 9 = Angle between M & B. Torque perpendicular to magnetic moment and magnetic Field Net force = zero © angle given From plane of loop T= MB sin(40-6) = MB cosh Mag. Field Ka ekhi Udesh hai woh Mag. Dipole Ko Apne Along align Krna Chahta hai r oO Time Peviod :~ T= 21 7 = Moment of Inertia M = Magnetic moment © Work Done to Rotate dipole W=AU. © Work done by MF. to rotate divole = W = - AU Working Principle: Torque on current carrying loop IfNo.ofturnsin movingcoil -galvanometer is increase then curvent sensitivity will increases but voltage sensitivity remains game because resistance will also increase. N Vea Gs) SPring “Moving cil carrying cherent T= MB = NIAB= CO ‘Torsional Const” BINA spring = CO e Current |_/ Sensitivity, Voltage Lil Sensitivity. Visualisation 2. Wan electron is not deflected in passing through a certain region of space, can we be sure that there is no magnetic field in that region? No, electron would not be deflected if 7 and B are in the savne direction. Visualisation 2. Ifa moving electron is deflected sideways on passing through a certain region of ge can we be sure that a magnetic eld exists in that region? 2 ne Sdeways deflection may be due Visualisation 3. Fa charged particle at rest experiences no electromagnetic force, electric field must be zero © The magnetic field may oF may net zero Visualisation 4 tf a charged particle kept a |, experiences an electromagnetic: pitt then the electric Fld must no pg or ° The magnetic field raay oF may nop a zero. Visualisation 5. IF a charged particle projected in gravity-Free room deflects, then gy, fields cannot be zero or Both fields can be non-zero Visualisation 6. A charged particle moves in a gravity free space without change in velocity, Possible cases are E=0B=OcrE=OBtOorEtoRig Visualisation 7, A charged particle moves along a tive under the action of possible constant electric and magnetic fields. Posie case is E=0,Bto Visualisation 8. A charged particle goes undeflected ina region containing electric and magnetic field. tt is Possible that VINE, EIB or Bis not parallel toB Visualisation , IF charged particle goes unaceelertt im a region containing electric a4 magnetic fields, then > E must be Perperdicular to B and ¥ a must be perpendicular to E Magnetic field lines are also called magnetic force line - false because force acts perpendicular to magnetic field. Magnetic field lines always from N to S > false, Inside Magnet it is S to N Properties of Magnetic field lines 9 They form closed loop They never intersect each other s ave crowded near netic field is strong. where o Magnetic field line: the Pole where mag) and spread apart from each other field is weak. 2 They flow from the Sou north Pole within a ma pole to South Pole outside t and go in at any angle th Pole to the net and north 0 They Comes oui from magnet. Magnetic Dipole Moment :~ m:~ Pole Strength Direction :- From s—ON ae Ora ™ o Area M & Volume CQ) Cut along length (m/2), | Mis M/2 (2) Cut Lf to length m, (/2 M' = M/2 ——_(} —— MRK Jab bhi mein Koi Circle dhekhu mera dil dewaana bole... M sin (6/2) ites eg 6/2 Complete semi- Circle Cirele. 0-21 6=0 m=0 watt © ° 3a \\ 0° (Vector) » Two Identical bar Magnet of magnetic Moment M Mae Vm 2 Magnetic Field along dipole 2> On Normal Bisector ;~ 2ml B= Ho te] (AB a (eh an} Magnetic Field opposite to dipole. & 2M _ [Ho\ _2Mr = (He) 2M Bast = (a PP * Ge - 3 3> Magnetic field due to Dipole at Gey, Fal Point :- Weg = AU W, = - AU Stable equilibrium of 6 = 0° Unstable equilibrium at 6 = 180° BAR magnet will oscillate in unfit ‘magnetic field about stable equilibrium £ MB Ts 20 wage va AP pana Ma ale electrostatics Magreticnn. 2 i" £0 — charge | Magnetic Pole Dipole Moment Potential Energy U as == pi, 'E jz Field Ka ekhi Udessh hai Ki woh le Ko apni taraf Khich Ke rakhna Magnetic Dipole Strength (m) Moment M= ml Bp MIM work, W sas Charge Dipole 1 Fat| rat Fat e 2 - 2 Isolated Monopoles x S8.&-0, §8.&-0 (Always) When bar 1> T=Same > magnet cut along length. When bar ater magnet cut n 1 to length. n= no. of equal cutted part. / i [south ia Boren 2 20° 12% Gauss. ca 9 Magnetic Field Lines :~ LM: Pole. = MB(cosO,— 695 4,) * PE(cos®, ~ cos®,) itl :- Equator Magnetic Tome Meridian (MM) Geographical Meridian (GM) = Angle of declination Angle made by Magnetic meridian with Geographical Meridian. Angle made by Earth's net Mag. Field with horizontal earth surface. N-hemisphere = 5 = +ve S-hemisphere = 5 Nia tan 8 BY ips when dip civele is apparent A dir” ave 8, & 6 Placeg a 0 vate : & 6, the Actual dip (8) at that place ti N, Ny, 5 S 2= NP are found on the] o = NP are found, A as, om equatorial 2M ~=)> i =) ae af. wf 7 VY @WE 2=NP 1=NP (Oscillational Magnetometer) Application -1 - To Find Magnetic dipole Moment (M) me 202 Ta, 2R B, K tan 0 = = — ( na "“K = Reduction Factor.” Magnetic Field Intensity :~ (H) source Hush alar Magnetic Permeability :- (4) Scalar Unit :- wb/Amp-r Medium Source ynetism is universal py, Imp > Diamag Proper, mR sic intensity © emagnetise hota hai lerz tay (leg 2 Magnetisation & Magne > Vector Medium inertia ) Se. independent. - a Kon die it" to M Xm = WE % : 2 Magnetic Susceptibility :- (x) B< Be —— 1) BS Ho —> Sealar beet —> Unit & Dimensionless i 2> Paramagnetic :~ Xm f= Easily magnetised. : Paramagnetic substance 2 Relation Between 4, & Xp, : Matom # Mynaterial = © (in absence of Cause of magnetism :~ = external mag. field) Miateriat * © (@ presence of B,,.) Atom — (Nucleus + electron in rotational Tendency to rove from Weak Magnetic motion) 1 #revolving electron Produce magnetic field, | field Region to strong magnetic field. (magnetic moment) along axis of Rotation. ewe #In Paired electron atom, two electrons are " in Opposite spin, #Magnetise hota hai Ty». se. Sse Xm = +vE (Small +ve) Sie unpaired eldctem atom, B>B, Xm Metom * © and Mersag =O due to random aoa lerysta Bop, orientation of atoms. My? > Diamagnetic :~ T 9 Diamagnetic have tendency to Move | >” Ferromagnetic - ) from region of Stroy nger to weaker part Ferrownagnetic M teri of external Magnetic Field . eal : The . s strongly Mao, in *O a pee Mognetised in opposite attracted me CRandon to Magnetic M, =O o > Magnetic Feld lines are expel ONE ae a ar nash subsn expelled by these Minateria # Of domains) rances. material (® magnetic field external) oF por bo 7 Paramagnetic prt Pinky Babu Kalua Ramial Ferromag. Jalela Diamag, Paramagnetic Curie's Law Paramagnetic sub’ Everyone including your society, family friends sir? success ko he salute karte hai ® Area under oe loop Area under oe Energy loss loop (Ramlal)t 8 Saturation OH! = Coercivity. ©) Babita Ko Jitna Pyaar dikhana pada pinky Ki yaadein Ko mitane Keliye etentivity (R) Ravalal Pinky Ke Pyaar mein Kitne yaadein bachake rakh paya tha or SOFT IRON :- Small Area. Low Retentivity & Coereivity. Permanent Mag, :- Large Area. High Retentivity & Coercivity. In loop A, D, F, G > Current induced in loop because of change in magnetic Flux. In loop B, C, E > No current induced, because flux is constant. v NS NS vest No current Current induced Counting of magnetic field lines passing through given cross-section area © gives the idea of magnetic energy. © scalar S.1. unit + Tesla-m* = Weber CGS. unit > Gauss crn? = Maxwell 92 BR = BA coo 9 = Angle between Mag. Field & Area Unit :- 1 Wh = 10° Maxwell Be Variable o= [Bua ir magnetic field 8 = Bf Bj. 8 Reape Aj Ak then 5 flux g = BA, + BA, + BA, 5 Flux through circular ~—s—~, hong (oop (127 R)= 8 Area [—>—~ 2[P role” ar) + & y | ages —_| © = outward = are At a @= inward= Tee x! *, Note :- foes, Variable Constant ¢ = BA cos0 o = BA cost Vinduced * O Tinducedl 20) Variable due to :- B > time varying A > Variable @ = Changing Magnitude Direction “Favaday's” “Lenz? Law Law “Joh “i Ko Paida Krta Wh “i” Ushika Oppo Krta hh. MR®law :~ 9 Coil is in inertia (Pyaar) of Flux. pteral Fld induced Field g gst —— @CThen I, = Cw) oa —> O(Then |, = ACW) gst —— O(Then I, = ACW) @8) —— @(then |, = cw) cup @ Anti, down C° Coil Na Flux Ko pyaar Krta hai na Usko hate Krta hai woh bs Change in flux ke oppose Krta hai, RB law :~ —- Vv Coil Coil Kehti hai magnet I :- Pass mt aana repel Karungi durr mt jana attract Karungi aaisehi padhai krte raho Exava Ke baad date Karungi. Case :- | \Cow er Bere Pinky a Vv ‘observer Observer “ne Due to induced current Current induced in loop 2 wart. Ramlal > ACW Wnt. Pinky > CW ORY — age se Anti then pichhe se clock Slctromagnetic induction ° Case :- i Coil Attract Q. Find time for which current will induced in vactangular loop? Sol. > arb x x xx Co }ev |x x xx <—_ a Xe eK xe xg <> 2) ‘ ir ach od Re Co Fev |x x xx _——> . x a xx xx ¢ f Current induced in loop @-acew @-0 ©-cw @ Current induced in loop A> Acw B>cw C+ Zero (Cw) AV (increasing) B (ACW) Based on Energy Conserv" [Loop], Chie @ Radius of circular loop placed Perpendicular to magnetic — field ‘increasing at vate r, m/s then find induced evaf in loop when radius is v. Sol. emp = 4 BACSO° dm? dt dr emf = —Brargr Volt MRS Feel :~ We know = BA cos 6 4b _d(BA cos 6) j=. Jenaf] i a In this formula, three Variable B, Area and angle (6), genrally 5 type ka question Bayga B-time dependent, A tine a or 6-time dependent. aoa co) SE a released a oil = g for non-conducting coll o eo ya, ae small cut. a 3 yA (emP)aa = Z Bwl* Electromagnetic induction Brive Concent ® 2 L lomo, = > Bwcarye R* lap = 2R ° v os Va ue L » L v > Ms Translational Rotational «= T +R Motion (T) Motion (R) Motion Emotional = BVI E,= > Bw 2 dist” between two points. Heer Due to Rest | 0 Due to time 1 hate varying M. Field oo Electrostatic | ° Induced E. Field Field. @ ait fh oer =) Ke Rishte Kaha hai iy, Agi Ka te he hai Ache + Mai itne hi tive | | Conservative Non~ mae: isltye _ HoNPA 2dt-a.— * a §e.di = ge. rm iy Does not Form | Always forma MeSnE ae Closed loop Closed loop. «peli iiinne Circle) L (self-inductance) «| (n = cos t') & 4/1 (N = cos ey Where n = no of turns per unit [ N = total no of turns Unit :- Henry (H) . . @ = constant j_L,i, = Li, ; Direction buddhi®, Magnitude Formuls — length SLOCCSTO RN 1 = cost® ts ai ¢ (flux) = NAB cos 8 and 6 = wt é = BANW sin8 "Convert Mech. Energy into Electric. Energy. w BA °o Energy Stored = —O_ Per unit Volume 2Ho L = Open Wire = Simple Wire C= Simple Wire = Open Wire Carbon brush @ KR t Current in inductor as Function of j VE Battery be like :~ Rasiya Gundo mein Fasgayi. Y Ly & Ly are in L, & L, are in , Opposite order same order vitne mein tumhe dil Karunga utna turn bhi mujhe dIT Krna Jyda kam mt Kena... 2 Note :~ Coupling Factor 1 Osks1 0 Ly & Ly very close + kK = 4. 2 ind total heat loss across R,when Key is shifted frown (2) to (1) :- Agar Kishi aR B Current Flow aon at 3 kente & Current BK Plate A Current Flow aan dt Eddy Current Sreushi k liye kam karoge to khushi rahi milegi, lekin khush hokar kam karoge to khushi aur safalta jarur milegi® Application :- Magnetic braking in train Electromagnetic damping. 3> Induetion Furnance 4> Electric Power meters. L=SH ETSI B di 4 Ge 7 2 A/S > ites — A B Ldi Var Ge Ye Ldi Va 7 Vp = Gp F5x2=d0V Current is decreasing hence B is at higher potential. : ‘ L ot | 5 Brightness of bull will suddenly increase when key is just opened. Alternating Current :- A current of constant magnitude can be A/é current — Yes. It is square wave A/C | lo “ly oA Variable current in magnitude only is Die # A current is varying from +SA to +15A sinusoidally then this current is D/e or (AC+DC) mixture, not A/c because it is not a bidirectional. A/C — Bidirectional D/C + Unidirectional (Steady Current) aie ee Measuring of Current :- i /2 ioye H lye HS. Area. Moving coil galvanometer Hot wire ammeter 2° "Ton Current | o Heat loss carrying coil. 2 Only D/C 9 BothD/C & Aye © 8 (angle) o ¢ 2 8 (angle) «Hx 2 oO Linear Scale Non-linear Scale Average Value :~ J \ Discrete Continuous system systenn go satiate, Sia favg = n je RMS Current :~ P.dt Svs = fe i Sat RMS Voltage :- Vdt Vow = (oP = ‘ MR Ratta o Full Cycle (FC) | 0 Half Cyele (HO) . 2 O = — 0 * 2 = = 5 1 | Half/Full = = +} Cycle 2 Dsin(wt, Cost pay Power drop across R EP> = Evpacl A/C Source Across Pure Capacitor "P Teadery by wiRie Ty, £5 coswt = <2 cog Xe E-sinwt i = icoswt 4. Zs: ie. Capacitive ©" Cw” BxfC f Reactance Xe 9 Capacitor loves change. p (De-Filter For D/C For A/C fzo fae x X20 Capacitor act as | Capacitor act as Open wire. Simple wire. Power drop across pure Capacitor ~ cos $= 0

=0 Wattless Circuit souree Across Pure Inductor :— al! i For A/c of high frequency f= 0 = x,=0 feo x, = 2rfl=0 = Hence inductor = Hence inductor behave as open wire be have as sirmple wire. 2 Power loss across pure inductor Ws wmeo RX Xpas XxX, aF | cos =O ti e wf Series R-L Circuit :~ R £ ia Sim (wt — gy VK) 2 oe Ra XE TVR®) + tangs Me = Me Va wicts ose = R | Power Factor = Phase ditions Series R-C Circuit :- R c e=e,sin(wt) i Ma [Vice lags“? by & é =f Var Veo 4 +X a Me R Ve cos $= Vyet Zz Series L-C Cireuit :- L, Cc e=e,sin(wt) @

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