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Texts and Materials on International Human Rights 3rd
Edition Rhona K.M. Smith Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Rhona K.M. Smith
ISBN(s): 9780415621908, 0415621909
Edition: 3rd
File Details: PDF, 2.18 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
 TEXTS AND
MATERIALS
ON INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS
THIRD EDITION

RHONA K. M. SMITH
 Texts and Materials on International
Human Rights
THIRD EDITION

Texts and Materials on International Human Rights offers a carefully tailored overview of the subject that
covers sources and theories, institutions and structures, and substantive rights. The third edition is
fully updated to include all key developments in the law, in particular issues around reform in the
UN and the topical application of human rights around the world.
This collection of materials offers a comprehensive overview of the institutional structures
relevant to international human rights law, crucial to the understanding of how law works in this
challenging area. Designed to guide students through the fundamental texts for this subject, the
author’s commentary contextualises each extract to explain its relevance, while highlighted further
reading makes links to cutting edge academic commentary to provide next steps for student
research.
Offering a clear text design that distinguishes between materials and author commentary, and
including reflective questions throughout to aid understanding, this book is ideal for students
seeking to engage with the key issues in the study of International Human Rights.

Rhona K.M. Smith is Professor of International Human Rights at Northumbria University.

This page intentionally left blank
Texts and Materials on
International Human
Rights
THIRD EDITION

Rhona K.M. Smith

Third edition published 2013
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2013 Rhona K.M. Smith
The right of Rhona K.M. Smith to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Every effort has been made to request permission to reproduce material under copyright.
If any material has been inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will endeavour to make
the necessary arrangements.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Previous editions published by Routledge
First edition 2007
Second edition 2010
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested.
ISBN 13: 978–0–415–62190–8 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978–0–415–54068–1 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 978–0–203–41005–9 (ebk)
Typeset in Joanna MT
by Refinecatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk
Outline Contents

Preface x
Table of Cases xiii
Table of Legislation xix
Table of Treaties and Instruments xxiii

1 Sources of International Human Rights 1

2 Key Concepts: Universality, Interdependence and Categories of Rights 28
3 States and Treaty Obligations 59
4 Human Rights Organisations and Key Institutions 92
5 Monitoring and Enforcing Human Rights: Extra-Conventional Mechanisms 141
6 Implementing Human Rights Treaties: Committees and Courts 182
7 National Institutions for Protecting and Promoting Human Rights 227
8 Extending the Duties to Protect and Respect Human Rights: Non-State Actors 258
9 Reforming the International and Regional Human Rights Systems 300
10 Protecting Children 341
11 Detainees, Prisoners and Convicts 376
12 Indigenous Peoples and their Rights 429
13 The Protection of Refugees, Stateless Persons and Internally Displaced People 475
14 Protecting and Promoting the Rights of Women 518

Index 566
This page intentionally left blank
Detailed Contents

Preface x
Table of Cases xiii
Table of Legislation xix
Table of Treaties and Instruments xxiii

1 Sources of International Human Rights 1

1.1 Treaties 3
1.2 Customary International Law 12
1.3 Other International and Regional Instruments 16
1.4 A Practical Guide to Sources 22

2 Key Concepts: Universality, Interdependence and Categories of Rights 28

2.1 Universality 29
2.2 Cultural Sensitivity 39
2.3 Positive Obligations on States to Conform to Human Rights 51
2.4 Indivisibility and Interdependence, or A Hierarchy of Rights? 55
2.5 Interdependence and Indivisibility 56
2.6 Evolving and Developing Rights 58

3 States and Treaty Obligations 59

3.1 “Universal Human Rights” and Ratification 60
3.2 Limitations on State Compliance: Reservations, Declarations,
Derogations and Denunciations 64
3.3 Reservations 64
3.4 Declarations 75
3.5 Derogations 78
3.6 Denunciations 87

4 Human Rights Organisations and Key Institutions 92

4.1 International Organisations 93
4.2 The United Nations 93
4.3 International Courts 108
4.4 The International Labour Organisation 113
4.5 Regional Organisations 116
4.6 Europe 117
4.7 The Americas 135
4.8 Africa 136
4.9 Others 136
viii | DETAILED CONTENTS

5 Monitoring and Enforcing Human Rights: Extra-Conventional Mechanisms 141

5.1 Human Rights Council 143
5.2 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO) 158
5.3 United Nations Security Council, Responsibility to Protect,
and Sanctions 163
5.4 International Criminal Courts, Tribunals and Processes 168
5.5 Organisation of American States Inter-American Commission
on Human Rights 177

6 Implementing Human Rights Treaties: Committees and Courts 182

6.1 United Nations Treaty Monitoring Bodies: Conventional Mechanisms 183
6.2 Regional Systems: Creating Judicial Mechanisms 211
6.3 Remedies for Individuals 219

7 National Institutions for Protecting and Promoting Human Rights 227

7.1 States and International (Human Rights) Law 229
7.2 The International Approach to National Institutions 236
7.3 The Regional Position on National Institutions 245
7.4 Nature of National Institutions 246
7.5 Examples of National Institutions 246
7.6 Children’s Commissioners – A Special Case? 250

8 Extending the Duties to Protect and Respect Human Rights:

Non-State Actors 258
8.1 Human Rights Education and Training 259
8.2 Non-Governmental Organisations 261
8.3 Business and Multinational Corporations 269
8.4 Educators, Lawyers and Individuals 292

9 Reforming the International and Regional Human Rights Systems 300

9.1 The Bigger Picture – Human Rights and United Nations Reform 302
9.2 The Human Rights Council – Review Process 332
9.3 Towards Universal Ratification of Key Instruments 334
9.4 Dissemination and Technology 334
9.5 Regional Reforms 337

10 Protecting Children 341

10.1 Children as Humans 342
10.2 Tabulating Children’s Rights 349
10.3 The United Nations Convention on The Rights of The Child 353
10.4 Governing Principles 355
10.5 Regional Instruments 373

11 Detainees, Prisoners and Convicts 376

11.1 Equality Before the Law 377
11.2 Arrest 380
11.3 Disappearances 382
11.4 Detention Pending Trial 394
11.5 Torture and the Use of Force 398
 DETAILED CONTENTS | ix

11.6 Fair Trial 401

11.7 Detention After Conviction 413
11.8 Juveniles in Detention and Court 418
11.9 Capital Punishment 423

12 Indigenous Peoples and their Rights 429

12.1 Towards Recognition of Indigenous Rights 430
12.2 Invoking Minority Rights 433
12.3 The Scope of ‘Indigenous People’ 448
12.4 Rights Claimed by Indigenous People 450
12.5 The Right to Self-Determination 450
12.6 Land Rights 458
12.7 Cultural Rights 472

13 The Protection of Refugees, Stateless Persons and Internally

Displaced People 475
13.1 Who is a Refugee? 477
13.2 Procedures for Determining Refugee Status 483
13.3 Termination of Refugee Status 488
13.4 Regional Instruments and Criteria for Determining
Refugee Status and Addressing Refugee Rights 493
13.5 Rights of Refugees 497
13.6 Granting Asylum to Refugees and Others 505
13.7 Internally Displaced Persons 506
13.8 High Commissioner for Refugees 507
13.9 Stateless Persons 509

14 Protecting and Promoting the Rights of Women 518

14.1 Leading the Way: The International Labour Organisation 519
14.2 Equality 521
14.3 Tabulating Women’s Rights 536
14.4 Protection from Persecution: Trafficking, Exploitation 538
14.5 Violence Against Women 543
14.6 Family Rights: Marriage and Children 557
14.7 Regional Instruments and Approaches to Women’s Rights 562

Index 566
Preface

This book seeks to provide an introduction to international human rights law, particularly those
primary sources (treaties, other instruments and jurisprudence) which elaborate the fundamental
rights and freedoms to which we are all entitled.
The promotion of international human rights has benefited remarkably from the World Wide
Web. Indeed, it is possible to access almost all the primary materials through the official
websites of the key organisations: the United Nations, Council of Europe, International Labour
Organisation, Organisation of American States and the African Union. A wealth of non-governmental
organisations, charities, governments and individuals add their own views, guidelines and
materials. Never before in history, wherever we are in the world, have we so freely and easily
been able to access as much information on our ‘common birthright’ of human rights as
we can today. Although a remarkable resource, the sheer volume of information available can
appear daunting. Thus this text provides an entry into the maze of material, introducing the key
topics and the key materials. It is neither a substitute for reading the primary resources, nor is it
intended to compare with the esteemed monographs, other books and commentaries already on
the market. In the space available, it cannot cover the entire range of rights and freedoms. Rather it
takes a thematic approach, attempting to draw together the main areas of activity under umbrella
headings, demonstrating the interdependence and indivisibility of international human rights.
Inevitably there are repetitions and omissions, as well as different approaches to the materials
selected.
The chapters cover the fundamentals of international human rights (i.e. what they are,
where to find them, how to enforce them), then the rights accorded to key vulnerable groups,
reflecting those areas which appear to be of most interest to students. As the book is targeted at
undergraduates and those new to the area, the principal problem in selecting materials remains
anticipating what will be taught in introductory courses and be of most interest to intending
students.
With a focus on primary materials, almost all the extracts are in the public domain, and freely
available. However, I sought the consent of the relevant bodies for reproduction of extracted
materials. I have, for reasons of copyright, limited the use of secondary source material. In its place,
I have provided indicative further reading lists at the conclusion of each chapter to assist with
further research.
As far as possible, the text and materials were accurate as at the time of going to press.
In accordance with the old Scottish saying, ‘the best laid schemes o’ Mice an’ Men gang aft
agley’, external circumstances seemed to thwart the compilation of this text at every turn, and
inevitably friends and family deserve acknowledgement and heartfelt gratitude for their support
and understanding as yet again I retreated from normality and resorted to working almost every
evening and weekend. Zoe Botterill (who left just before the initial manuscript was submitted) and
Madeleine Langford proved most helpful when this project was eventually reallocated to them by
Cavendish after Ruth Massey’s departure for pastures new. Fiona Kinnear and Holly Davis have
proved very helpful and professional for the second edition and Melanie Fortmann-Brown and
Emma Nugent for this the third edition. Finally, my International Human Rights students have, over
 PREFACE | xi

the years, enlightened me as to what students find most useful and interesting. With the World
Programme for Human Rights Education in its second phase focussing an higher-education, the
global spotlight is once again picking out international human rights students and classes. Much of
the future success of the human rights movement lies with those studying it today.

RKMS
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Table of Cases

A Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) Inc v

A and others v UK Application 3455/05, Commonwealth (1980) 146 CLR 493; 28 ALR
Judgment of the Grand Chamber 19 February 257 … 468
2009 … 398
A v Australia Communication No 560/1993, UN B
Doc CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993, HRC … Bahamonde v Equatorial Guinea Communication
486–7 No 468/1991, UN Doc
A v United Kingdom Application 25599/94 CCPR/C/49/D/468/1991, HRC … 409–10
(1999) 27 EHRR 611; [1998] ECHR 85 … Bakhtiyari v Australia Communication No
19–20, 21, 54, 214 1069/2002, UN Doc
Abdulaziz, Cabales & Balkandali v United CCPR/C/79/D/1069/2002, HRC … 480–2
Kingdom Applications 9214/80; 9473/81; Barcelona Traction Light & Power Co case see
9474/81, Series A No 94 (1985) 7 EHRR Belgium v Spain
471; [1985] ECHR 7 … 527 Belgian Linguistics v Belgium (No 2)
Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Applications 1474/62; 1691/62; 1769/63;
Use of Nuclear Weapons [1996] ICJ Reps 257 1994/63; 2126/64; 1677/62, Series A No 6
… 16 (1968) 1 EHRR 252; [1968] ECHR 3; [1967]
Airey v Ireland Application 6289/73, Series A, ECHR 1 … 44
No 32 (1979) 2 EHRR 305; [1979] ECHR 3 Belgium v Spain [1970] ICJ Reps 32 (Barcelona
… 407 Traction Light & Power Co case) … 15–16
Aksoy v Turkey Application 21987/93 (1997) 23 B-J v Germany Communication No 1/2003 …
EHHR 533; [1996] ECHR 68 … 85–7 524
Aliev v Ukraine Communication No 781/1997, Borisenco v Hungary Communication No
UN Doc CCPR/C/78/D/781/1997, HRC … 852/1999, UN Doc
407 CCPR/C/76/D/852/1999, HRC … 381,
Artico v Italy Application 6694/74, Series A No 406–7
37 (1981) 3 EHRR 1; [1980] ECHR 4 … 407 Brannigan & McBride v United Kingdom
A-T v Hungary Communication No 2/2003, UN Applications 14553/89; 14554/89, Series A
Doc CEDAW/C/32/D/2/2003, CEDAW … No 258-B (1993) 17 EHRR 539; [1993]
524, 547–9 ECHR 21 … 80–1, 86, 397
Ato del Avellanal v Peru Communication No Broeks v Netherlands Communication No
202/1986, UN Docs CCPR/ 172/1984, UN Doc
C/34/D/202/1986; Supp No 40 A/44/40, CCPR/C/29/D/172/1984, HRC … 379, 527
HRC … 379, 525–6 Brogan & Ors v United Kingdom Applications
Attorney-General v DeKeyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd 11209/84; 11234/84; 11266/84, Series A
[1920] AC 508, HL … 469 No 145-B (1988) 11 EHRR 117; [1988]
Aumeeruddy-Cziffra & Ors v Mauritius ECHR 24 … 80, 81, 86, 397
Communication No 35/1978, UN Doc Brown v Rentokil C-394/96 [1998] ECR I-4185;
CCPR/C/12/D/35/1978, HRC … 526–7 ICR 790; IRLR 445 … 528
xiv | TABLE OF CASES

Burgos v Uruguay Communication No 52/1979, [1990] ECR I-3941; [1992] ICR 325, 329 …
UN Doc CCPR/C/13/D/52/1979, HRC … 528
221–2 Diergaardt v Namibia Communication No
Burmah Oil Co (Burmah Trading) Ltd v Lord 760/1997, UN Doc
Advocate [1965] AC 75; (1965) 2 All ER 248; CCPR/C/69/D/760/1996, HRC … 440–2
1964 SC (HL) 117 … 468 Doe & Ors v Unocal Corp 963 F Supp 880 (CD
Cal 1997); dismissed 110 F Supp 2d 1294
C (CD Cal 2000); remanded 395 F 3d 932 (9th
C (a minor) v Director of Public Prosecutions Cir Cal 2002); vacated, rehearing, en banc,
(DPP) [1996] AC 1; 2 All ER 43; [1995] Crim granted 395 F 3d 978 (9th Cir 2003);
LR 801, HL … 421 affirmed 248 F 3d 915 (9th Cir Cal 2001) …
Calder v Attorney-General of British Columbia 289–90
[1973] 34 DLR (3d) 145; SCR 313; 4 WWR 1
… 465, 468–9 E
Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom (1982) Engel & Ors v Netherlands Applications 5100/71;
… 214 5101/71; 5102/71, Series A No 22 [1976]
Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the ECHR 3 & 4 … 45
Law v Canada [2004] 1 SCR 76 … 20–1
Case concerning East Timor see Portugal v F
Australia F v Switzerland Application 11329/85, Series A
Cherokee Nation v State of Georgia 30 US (5 Pet) No 128 (1987) 10 EHRR 411; [1987] ECHR
1; 8 L Ed 25 (1831) … 468 32 … 560
Chumbipuma Aguirre & Ors v Peru Ser C, No 75, Fernández v Spain Communication No
Inter-AmCHR (2001) (‘Barrios Altos case’) … 1396/2005, UN Doc
217 CCPR/C/85/D/1396/2005, HRC …
City of Montreal v Montreal Harbour Com’rs 320–2
[1926] AC 299; (1926) 1 DLR 840; 47 Que Filartiga v Pena-Irala 630 F 2d 876 (2nd Cir
KB 163 … 468 1980) … 288
Commission v France C-312/86 [1988] ECR
6315; (1989) 1 CMLR 408 … 532 G
Cyprus v Turkey Application 25781/94 (1997) Georgia v Russian Federation (Case Concerning
23 EHRR 244; [2001] ECHR 331 … 392–4 Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
D Discrimination) 15 October General List No.
D v United Kingdom Application 30240/96 140 … 110–11
(1997) 24 EHRR 423; [1997] ECHR 25 … Gerhardy v Brown (1985) 59 Australian Law
53, 54 Reports 311 … 444
Dann & Dann v United States Case 11.140, Golder v United Kingdom Application 4451/70,
Report No 75/02, Inter-AmCtHR (2002) … Series A No 18 (1975) 1 EHRR 524; [1975]
135, 180 ECHR 1 … 404–6
De Wilde, Ooms & Versyp (‘vagrancy’) v Belgium Goodwin and I v United Kingdom Application
(merits) Applications 2832/66; 2835/66; 28957/95 (2002) 35 EHHR; [2002] ECHR
2899/66, Series A No 12 (1971) 1 EHRR 588 … 557
373; [1970] ECHR 2; [1971] ECHR 1; [1972] Guedson v France Communication No
ECHR 1 … 45 219/1986, UN Doc
Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor Jong CCPR/C/39/D/219/1986, HRC … 77–8,
Volwassenen (VJV-Centrum) Plus C-177/88 442
 TABLE OF CASES | xv

Guerin v The Queen (1984) 13 DLR (4th) 321 Kitok v Sweden Communication No 197/1985,
… 467 UN Doc CCPR/C/33/D/197/1985, HRC …
438–9
H Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen & Pedersen v Denmark
Habermann-Beltermann v Arbeiterwohlfahrt Applications 5095/71; 5920/72; 5926/72,
Bezirksverband C-421/92 [1994] ECR Series A No 23 (1976) 1 EHRR 711; [1976]
I-1657; IRLR 364 … 528 ECHR 6 … 52
Hamlet of Baker Lake v Minister of Indian Affairs
and Northern Development [1980] 1 FC 518; L
5 WWR 193; 107 DLR (3d) 513 … 472 Lawless v Ireland (No 3) Application 332/57,
Handan v Rumsfeld US Supreme Court 29 June Series A No 3 (1961) 1 EHRR 15; [1961]
2006 … 87, 397 ECHR 2 … 86
Handyside v United Kingdom Application Loayza-Tamayo v Peru Ser C, No 33, Inter-
5493/72 (1979–80) 1 EHRR 737; [1976] AmCHR (1997) … 217
ECHR 5 … 44–6 Lovelace v Canada Communication No 24/1977
HLR v France Application 24573/94 (1997) 26 (1) and (2), UN Docs CCPR/
EHRR 29; [1997] ECHR 23 … 20, 54 C/13/D/24/1977; Supp No 40 A/36/40
(1981), HRC … 319–20, 434–6, 439
I Lubicon Lake Band (Ominayak) v Canada
Idewu Inasa v Oshodi (1934) AC 99 … 467 Communication No 167/1984, UN Doc
Ireland v United Kingdom Application 5310/71, CCPR/C/38/D/167/1984, HRC … 436–8,
Series A No 25 (1978) 2 EHRR 25; [1978] 439
ECHR 1 … 52, 81, 86
Irschik v Austria Communication No 990/2001, M
UN Doc CCPR/C/80/D/990/2001, HRC … Mabo & Ors v State of Queensland (No 2)
322 (1992) 175 CLR 1; 107 ALR 1 … 464–8, 472
Maclaine Watson & Co Ltd v Department of Trade
J & Industry (1989) 3 All ER 523; (1990) 2 AC
Johnson v McIntosh 21 US (8 Wheat) 543; 5 L 418, HL … 231
Ed 681 (1823); 1823 US LEXIS 293 … 467 Madoui (Zohra) v Algeria UN Doc.
Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster CCPR/C/94/D/1495/2006 … 385
Constabulary C-222/84 [1986] ECR 1651; Mahuika v New Zealand Communication No
[1987] QB 129; [1986] 3 WLR 1038; [1987] 547/1993, UN Doc
ICR 83; (1986) 3 All ER 135 … 532 CCPR/C/70/D/547/1993, HRC … 438,
Johnston v Ireland Application 9697/82, Series A 439–40
No 112 (1986) 9 EHRR 203; [1986] ECHR Manitoba Language Rights Reference [1985] 1
17 … 560 SCR 721 … 455
Joint Tribal Council of the Passamaquoddy Tribe v Matznetter v Austria Application 2178/64, Series
Morton 528 Fed 2d 370 (1st Cir 1975) … 468 A No 10 (1969) 1 EHRR 198; [1969] ECHR
1 … 46
K Mbenge v Republic of Congo Communication
Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen C-450/93 No 16/1977, UN Doc
[1995] ECR I-3051; [1996] ICR 314 … CCPR/C/18/D/16/1977 (1983), HRC …
531–4 412–13
Karker v France Communication No 833/1998, Morales de Sierra v Guatemala Case 11.625,
UN Doc CCPR/C/70/D/833/1998, HRC … Report No 4/01, Inter-AmCtHR (2001) …
492–3 557
xvi | TABLE OF CASES

Moreno Ramos v United States Case 12.430, Employment & Ors, ex p Williamson [2005]
Report No 1/05, Inter-AmCtHR (2005) … UKHL 15 … 20
180 R v Secretary of State for the Home Department,
Mortensen v Peters (1906) 8 F(J) 93 (Scotland) ex p Brind sub nom Brind v Secretary of State
… 230–1 for the Home Department (1991) 1 AC 696; 2
Mutombo v Switzerland Communication No WLR 588; 1 All ER 720; 135 Sol Jo 250, HL
13/1993, UN Docs CAT/C/12/D/13/1993; … 233
A/49/44 at 45 (1994), CAT … 54, 490–1 R v Symonds (1847) NZPCC 387, SC … 467,
472
N Ringeisen v Austria (merits) Application
N v United Kingdom Application 26565/05, 2614/65, Series A No 13 (1971) 1 EHRR
Grand Chamber Judgment of 27 May 2008 … 455; [1971] ECHR 2 … 46
53
Neumeister v Austria Application 1936/63, Series S
A No 8 (1968) 1 EHRR 191; [1968] ECHR 2 S v Daniels (1991) 2 SA Criminal Law Reports
… 46 403 … 18
Newcastle Breweries Ltd v The King (1920) 1 KB S v Staggie (1990) 1 SA Criminal Law Reports
854 … 468 669 … 18
Nortier v Netherlands Application 13924/88, S v Williams et al (1995) 3 SA 362
Series A No 267 (1993) 17 EHRR 273; (Constitutional Court) … 20
[1993] ECHR 34 … 422 St Catherine’s Milling & Lumber Co v R (1887)
13 SCR 577; 4 Cart BNA 127; affirmed
O (1888) 14 AC 46, PC … 467
Ominayak v Canada … 440 see Lubicon Lake Sanders v Netherlands Communication No
Band v Canada 1193/2003, UN Doc
Onus & Anor v Alcoa of Australia Ltd (1981) 149 CCPR/C/84/D/1193/2003, HRC … 322
CLR 27 … 468 Selmouni v France Application 25803/94
(1999) 29 EHRR 403; [1999] ECHR 66 …
P 224–5
Paton v United Kingdom Application 8416/78, Sharma (Yasoda ) v Nepal UN Doc. CCPR/
[1981] 3 EHRR 408 … 561 C/94/D/1469/2006 … 385
Portugal v Australia [1995] ICJ Reps 102 (‘Case Singh Bhinder v Canada, Communication
concerning East Timor’) … 16 208/1986 UN Doc
Pratt & Morgan v Jamaica Communication Nos CCPR/C/37/D/208/1986 … 443–4
210/1986; 225/1987, UN Doc CCPR/ Soering v United Kingdom Application
C/35/D/210/1986, HRC … 425–6 14038/88 (1989) II EHRR 439; [1989]
ECHR 14 … 51–3, 425
Q Southern Rhodesia, In re [1919] AC 211, PC …
Quebec Secession Reference [1998] 2 SCR 217 465
… 455–7 Stanford v Kentucky 492 US 361 (1989) …
422
R Stogmuller v Austria Application 1602/62, Series
R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and A No 9 (1969) 1 EHRR 155; [1969] ECHR 2
Commonwealth Affairs [2008] UKHL 61 … … 46
459 Stubbings & Ors v United Kingdom Applications
R v A [2002] AC 45 … 233–4 22083/93; 22095/93 (1996) 23 EHRR 213;
R v Secretary of State for Education and [1996] ECHR 44 … 20, 54
 TABLE OF CASES | xvii

T Inter-AmCtHR (1990) … 55, 222–4, 388,

T & V v United Kingdom Applications 24724/94; 390–2
24888/94 Series A No 9 (1999) 30 EHRR Vo v France (2004) (Application 53924/00) …
121; [1999] ECHR 170–1 … 368, 421–3 561
Tanistry, Case of (1608) Davis 28; 80 ER 516; 4th Vos v Netherlands Communication No
ed Dublin (1762) … 466 218/1986, UN Docs CCPR/
Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v United States 348 US C/35/D/218/1986; Supp No 40 A/44/40,
272; 75 S Ct 313; 99 L Ed 314 (1955) HRC … 527
… 468
Ternovsky v Hungary Application 67545/09 W
[2010] ECHR 208 … 562 Webb v EMO Air Cargo C-32/93 [1994] ECR
Thomas v United States Case 12.240, Report No I-3567; ICR 770; IRLR 482 … 528
100/03, Inter-AmCtHR (2003) … 180 Wemhoff v Germany Application 2122/64, Series
Tyrer v United Kingdom Application 5856/72, A No 7 (1968) 1 EHRR 55; [1968] ECHR 2
Series A No 26 (1978) 2 EHRR 1; [1978] … 46, 406
ECHR 2 … 18, 214 Wilson v Philippines Communication No
868/1999, UN Doc
U CCPR/C/79/D/868/1999, HRC … 395–6
United States v Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co 314
US 339 (1941) … 468 X
X v Netherlands Communication No 36/1995,
V UN Doc C/16/D (1995), CAT … 54
Velásquez Rodríguez & Ors v Honduras Ser C, No X & Y v Netherlands Series A No 91 (1985) 8
4, Inter-AmCtHR (1988); Ser C, No 7, EHRR 235 … 20, 54
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Table of Legislation

Australia Art 21(1) … 33

Directive 76/207/EEC (the Equal Treatment
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act Directive) … 532
1976 Art 1(1) … 532
s 21 … 454 Art 2(1) … 532, 533
s 40 … 454 Art 2(3) … 528
Migration Act Art 2(4) … 532, 533, 534
s 417 … 482 Directive 89/391/EEC (the Health and
Migration Amendment Act 1992 … 487 Safety Framework
Native Title Act 1993 … 468 Directive)
Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 … 454 Art 16(1) … 528
Queensland Coast Islands Act 1879 … 464 Directive 92/85/EEC (the Health and
Race Discrimination Act … 454 Safety of Pregnant Workers
Directive)
Art 10 … 528
Bangladesh EC Treaty 1957 (Treaty of Rome) … 131
Art 141 … 277, 512
Act No. 53 of 2009 An Act to establish National Art 234 … 516, 520
Human Rights Commission … 249–50 European Union Constitution 2004 … 132
Regulation 168/2007 establishing European
Union Agency for Fundamental
Canada Rights
Art 2-Art 3 … 133
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Art 4 … 133–4
s 7 … 21 Art 6 … 134
s 12 … 21 Art 9 … 134
s 15 … 21 Art 10 … 135
Constitution Act 1982 (‘Constitution of Canada’) Regulation 343/2003 on asylum applications
… 455 2003 … 485
Criminal Code Art 3 … 484
s 43 … 20, 21 Art 4 … 484–5
Indian Act … 319, 434, 435

France
European Union
Constitution of the French Republic 1958
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Art 2 … 77
Union 2000 … 132 Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789 … 55,
Art 21 … 11 378
xx | TABLE OF LEGISLATION

Namibia South Africa

Rehoboth Self-Government Act No 56 of 1976 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
… 441 1996
s 7-s 11 … 31
s 12-s 28 … 32
Netherlands s 28(2) … 356
s 29-s 35 … 32
Civil Code
Art 84-Art 85 … 379
Unemployment Benefits Act (WWV) Turkey
s 13(1) … 379
Criminal Code
Art 135(a) … 86
New Zealand Art 243 … 86

Treaty of Waitangi 1840 … 462–3

Art 1-Art 2 … 463, 464 United Kingdom
Art 3 … 463–4
Preamble … 463 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 …
Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 … 464 21
Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Children and Young Persons Act 1933
Settlement Act 1992 … s 50 … 421
439 Children and Young Persons Act 1963
s 16(1) … 421
Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act
Norway 1978 … 528
Human Rights Act 1998 … 231
Act No 5 of March 6 1981 Relating to the s 2 … 231–2
Ombudsman for Children s 3 … 232, 233, 234
s 1-s 2 … 253 s 4 … 232
s 3 … 253–4 Human Rights Act 1998 (Amendment) Order
s 4-s 6 … 254 2005 SI 2005/1071 … 82
Instructions for the Ombudsman for Children Human Rights Act 1998 (Designated Derogation)
1981 Order 2001 SI 2001/3644 … 81–2
s 2 … 254–5 Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act
s 3-s 6 … 255 1978 … 233
s 7 … 256 Northern Ireland Act 1998
s 68 … 247
s 69 … 247–8
Peru Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions)
Act 1974 … 82
Civil Code Art 7 … 397
Art 168 … 525 Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions)
Constitution … 525 Act 1984 … 233
 TABLE OF LEGISLATION | xxi

Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 … 397

United States of America
s 5 … 397–8
Terrorism Act 2005 … 82 Alaska Native Settlement Claim Act 1971
Terrorism Act 2006 s 1601 … 470–1
s 23 … 398 s 1602 … 471
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act s 1605 … 471–2
s 41 … 233 Alien Tort Claims Act 1789 … 291
s 1350 … 288
Bill of Rights … 55
Civil Rights Act 1957 … 248
Declaration of Independence 1776 … 55
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Table of Treaties and Instruments

A
African Charter on Human and People’s Rights 1981 (Banjul Charter) ........... 4, 10, 31, 47, 177, 524
Art 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 291
Art 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Art 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 291
Art 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Art 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 408
Art 8-Art 13 .................................................................................................................................. 11
Art 14 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 291
Art 15 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 16 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 291
Art 17 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 18 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 18(1) .................................................................................................................................... 291
Art 19-Art 20 ................................................................................................................................ 47
Art 21 ..................................................................................................................... 47, 291, 469–70
Art 22 ........................................................................................................................................ 47–8
Art 23 ..................................................................................................................................... 11, 48
Art 24 .......................................................................................................................................... 291
Art 27-Art 29 ................................................................................................................................ 48
Art 30 .......................................................................................................................................... 217
Art 45 ................................................................................................................................... 217–18
Art 45(1)(a) ........................................................................................................................... 204–5
Art 46 .......................................................................................................................................... 205
Art 60-Art 61 .............................................................................................................................. 290
Preamble ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Protocol on establishing an African Court of Human Rights 1998 ................................. 9, 339, 524
Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa 2000 ........................................................................ 562
Art 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 563
Art 5 ........................................................................................................................................ 563
Art 6 ................................................................................................................................... 558–9
Art 7 ........................................................................................................................................ 560
Art 10 ................................................................................................................................. 563–4
Art 13 ...................................................................................................................................... 564
Art 14 ...................................................................................................................................... 561
Art 14(c) ............................................................................................................................ 561–2
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 1990 ....................... 282, 358, 364, 366, 374
Art 2 ................................................................................................................................... 355, 360
Art 4 ................................................................................................................................... 356, 374
xxiv | TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Art 4(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 374

Art 15 .......................................................................................................................................... 370
Art 19 .......................................................................................................................................... 365
Art 20 .......................................................................................................................................... 360
Art 21 ................................................................................................................................. 356, 364
Art 21(2) .................................................................................................................................... 369
Art 22 .......................................................................................................................................... 364
Art 25-Art 26 .............................................................................................................................. 365
Art 27 ................................................................................................................................. 365, 369
Art 31 ................................................................................................................................. 359, 374
Art 37 ..................................................................................................................................... 365–6
Preamble ................................................................................................................................ 345–6
American Convention on Human Rights 1969 ................................... 10, 30, 52, 180, 200, 389, 390
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 524
Art 1(1) .............................................................................................................................. 391, 392
Art 3 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 49, 374
Art 4 ................................................................................................ 10, 49–50, 360, 374, 391, 392
Art 4(1) ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Art 4(2) .................................................................................................................................. 423–4
Art 4(3)–(6) ............................................................................................................................... 424
Art 5 ....................................................................................................................... 10, 49, 391, 392
Art 5(1)–(2) ............................................................................................................................... 392
Art 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 10, 49
Art 7 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 49, 391
Art 7(7) ....................................................................................................................................... 413
Art 8 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 49, 408
Art 9 ....................................................................................................................................... 10, 49
Art 10 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Art 11-Art 13 ......................................................................................................................... 11, 49
Art 14 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Art 15-Art 17 ......................................................................................................................... 11, 49
Art 18 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Art 19 ................................................................................................................................... 49, 351
Art 20 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
Art 21-Art 23 ......................................................................................................................... 11, 49
Art 24 ............................................................................................................................. 10, 49, 524
Art 25 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 49
Art 27 ............................................................................................................................................ 80
Art 35 .......................................................................................................................................... 178
Art 41 .......................................................................................................................................... 178
Art 42 .......................................................................................................................................... 179
Art 44 .......................................................................................................................................... 214
Art 45 .......................................................................................................................................... 215
Art 57 .......................................................................................................................................... 215
Art 61-Art 62 .............................................................................................................................. 215
Art 63 ........................................................................................................................... 203, 215–16
Art 63(1) .................................................................................................................................... 222
 TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS | xxv

Art 64 .......................................................................................................................................... 216

Art 67-Art 68 .............................................................................................................................. 217
Protocol in the area of economic, social and cultural rights 1988 (San Salvador Protocol) ............. 4
Protocol to abolish the death penalty 1990 ................................................................................. 426
Art 1-Art 2 ............................................................................................................................... 426
American Convention on Territorial Asylum 1954 (the Caracas Convention) ................................. 494
Art I-Art VII ................................................................................................................................. 494
Art VIII-Art XI .............................................................................................................................. 495
American Convention on the Forced Disappearances of Persons 1994
Art I-Art III .................................................................................................................................. 389
Art VII-Art VIII ............................................................................................................................. 389
Art X-Art XI ................................................................................................................................. 389
American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of
Violence Against Women 1994
Art 1-Art 3 .................................................................................................................................. 550
Art 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 550–1
Art 5-Art 6 .................................................................................................................................. 551
Art 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 551–2
Art 8-Art 9 .................................................................................................................................. 552
Arab Charter on Human Rights 2004 ...................................................................................... 31, 137
Art 6-Art 7 .................................................................................................................................. 424
ASEAN Charter 2007
Art 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 137–8
Art 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 138–9
Art 14 .......................................................................................................................................... 139
ASEAN Declaration on Human Rights 2012 .................................................................................... 219

B
Banjul Charter see African Charter on Human and People’s Rights 1981

C
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 2000 ......................................................... 132
Art 21 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 21(1) ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Charter of Paris for a New Europe 1990 .................................................................................... 127–8
Charter of the Organization of American States 1948 ..................................................................... 388
Art 106 ........................................................................................................................................ 178
Art 145 ........................................................................................................................................ 178
Chicago Convention ........................................................................................................................ 388
Art 3(c) ....................................................................................................................................... 387
Art 54 .......................................................................................................................................... 388
Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms ................................................................................................... 136–7
Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment 1984 .......................................................... 9, 30, 97, 184, 192, 199, 314, 334
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 236
Art 2(2) ................................................................................................................................ 83, 315
xxvi | TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Art 2(3) ......................................................................................................................................... 83

Art 3 ....................................................................................................................... 52, 53, 489, 491
Art 3(1) ....................................................................................................................................... 491
Art 3(2) .............................................................................................................................. 490, 491
Art 14 .......................................................................................................................................... 220
Art 15 ............................................................................................................................................ 52
Art 20-Art 21 .............................................................................................................................. 196
Art 22 .......................................................................................................................................... 199
Optional Protocol ........................................................................................................................ 401
Art 1-Art 3 ............................................................................................................................... 208
Art 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 209
Art 11-Art 12 .......................................................................................................................... 209
Art 14-Art 16 .......................................................................................................................... 210
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2000
Protocol against the smuggling of migrants by land, sea and air 2000 ....................................... 542
Art 3(a) ................................................................................................................................... 542
Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons especially
women and children 2000 .................................................................................................. 539
Art 3-Art 4 ............................................................................................................................... 540
Art 6 ........................................................................................................................................ 541
Art 7-Art 8 ............................................................................................................................... 542
Art 9 ................................................................................................................................... 540–1
Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced
Disappearances 2006 ......................................................... 9, 64, 97, 184, 192, 199, 334, 401
Art 1-Art 2 .................................................................................................................................. 383
Art 4-Art 5 .................................................................................................................................. 383
Art 12 .......................................................................................................................................... 384
Art 17 ..................................................................................................................................... 384–5
Art 21 .......................................................................................................................................... 385
Art 23 .......................................................................................................................................... 385
Art 31 .......................................................................................................................................... 199
Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the
Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others 1949
Art 1-Art 4 .................................................................................................................................. 539
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of the Refugee Problems in Africa 1969 ...................... 496
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 496
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 497
Art 10(2) ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Convention on Action against Trafficking 2005
Art 6-Art 7 .................................................................................................................................. 542
Convention on Consent to Marry, Minimum Age for Marriage and
Registration for Marriages 1962 .......................................................................................... 558
Art 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 559–60
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 559
Art 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 558
Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women
and Domestic Violence 2011 ............................................................................................... 553
 TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS | xxvii

Art 13-Art 14 .............................................................................................................................. 553

Art 15-Art 16 .............................................................................................................................. 554
Art 34 .......................................................................................................................................... 554
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women 1979 .............................................................. 9, 17, 30, 50, 64, 71–2, 75, 97,
184, 192, 199, 240, 314, 315, 319,
334, 351, 523, 539, 543, 549
Art 1 ..................................................................................................................... 72, 522, 523, 543
Art 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 72, 544
Art 2(a)-(b) ....................................................................................................................... 548, 549
Art 2(e) .............................................................................................................. 523, 543, 548, 549
Art 2(f) ...................................................................................................................... 523, 543, 544
Art 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 72, 544
Art 4 ................................................................................................................................. 72–3, 531
Art 5 ............................................................................................................. 73, 543, 544, 545, 548
Art 5(a) .............................................................................................................................. 548, 549
Art 6 ................................................................................................................................... 539, 544
Art 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 535
Art 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 535
Art 9(2) .................................................................................................................................. 75, 76
Art 10 ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Art 10(c) ..................................................................................................................................... 544
Art 11 ..................................................................................................................................... 544–5
Art 12 ................................................................................................................................... 42, 545
Art 14 .......................................................................................................................................... 545
Art 15(4) ............................................................................................................................... 75, 76
Art 16 ................................................................................................................. 545, 548, 549, 557
Art 16(1)(c)-(d) .................................................................................................................... 75, 76
Art 16(1)(g) .......................................................................................................................... 75, 76
Art 29 .......................................................................................................................................... 198
Art 30 .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Declaration (Reservation) by China ............................................................................................... 76
Declaration (Reservation) by Jordan ............................................................................................. 76
Declaration (Reservation) by Saudi Arabia ..................................................................................... 50
Optional Protocol 1999 ..................................................................................................... 199, 523
Art 7(3) ................................................................................................................................... 549
Art 8 ............................................................................................................................... 204, 524
Art 9-Art 10 ............................................................................................................................ 204
Art 17 ........................................................................................................................................ 71
Preamble ............................................................................................................................ 37–8, 50
Reservation by Egypt ..................................................................................................................... 73
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination 1965 .......................................................... 9, 17, 64, 97, 110, 184, 192, 196,
199, 237, 314, 315, 334
Art 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 219
Art 9(1) ....................................................................................................................................... 267
Art 11 .......................................................................................................................................... 197
xxviii | TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Art 12 ..................................................................................................................................... 197–8

Art 13 ................................................................................................................................. 195, 198
Art 14 .......................................................................................................................................... 199
Art 18 ............................................................................................................................................ 75
Art 21 ............................................................................................................................................ 88
Preamble ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Convention on the Political Rights of Women 1952
Art I-Art II ................................................................................................................................... 534
Art III .......................................................................................................................................... 535
Art IV .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Genocide Convention) 1948 ....................................................................................... 70, 199
Reservations ................................................................................................................... 65–6, 68–9
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers
and Members of their Families 1990 ................................... 64, 184, 192, 199, 314, 315, 334
Art 74 .......................................................................................................................................... 196
Art 77 ............................................................................................................................. 199, 200–1
Preamble ................................................................................................................................... 38–9
Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1961 ....................................................................... 513
Art 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 513–14
Art 2-Art 3 .................................................................................................................................. 514
Art 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 514–15
Art 5-Art 6 .................................................................................................................................. 515
Art 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 515–16
Art 8-Art 10 ................................................................................................................................ 516
Art 11 ................................................................................................................................... 516–17
Art 12 .......................................................................................................................................... 517
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ................................ 9, 64, 184, 192, 199, 266,
314, 334, 353, 366
Art 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 191
Art 9 ............................................................................................................................................ 192
Art 35 ..................................................................................................................................... 190–1
Art 36 .......................................................................................................................................... 191
Optional Protocol ............................................................................................................... 199, 366
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 ........................... 4, 9, 14–15, 17, 21, 37, 62–4, 74, 97,
184, 192, 199, 200, 201, 251, 282, 314, 316, 334,
343, 351, 353–4, 355, 356, 373, 420, 485
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 354
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................. 10, 354, 355
Art 3 ............................................................................................................................. 18, 355, 356
Art 3(1) ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Art 4 ........................................................................................................................... 250, 251, 356
Art 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 21, 358
Art 6 ............................................................................................................................. 10, 355, 360
Art 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 11, 360
Art 8 ............................................................................................................................... 360–1, 509
Art 9 ............................................................................................................................. 11, 361, 492
 TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS | xxix

Art 10 ............................................................................................................................... 11, 361–2

Art 11 .......................................................................................................................................... 363
Art 12 ........................................................................................................... 11, 252, 355, 357, 358
Art 13-Art 14 ............................................................................................................... 11, 357, 358
Art 15 ............................................................................................................................... 11, 357–8
Art 16 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 17 .......................................................................................................................................... 358
Art 18 ................................................................................................................................... 15, 362
Art 19 ............................................................................................................................. 18, 54, 214
Art 19(1) ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Art 20 ................................................................................................................................... 41, 362
Art 21 ..................................................................................................................................... 362–3
Art 22 ........................................................................................................................... 11, 366, 485
Art 23 ..................................................................................................................................... 366–7
Art 24 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 361
Art 26-Art 27 ................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 28 ............................................................................................................................... 11, 293–4
Art 29 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 295
Art 30 ........................................................................................................................... 11, 367, 433
Art 31 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 32 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 372
Art 33 ............................................................................................................................. 367–8, 373
Art 34-Art 35 .............................................................................................................................. 373
Art 36 .......................................................................................................................................... 373
Art 37 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 18, 54
Art 37(a) ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Art 38 .......................................................................................................................................... 367
Art 38(3) .................................................................................................................................... 355
Art 39 .......................................................................................................................................... 369
Art 40 ........................................................................................................... 10, 15, 368–9, 418–19
Art 42 ................................................................................................................................. 251, 260
Art 44(6) ........................................................................................................................... 251, 362
Art 170 ........................................................................................................................................ 358
Preamble .......................................................................................................................... 38, 344–5
Protocol 1 ................................................................................................................... 8, 9, 354, 370
Protocol 2 ............................................................................................................................... 8, 354
Protocol 3 ........................................................................................................................... 199, 354
Art 10(4) ................................................................................................................................. 201
Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1973 ........................... 87
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 ...................... 366, 477, 479, 483, 490, 492, 495
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................... 477–8, 483
Art 1C .......................................................................................................................................... 488
Art 12 .......................................................................................................................................... 499
Art 13-Art 14 .............................................................................................................................. 500
Art 15-Art 16 .............................................................................................................................. 487
Art 17-Art 18 .............................................................................................................................. 500
Art 19-Art 23 .............................................................................................................................. 501
xxx | TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Art 24 ..................................................................................................................................... 501–2

Art 26-Art 27 .............................................................................................................................. 502
Art 28 .......................................................................................................................................... 502
Art 28(2) .................................................................................................................................... 502
Art 29 .......................................................................................................................................... 487
Art 32 .......................................................................................................................................... 489
Art 33 ................................................................................................................................... 52, 489
Art 34 .......................................................................................................................................... 489
Preamble ..................................................................................................................................... 505
Protocol 1967 ............................................................................................................ 477, 479, 495
Art 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 479
Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons 1954
Art 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 509–10
Art 2-Art 6 .................................................................................................................................. 510
Art 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 510–11
Art 8-Art 11 ................................................................................................................................ 511
Art 12 .......................................................................................................................................... 512
Art 26-Art 28 .............................................................................................................................. 512
Art 31-Art 32 .............................................................................................................................. 513

E
EC Treaty 1957 (Treaty of Rome)
Art 141 ........................................................................................................................................ 524
Art 234 ............................................................................................................................... 528, 532
European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages 1992 ........................................ 36, 358, 444
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment 1987 .................................................................................. 210, 387
Art 1-Art 3 .................................................................................................................................. 213
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms 1950 ................................................. 8, 10, 30, 43, 51, 89, 116, 177,
200, 213, 231, 232,
233, 339, 386, 387
Art 1 ....................................................................................................................... 51, 54, 386, 405
Art 2 ...................................................................................................... 10, 43, 55–6, 81, 393, 561
Art 2(2) ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Art 3 ....................................................... 10, 21, 43, 52, 53, 54, 81, 214, 224, 386, 387, 394, 405
Art 4 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 43, 279
Art 4(3) ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Art 5 ................................................................... 10, 43, 80, 81, 86, 380, 386, 393, 394, 397, 398
Art 5(1) .................................................................................................................................. 51, 82
Art 5(1)(f) .................................................................................................................................... 82
Art 5(3) ...................................................................................................................... 45, 46, 86, 87
Art 5(6) ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Art 6 ...................................................................................... 10, 43, 224, 233, 234, 401, 404, 421
Art 6(1) ............................................................................... 45, 321, 405, 406, 408, 421, 422, 423
Art 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 10, 43
Art 8 ....................................................................................................................................... 11, 43
 TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS | xxxi

Art 8(2) ................................................................................................................................ 45, 561

Art 9 ....................................................................................................................................... 11, 43
Art 10 ......................................................................................................................... 11, 43, 44, 45
Art 10(2) ......................................................................................................................... 44, 45, 46
Art 11 ............................................................................................................................. 11, 43, 284
Art 11(1) .................................................................................................................................... 321
Art 12 ..................................................................................................................................... 11, 43
Art 13 ................................................................................................................................... 10, 321
Art 14 ................................................................................................................... 10, 321, 322, 524
Art 14(1) .................................................................................................................................... 322
Art 15 ..................................................................................................................................... 80, 82
Art 15(1) ............................................................................................................................... 45, 82
Art 15(2) ...................................................................................................................................... 81
Art 19 ........................................................................................................................... 45, 211, 405
Art 22 .......................................................................................................................................... 321
Art 26 ............................................................................................................................................ 44
Art 27 .......................................................................................................................................... 338
Art 32-Art 34 .............................................................................................................................. 212
Art 35(3) ............................................................................................................................... 337–8
Art 36(3) .................................................................................................................................... 338
Art 41 ................................................................................................................. 203, 213, 224, 225
Art 46 ................................................................................................................................. 119, 338
Art 47 ........................................................................................................................... 120, 212–13
Art 59 .......................................................................................................................................... 132
Art 66 .......................................................................................................................................... 405
Preamble ..................................................................................................................................... 116
Protocol 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Art 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 45
Protocol 6 .................................................................................................................................... 426
Art 1-Art 4 ............................................................................................................................... 427
Protocol 11 ........................................................................................................................ 312, 337
Protocol 14 ........................................................................................................................ 337, 339
Art 12 ...................................................................................................................................... 338
Art 17 ...................................................................................................................................... 132
European Convention on Extradition 1957
Art 11 ............................................................................................................................................ 52
European Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions Concerning
Custody of Children and on the Restoration of Custody of
Children 1980 ..................................................................................................................... 364
European Convention on the Exercise of Children’s Rights 1996 .................................................... 373
Art 12 ..................................................................................................................................... 252–3
European Social Charter .................................................................................................................... 43
Art 17 ................................................................................................................................... 19, 214
Art 25 ..................................................................................................................................... 121–2
Art 26-Art 29 .............................................................................................................................. 122
Protocol providing for a System on Collective Complaints 1998
Art 1 ................................................................................................................................... 122–3
xxxii | TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Art 2-Art 3 ............................................................................................................................... 123

Art 10 ...................................................................................................................................... 123

F
Final Act of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 1979
(Helsinki Declaration; Helsinki Accords)
Ch VII .......................................................................................................................................... 124
Ch VIII .................................................................................................................................... 124–5
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1995 .......................... 36, 358, 444

G
Geneva Conventions on the Laws of War 1949 .......................................................... 4, 293, 366, 506
Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in
Time of War 1949 (Fourth Geneva Convention)
Art 35 ................................................................................................................................. 502–3
Art 36-Art 39 .......................................................................................................................... 503
Art 40 ................................................................................................................................. 503–4
Art 42-Art 44 .......................................................................................................................... 504
Art 45 ................................................................................................................................. 504–5
Art 46 ...................................................................................................................................... 505
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 1949
(Third Geneva Convention) ................................................................................................... 87
Geneva Declaration on the Rights of the Child 1924 ............................................................. 342, 343

H
Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of
Intercountry Adoption 1993 ................................................................................................ 363
Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 1980
Art 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 363–4
Art 2-Art 4 .................................................................................................................................. 364
Hague Recommendations Regarding the Education Rights of National Minorities .................. 36, 358

I
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 ............................ 9, 21, 30, 52, 55, 62, 63,
70–1, 88, 89, 90, 97, 102, 183, 192, 199,
235, 314, 334, 366, 379, 389, 413, 441, 527
Art 1 .................................................................................................. 206, 436, 437, 438, 439, 451
Art 2 ....................................................................... 10, 85, 91, 234, 236, 319, 320, 436, 524, 526
Art 2(1) ............................................................................................... 75, 206, 207, 235, 434, 527
Art 2(3) ....................................................................................................................................... 221
Art 2(3)(a) .................................................................................................................................. 482
Art 3 ............................................................... 10, 75, 85, 319, 320, 434, 436, 524, 525, 526, 527
Art 4 ............................................................................................................... 78–9, 83, 84, 85, 526
Art 4(1) ...................................................................................................................... 79, 83, 84, 85
Art 4(2) .................................................................................................................................. 84, 85
Art 5(1) ......................................................................................................................................... 83
Art 5(2) ......................................................................................................................................... 85
 TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS | xxxiii

Art 6 ............................................................................................................................... 10, 84, 437

Art 6(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 423
Art 6(4)–(6) ............................................................................................................................... 423
Art 7 ........................................................................................................ 10, 21, 84, 221, 437, 480
Art 8 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Art 8(1) ......................................................................................................................................... 84
Art 8(2) .................................................................................................................................. 84, 85
Art 8(3) ....................................................................................................................................... 279
Art 9 ....................................................................................................................... 10, 76, 481, 482
Art 9(1) ............................................................................................. 221, 396, 481, 482, 486, 487
Art 9(2) ....................................................................................................................................... 396
Art 9(3) .............................................................................................................................. 221, 396
Art 9(4) .............................................................................................................. 481, 482, 486, 487
Art 9(5) ....................................................................................................................................... 220
Art 10 ................................................................................................................................... 10, 380
Art 11 ............................................................................................................................. 10, 84, 413
Art 12 ............................................................................................................. 11, 84, 320, 435, 477
Art 12(1) ........................................................................................................................... 320, 435
Art 12(3) ........................................................................................................................... 435, 493
Art 13 .......................................................................................................................................... 492
Art 14 ............................................................................................................. 10, 68, 402, 525, 527
Art 14(1) ............................................................................ 85, 407, 408, 409, 410, 437, 525, 526
Art 14(3) .................................................................................................................................... 409
Art 14(3)(a) ....................................................................................................................... 412, 413
Art 14(3)(b) .............................................................................................................. 403, 412, 413
Art 14(3)(d) ...................................................................................................... 221, 407, 412, 413
Art 14(3)(e) ....................................................................................................................... 412, 413
Art 14(3)(f) ................................................................................................................................ 207
Art 14(3)(g) ............................................................................................................................... 221
Art 14(6) .................................................................................................................................... 220
Art 15 ....................................................................................................................... 84, 402–3, 440
Art 16 ............................................................................................................................................ 84
Art 17 .................................................................................. 11, 320, 435, 436, 437, 481, 482, 526
Art 17(1) ........................................................................................................................... 482, 526
Art 18 ............................................................................................................................. 11, 84, 443
Art 18(3) ............................................................................................................................. 84, 443
Art 19 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 207
Art 19(2) .................................................................................................................................... 221
Art 21 ..................................................................................................................................... 11, 84
Art 22 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 284
Art 22(1) ........................................................................................................................... 221, 321
Art 23 .................................................................................................... 11, 75, 319, 435, 436, 526
Art 23(1) .................................................................................................. 320, 434, 437, 481, 482
Art 23(2) .................................................................................................................................... 319
Art 23(4) ............................................................................................................................. 85, 434
Art 24 ........................................................................................................... 11, 320, 351, 436, 482
Art 24(1) ............................................................................................................................. 85, 482
xxxiv | TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Art 25 ............................................................................................................................. 11, 85, 526

Art 25(b) ...................................................................................................................................... 75
Art 26 .................................................................. 10, 85, 206, 207, 319, 320, 322, 379, 434, 436,
437, 442, 443, 444, 524, 525, 526, 527
Art 27 ....................................................................... 11, 76, 77, 78, 206, 207, 319, 320, 433, 434,
435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 474
Art 28 ..................................................................................................................................... 184–5
Art 29 ................................................................................................................................. 174, 185
Art 30-Art 31 .............................................................................................................................. 185
Art 32 ................................................................................................................................. 175, 185
Art 33 ............................................................................................................................. 175, 185–6
Art 34-Art 35 ..................................................................................................................... 175, 186
Art 36 .......................................................................................................................................... 186
Art 37-Art 39 ..................................................................................................................... 176, 186
Art 40 ................................................................................................................................... 91, 206
Art 41 ................................................................................................................................... 67, 196
Art 41(2) ...................................................................................................................................... 89
Art 42-Art 43 .............................................................................................................................. 196
Art 43 .......................................................................................................................................... 194
Declaration (Reservation) by France ............................................................................................. 77
First Optional Protocol 1966 ............................ 70, 89, 90, 91, 199, 206, 235, 413, 437, 440, 441
Art 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 202
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................... 202, 480
Art 3 ............................................................................................................................... 202, 322
Art 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 202
Art 4(2) ................................................................................................................................... 525
Art 5 ............................................................................................................................... 202, 444
Art 5(1) ................................................................................................................................... 486
Art 5(2)(a) ..................................................................................................................... 321, 322
Art 5(4) ................................................................................................. 221, 436, 440, 442, 526
Art 6 ................................................................................................................................. 90, 202
Art 10 ...................................................................................................................................... 202
Art 12 ............................................................................................................................... 89, 203
Reservation by Guyana .......................................................................................................... 90–1
Preamble ..................................................................................................................................... 228
Second Optional Protocol 1990 ............................................................................................. 70, 84
Art 1 ................................................................................................................................... 426–7
Art 2(1) ............................................................................................................................ 70, 427
Art 2(3) ..................................................................................................................................... 71
Art 6 .......................................................................................................................................... 84
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights 1966 ................................................................................. 7, 9, 30, 55, 62, 63, 97, 183,
192, 199, 201, 314, 334, 413
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 451
Art 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 10, 236
Art 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Art 6 .............................................................................................................................................. 11
 TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS | xxxv

Art 7-Art 10 ........................................................................................................................... 10, 11

Art 11-Art 15 ................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 17 .......................................................................................................................................... 182
Art 27 .......................................................................................................................................... 6–7
Optional Protocol ........................................................................................................................ 199
Preamble ..................................................................................................................................... 228
International Labour Organization (ILO) Constitution 1919
Art 2-Art 3 .................................................................................................................................. 115
Art 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 115–16
Art 12 .......................................................................................................................................... 278
Art 22 .......................................................................................................................................... 114
Art 24 .......................................................................................................................................... 114
Art 26 ................................................................................................................................... 114–15
Preamble ..................................................................................................................................... 113
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 3 on Maternity Protection 1919
Art 3-Art 4 .................................................................................................................................. 520
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 5 on
Minimum Age (Industry) 1919 ........................................................................................... 370
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 6 on Night Work of
Young Persons (Industry) 1919 ........................................................................................... 370
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 29 on Forced Labour 1930 ............... 9, 279
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 279
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 280
Art 11 .......................................................................................................................................... 280
Art 12-Art 14 .............................................................................................................................. 281
Art 25 .......................................................................................................................................... 281
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 35 on Forced Labour 1930 .................... 430
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 50 on the Recruiting
of Indigenous Workers 1936 ............................................................................................... 430
Art 2(b) ....................................................................................................................................... 430
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 64 on Contracts
of Employment (Indigenous Workers) 1939 ....................................................................... 430
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 65 on Penal Sanctions
(Indigenous Workers) 1939 ................................................................................................ 430
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 87 on
Freedom of Association 1948 ......................................................................................... 9, 284
Art 2-Art 5 .................................................................................................................................. 284
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 98 on the Right
to Organize and Collective Bargaining 1949 .................................................................. 9, 284
Art 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 284–5
Art 2-Art 6 .................................................................................................................................. 285
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 100
on Equal Remuneration 1951 ......................................................................................... 9, 286
Art 1-Art 2 .................................................................................................................................. 287
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 103
on Maternity Protection (revised) 1952
Art 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 520–1
xxxvi | TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Art 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 521

International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 105
on the Abolition of Forced Labour 1957 ................................................................................. 9
Art 1-Art 2 .................................................................................................................................. 282
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 107 concerning the
Protection and Integration of Indigenous and other Tribal and Semi-tribal
Populations in Independent Countries 1957 ....................................................................... 433
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 449
Preamble ..................................................................................................................................... 431
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 111 on Discrimination
(Employment and Occupation) 1958 ............................................................................. 9, 286
Art 1-Art 4 .................................................................................................................................. 286
Art 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 287
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 138 on Minimum Age 1973 ..... 9, 282, 370
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................... 282, 370–1
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................... 282–3, 371
Art 3 ................................................................................................................................... 283, 371
Art 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 283
Art 7 ....................................................................................................................................... 283–4
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 169 concerning
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries 1989 .................................. 449, 450
Art 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 448–9
Art 13-Art 14 .............................................................................................................................. 460
Art 15 ..................................................................................................................................... 460–1
Art 16-Art 19 .............................................................................................................................. 461
Preamble ................................................................................................................................ 431–2
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No 182
on the Worst Forms of Child Labour 1999 ..................................................... 9, 282, 369, 370
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 371
Art 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 372
Art 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 372
Art 16 .............................................................................................................................................. 8

L
Lund Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life 1999 .. 36

M
Millennium Declaration 2000 ................................................................................................ 302, 304
Art 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 302–3
Montevideo Treaty on International Criminal Law 1889 ................................................................. 494

O
Oslo Recommendations on the Linguistic Rights of National Minorities 1998 ....................... 36, 358

S
Slavery Convention 1926
Art 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 14
 TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS | xxxvii

Statute of the Council of Europe 1949

Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 118
Art 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 118
Art 13-Art 15 .............................................................................................................................. 119
Art 17 .......................................................................................................................................... 119
Art 21 .......................................................................................................................................... 119
Statute of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1979
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 179
Art 18 .......................................................................................................................................... 179
Art 20 .......................................................................................................................................... 180
Statute of the International Court of Justice 1946
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 108
Art 14-Art 20 .............................................................................................................................. 410
Art 34(1) .................................................................................................................................... 109
Art 36 .......................................................................................................................................... 109
Art 36(2) .................................................................................................................................... 109
Art 38 ................................................................................................................................... 109–10
Art 38(1)(c) ................................................................................................................................ 405
Statute of the International Criminal Court 1998 (Rome Statute)
Art 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 111
Art 5 ............................................................................................................................... 112, 174–5
Art 6-Art 7 .................................................................................................................................. 175
Art 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 175
Art 8(2)(e)(vii) ........................................................................................................................... 369
Art 11 .......................................................................................................................................... 175
Art 13 .......................................................................................................................................... 175
Art 19(2)(b) ............................................................................................................................... 113
Art 20(1) .................................................................................................................................... 403
Art 21 .......................................................................................................................................... 112
Art 22(1) .................................................................................................................................... 403
Art 23 .......................................................................................................................................... 403
Art 24 ................................................................................................................................. 394, 403
Art 25-Art 33 .............................................................................................................................. 175
Art 40 ................................................................................................................................. 403, 408
Art 41 ..................................................................................................................................... 408–9
Art 42 ................................................................................................................................. 403, 409
Art 55 ..................................................................................................................................... 403–4
Art 63(1) .................................................................................................................................... 404
Art 66 .......................................................................................................................................... 404
Art 77 .......................................................................................................................................... 113
Art 112 ........................................................................................................................................ 111
Art 115 ........................................................................................................................................ 111
Statute of the Office of United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees 1950
s.6 507–8
s.7 508
s.8 508–9
xxxviii | TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS

Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone 2000

Art 1-Art 3 .................................................................................................................................. 172
Art 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 172–3
Art 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 173
Art 12-Art 14 .............................................................................................................................. 171

T
Treaty of Lausanne 1927
Art 37-Art 40 ................................................................................................................................ 34
Art 41 ........................................................................................................................................ 34–5
Art 42-Art 44 ................................................................................................................................ 35
Art 45 ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Treaty of Versailles 1919 .................................................................................................................. 370
Treaty on African Union .................................................................................................................. 177

U
United Nations Charter 1945 .............................................................. 94, 98, 99, 228, 261, 521, 522
Art 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 94
Art 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 450
Art 2(7) ......................................................................................................................................... 95
Art 7 .............................................................................................................................................. 95
Art 9-Art 10 .................................................................................................................................. 96
Art 13 ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Art 18 ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Art 20 ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Art 61-Art 62 ................................................................................................................................ 98
Art 64 ............................................................................................................................................ 98
Art 73-Art 85 ................................................................................................................................ 95
Art 92 .......................................................................................................................................... 108
Art 93 ................................................................................................................................. 108, 109
Preamble ........................................................................................................................ 14, 94, 522
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Constitution
Art 1.1 ......................................................................................................................................... 158
Art 1.3 ......................................................................................................................................... 159
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 ............................. 55, 97, 116, 259–60, 286, 405, 413
Art 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 29
Art 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 10, 33
Art 3-Art 5 .................................................................................................................................... 10
Art 12 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 13 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 477
Art 14 ........................................................................................................................... 11, 462, 477
Art 15 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 509
Art 16-Art 18 ................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 19 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 158
Art 20-Art 22 ................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 23 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 23(4) .................................................................................................................................... 284
 TABLE OF TREATIES AND INSTRUMENTS | xxxix

Art 24 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 25 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 25(2) .................................................................................................................................... 349
Art 26 ........................................................................................................................... 11, 158, 293
Art 26(2) .................................................................................................................................... 294
Art 27 ................................................................................................................................... 11, 158
Art 28 ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Art 29 .......................................................................................................................................... 281
Art 29(1) .................................................................................................................................... 292
Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 2001
Art 1-Art 4 .................................................................................................................................... 41
Preamble ....................................................................................................................................... 40

V
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 ........................................................ 3, 64, 70, 75, 88
Art 2(1)(a) ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Art 2(1)(d) ................................................................................................................................... 64
Art 6 ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Art 7 ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Art 11-Art 12 .................................................................................................................................. 4
Art 14 .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Art 15 .......................................................................................................................................... 4, 5
Art 19 ........................................................................................................................................ 64–5
Art 21 ............................................................................................................................................ 66
Art 24 .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Art 26 .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Art 27 .......................................................................................................................................... 6, 7
Art 29 .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Art 31 .......................................................................................................................................... 233
Art 31(1) .................................................................................................................................... 405
Art 31(2) ........................................................................................................................... 396, 405
Art 31(3)(c) ................................................................................................................................ 405
Art 32 ................................................................................................................................. 233, 406
Art 33 ..................................................................................................................................... 8, 233
Art 43 ............................................................................................................................................ 87
Art 53 ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Art 54 ............................................................................................................................................ 88
Art 56 .......................................................................................................................................... 88
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Chapter 1

Sources of International Human Rights

Chapter Contents

1.1 Treaties 3
1.2 Customary International Law 12
1.3 Other International and Regional Instruments 16
1.4 A Practical Guide to Sources 22
2 | SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS

This chapter introduces the subject matter of the book. It also provides useful information on
how to research human rights, using the wealth of materials available online (and free). Human
rights is something of relevance to everyone (and for ever): thus it is important that your personal
knowledge can readily be updated without the need to reference textbooks. This chapter will
thus cover:

● What are human rights?

● Where are human rights found (i.e. sources)?
● Key principles informing international human rights.
● Practical guide to sources of human rights.
● How to research human rights (particularly primary sources).

To many, human rights have their origins in the mists of time. Undoubtedly, human rights are
bound up in philosophical thought and religious tenets. The very idea of governance involves some
elements of delineation of rights and obligations on the part of the governors and the governed. A
degree of reciprocity underpins this: loyalty of the people in return for protection from external
harm. Such early history retains echoes today, and such a concept of the rule of law is entwined
with many elements of human rights.
Respect for the right to life finds expression in almost all religious texts and faiths. Religions
such as Buddhism demand a high level of respect for the life of all creatures (even to the extent of
advocating vegetarianism), while some religions permit the taking of life for food (e.g. Islam), and
prescribe clearly the methods for killing animals. Those beliefs in earlier times which evinced ritual
sacrifice included specific instructions to precede the taking of life. Similar examples from other
religious tenets can easily be found. Most faiths include a guide to the rules for the operation of
civil society; whether in the Koran, the Bible, the Torah or other texts, the similarities are clear.
Respect for elements of human dignity, family life and rules concerning combat have early origins.
Indeed many religious texts also contain rules on justice.
As for philosophy, some elements of human rights are bound up in the evolution of the rule
of law; other elements find early expression in the revolution of political theory in the eighteenth
century, primarily in Europe. However, earlier philosophical writings exhibit concepts now
identifiable as human rights: Confucius and Tao are two examples from Asia.
As Tomuschat notes, ‘international protection of human rights is a chapter of legal history
that has begun at a relatively late stage in the history of humankind’ (Tomuschat, C., Human Rights
between Idealism and Realism, 2003, Oxford: OUP, p 7). As a reflection of this, for the purposes of
these materials, the principal sources of human rights are taken in the modern context and
are drawn from the principal human rights instruments. Human rights are thus viewed herein
as creatures of international law, norms created according to international law and traditions.
It is thus appropriate to first outline the mechanisms for creating such norms under international
law. Legal force ascribes to international human rights through treaties and customary international
law. Today international legal instruments form the basis of human rights in the new world
order. This does not diminish the importance of developing an understanding of philosophical
and theoretical traditions. Rather, the approach of this text is practical, with the emphasis on
legal norms.
The following diagram illustrates the main sources of international human rights. Note that
they all overlap to a certain (not necessarily quantifiable) extent. For the purpose of this chapter,
international laws are addressed under treaties and States’ custom. Practice is considered under
customary international law and national tradition is omitted from detailed discussion, as obvi-
ously it varies from State to State. The most significant impact it has concerns national legal theory,
and whether a State adheres to, for example, a liberal or socialist theory of rights. National mecha-
nisms for realising the protection of human rights are discussed in Chapter 7.
 | 3

States
custom/practice

National Internationa
tradition laws

1.1 Treaties
Treaties are those binding instruments adopted by States which enshrine the fundamental
rights and freedoms to which the State ascribes, and to which its nationals are entitled.
These instruments take many forms, and a plethora have emerged on a number of diverse
topics over the last 50 years. Treaties are legally binding on the States which sign and ratify them.
The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is a key international agreement which governs
the creation, operation and legal effect of most treaties in effect today. It includes the major rules
and regulations concerning treaties and, although not all States have ratified it, many elements
represent common State practice, and thus it will be used as indicative of the law of treaties
throughout.

1.1.1 What are treaties?

VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 1969, Article 2(1)(a)

“treaty” means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and
governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more
related instruments and whatever its particular designation.

Treaties are formal sources of international law, and very common in international human rights
law. Simply put, treaties are contracts concluded under international law and thus they are legally
binding on States which have agreed to them. As indicated by the Vienna Convention, terminology
varies – treaties, conventions, covenants, protocols, charters and statutes are the most common
terms – but irrespective of what the instrument is called, certain common features can be identi-
fied. Primarily, most are written (although oral treaties can exist, no relevant examples pertain
to international human rights) and thus the content of the rights and freedoms can easily be
identified. Treaties can be bilateral (between two parties) or multilateral (between many States),
although international human rights treaties are usually multilateral instruments open to any State
to sign up to at any time. This is in accordance with the goal of achieving universal human rights.
4 | SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS

Treaties are commonly drafted by representatives of States, the ‘umbrella’ organisation (United
Nations; Council of Europe, etc.) and even representatives of non-governmental organisations and
thus the beneficiaries of the treaty are the peoples of the world/region. Often an international
conference will be convened to allow a wide number of States to debate the proposed terms of the
treaty and decide which clauses are and are not acceptable. Such conferences may launch or
conclude declared international decades or years, thereby providing greater impetus to the achieve-
ment of international consensus on the matter. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is a prime
example; it was adopted at the end of the International Decade on the Rights of the Child. The
International Decade on the World’s Indigenous Peoples, in contrast, did not succeed in producing
an agreed text on the rights of indigenous peoples (see Chapter 12), although one of the first acts
of the Human Rights Council in June 2006 partially ameliorated the position: a draft convention
was adopted, but subsequently rejected, by General Assembly.
Treaties may be given a formal name (or title) but are frequently referred to by the city in
which the text was agreed by the drafting States. Common examples are the Banjul Charter on
Human and Peoples’ Rights of the African Union; the San Salvador Protocol to the American
Convention on Human Rights, and the Geneva Conventions on the Laws of War. Note that several
treaties on different subjects may be concluded in the one city, thus designating treaties solely on
the basis of the city (even with the date) is not necessarily definitive. The full title of a treaty may
be required for identification purposes.

1.1.2 How do States agree to treaties?

All States possess the capacity to conclude treaties (Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Article 6). Membership of the United Nations is not necessarily required, but recognition by other
States as a State is. There is normally a two-part process to be followed by States wishing to be
bound by the terms of treaties: signature and ratification. States joining a treaty after it has entered
into force usually accede to it (whether a State accedes or ratifies can also depend on the nature of
the State and its approach to treaty law). These terms are explained in the Vienna Convention.

VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 1969

Article 11

The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of

instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any
other means if so agreed.

Article 12

1. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by the signature of its

representative when:
(a) the treaty provides that signature shall have that effect;
(b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed that signature
should have that effect; or
(c) the intention of the State to give that effect to the signature appears from the full
powers of its representative or was expressed during the negotiation.

2. For the purposes of paragraph 1:

(a) the initialing of a text constitutes a signature of the treaty when it is established that
the negotiating States so agreed;
(b) the signature ad referendum of a treaty by a representative, if confirmed by his State,
constitutes a full signature of the treaty.
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 Captain Holstrom accepted that advice promptly, though the
shore-line was at least a mile away.
He yelled shrilly, and splash! went the port anchor. When she had
swung wide he sent down the starboard mud-hook, and she headed
the rolling Pacific, riding easily to the heave of the giant sweepers.
A little thrill tingled in me as she came to a halt. We were on the
ground at last.
It was now up to me!
There were plenty of other men on that boat, but there was only
one man who could reach out and put his hand on that treasure,
and that was myself. The thought did not help to cheer my
despondency.
Captain Holstrom was immediately busy with a huge telescope
which he lifted from its rack and leveled across the sill of the wheel-
house window. Old Ike was excitedly counseling him, jabbing a digit
toward the shore.
“Follow down from that second nick in that hossback mount’in,”
the guide suggested. “Them is my bearings. You ought to see them
ribs fairly plain against the white where that surf is breaking
inshore.”
There was silence after that while the captain squinted through
the glass, twisting a section now and then to sharpen the focus. His
daughter was in the wheel-house at his side, her face tense. She
had never intimated to me, of course, what her ideas were in regard
to this treasure quest. She may have held the whole project in the
same contempt in which she seemed to hold Keedy, its chief
instigator, or old Ike, its prophet. But I stole a look at her, and
decided that she was interested now.
Well, anything with intellect above that of a steer would have had
to be interested at that moment.
 We were hoping that yonder under those rollers lay three or four
million dollars’ worth of gold—gold enough to buy everything that
man or woman could desire.
Even the blockheads of the checker-board crew, who could hope
for no more than their wages from the quest, were staring over the
rail from the main deck forward, their mouths open. Marcena Keedy
was eating a cigar instead of smoking it.
“Them ribs ought to be there, Captain,” insisted the old man,
wistfully. “The rest has been buried, but them ribs have stood all the
swash for years. They ought to be there.”
There was another long silence.
Then Captain Holstrom straightened up. “They’re there!” said he.
He beckoned to me. I was at the rail. “Come in here,” he directed.
“It’s your next peek—for yonder is laid out your job.”
I had good eyes and I spotted the objects right off. There were
three curved ribs of a ship outlined against the white of the breaking
rollers beyond. The telescope gave the view relief and perspective,
and I saw that the ribs were well outshore. Many yards of tossing
water, so I judged, were between them and land.
“Well, what do you think?” he inquired, when I passed the glass
back.
“I’ll tell you after I’ve been down, sir. A diver can’t afford to waste
guesswork on the top side of water.”
The girl shook her head when her father offered her the
telescope, and Keedy came in and took his look.
“Away in there, is it? Well, what are we waiting for out here?”
Captain Holstrom looked his partner up and down.
This sudden exhibition of a lack of a practical knowledge took his
breath away for a moment.
 “We’re waiting out here because we have got to stay here,
Marcena. This is as far as it’s safe to go.”
“We might as well sit on the Cliff House piazza and boss the job as
be out here,” grumbled the gambler.
“I don’t know what sort of an idea you had about getting this
treasure,” retorted the captain. “But if you had paid attention to Ike
when, he was telling about the lay of the land you ought to have
realized that we wasn’t going to tie up to that wreck and have
Sidney hook bags of gold on to a fish-line for you to pull up.”
“I’m down here to have a general oversight in this business,” said
Keedy, “and I propose to be near enough to the job to oversee it.”
Captain Holstrom looked a bit disgusted. “We might rig a bos’n’s
chair for you on one of them ribs, and cut a hole in the water for you
to look down through. But see here, Marcena, don’t get foolish
about this thing. All you’ve been thinking about, so I judge, is of
them boxes of gold, and you haven’t stopped to figure on the way of
getting ’em. I have figured. I’ve talked a lot with old Ike when you
wasn’t listening, but was dreaming about them ingots. Now you
listen to me. Let’s start in without a row and a general
misunderstanding.” He began to dot off his points with a stubby
forefinger.
“We can’t anchor the Zizania any nearer. There isn’t holding-
ground on that sand, and we’ve got to have plenty of water under
this steamer in case of a blow. See those lighters forward? I bought
’em after I got a general understanding of the lay of the land here
from Ike.”
“You bought a lot of things without consulting me,” said Keedy,
showing his grouch. “What am I in this thing—a passenger or a
partner? Seeing that my money is in it, I propose to have my brains
in, too.”
 The man acted and talked in a way to indicate that he was
starting out hunting for trouble. It began to look to me as if there
were worse shoals ahead for our partnership than the shoals of San
Apusa Bar. Mr. Jones had given me that as the name of the place
where the wreck lay.
Capt. Rask Holstrom did not have the steadiest temper in the
world. His eyes narrowed.
“Every man for his own line, Keedy. I’m not presuming to tell you
how to deal from the box, nor how to size the buried card in stud
poker. Nor I don’t need any advice from you when it comes to
handling a job of work in tidewater. I’ve waited till I got here to tell
you my plans. When I can talk and you can see the layout at the
same time, I’ll not be wasting so much breath; even those faro-
game brains of yours can take in what I’m getting at. Now, hold
right on! This is going to be a square deal, and you can sit close to
the jack-pot. Those four lighters are going overboard, and we’ll moor
them in a chain between here and the shore. We can splice the
cables so as to allow a hundred fathoms between each one. That will
make each lighter a sort of a bridle anchor for the others, and we
ought to get the inshore lighter mighty nigh the wreck. You can stay
on that lighter and have your meals brought if you hanker to.”
He snapped out that last remark while he was backing down the
ladder from the bridge to the main deck. The sneer that went with it
did not improve the state of Keedy’s feelings.
“I’ll show this aggregation whether I can boss a job or not,” he
growled.
I decided right then that if Keedy tried to boss me from that
inshore lighter the partnership of Holstrom, Keedy & Sidney would
get a fracture in the second joint much wider than the one which
was already widening there. I looked after him when he strolled
away, and I reckon if he had turned around and given me one of
those nasty looks of his just then I would have run after him and
hoisted him a good one under the coat-tail—gladly taking the
consequences. I had never hated Anson C. Doughty any worse.
Keedy had grafted himself on to the project with stolen money—and
now he was insulting the rest of us by placing us in the rogue class
with himself and in need of watching.
I suppose I looked very blue and ugly and disgusted as I stood
there at the rail, scowling first at Keedy and then at the streaming
white of the surf which played beyond the ribs of the wreck.
The girl spoke to me. She leaned from the window of the wheel-
house, and there was a note in her voice I had never heard before.
All her brusqueness was gone. She was sort of confidential and
wistful.
“You don’t think much of this scheme, do you, Mr. Sidney?”
I was in the mood to agree with her. “There must be an almighty
good reason why those other fellows did not recover the treasure,
Miss Holstrom, providing old Ike is right in what he says and that
they didn’t get it. I can tell better after I have been down.”
“I have never seen a diver at work. It is very dangerous, isn’t it?”
“That depends on the job. I have been as deep as one hundred
and seventy feet, Miss Holstrom, and I felt perfectly safe, though the
pressure made my nose bleed. Another time I was down in only four
fathoms in the wash of a lee shore, and they couldn’t keep my lines
and my air-hose dear, and they pulled me up near dead. That’s a lee
shore yonder, and I’m afraid I’m going to find some very good
reasons why the other divers didn’t succeed. Sometimes I am
tempted to believe that they did get the gold and that old Ike’s talk
is simply a dream.”
“I think the whole affair is a nightmare—I mean this trip,” she
declared. “I don’t believe the good Lord is going to allow a man like
Marcena Keedy to succeed in any decent enterprise.”
 I rubbed my ear and looked at her for a few minutes. I had been
turning over a thought about this expedition in my mind for some
days. I did not know whether to say anything to her about it or not.
It would be giving Captain Holstrom a pretty hard dig. But I blurted
it, for she knew I had something on my mind and bluntly demanded
to know what I was thinking about.
“Perhaps this is the kind of a scheme where the devil will help his
own, Miss Holstrom—and therefore Keedy belongs in the thick of it
as chief manager. He’ll win on that basis. I don’t know much about
admiralty law or maritime justice. But it may be that this treasure
has not been officially abandoned. Perhaps taking it is stealing it. I
know that the Zizania got away from port with papers as a trawl
fisher. I know I have no business talking like this about your father’s
affair. But if it’s to be real stealing, perhaps we’ll succeed with Keedy
in the game,” I said—and it was a pretty clumsy joke. It fell flat.
“I hope my father will wake up,” she said, curtly, looking down on
him where he was giving off orders about clearing the big derrick.
“Sometimes I almost believe in evil spirits and in control of a man’s
mind by another man—in a wicked way, I mean. But I thank God
there’s one of the Holstrom family who can’t be hypnotized by
Marcena Keedy. That is why I have come on this voyage—my father
needs a guardian.”
She came down the steps from the wheel-house, and went into
her state-room. I walked aft, for the Zizania had swung with the
surges, and was tailing toward shore, and I wanted to look at the
place where my work had been cut out for me.
Keedy met me amidship. He came out from behind a lashed life-
boat, and it struck me at once that he had been in ambush, spying
on me. That was before he had opened his mouth. He did not leave
me in any doubt when he began to talk.
“Let’s get to an understanding about Miss Holstrom, Sidney,” he
rasped, leveling his finger at me. “You let her alone. No more
buzzing her behind my back or her father’s.”
“Keedy, you have started running after trouble to-day. In my case,
you’ll catch up with it mighty soon.”
“Then let’s make believe I have caught up. I’m going to marry that
young lady. And no cheap Yankee masher is going to stand around
and make sheep’s eyes at her. That’s business and you keep your
hands down. You slap me again, Sidney, and I’ll drop you in your
tracks—even if the gold stays there till we can get another diver.” He
had his hand on his hip, and his eyes were fairly green.
I started to tell him what I thought of him and his chances with
that girl, proposing to throw in a few remarks about what I should
do if I wanted to. But I shut my mouth suddenly. I had no right to
stand out there and insult a girl by quarreling about her with a fellow
of that stripe.
Vastly different were the circumstances and the relations of the
persons concerned—but I felt the same rankling of resentment
which hurt my pride and my feelings when Jeff Dawlin growled his
warning in my ear. I hated to leave any false impressions with Keedy.
I did not propose to have him think I envied him anything he
possessed or thought he possessed. Pride and the spirit of brag—
that was it—prompted my answer.
“Look here,” I shot out at him, “I have a girl East who is worth
more than all the gold you expect to find in that wreck over there.
What do you think I’m out in this God-forsaken country for? What do
you think I’m gambling along with you for? It’s so I can grab off
enough money to make a showing when I carry it back home and
pour it into her lap! Don’t you worry, Keedy. I don’t want any of your
girls. There’s one who is waiting for me back East!” How a man will
lie when he gets to talking about girls! I snapped my fingers under
Keedy’s nose and walked on aft. I felt considerably relieved because
I figured I had taken some of the conceit out of him. I had a lot
taken out of myself when I returned.
 Miss Kama Holstrom met me. She gave me one of those up-and-
down glances which seem to sting like the flick of a long lash.
“I have no objection to your discussing your love affairs with Mr.
Keedy, my dear sir—though I question your good taste. But I must
ask you not to discuss me with him.”
“I assure you I did not!”
“I stepped into my state-room only to get my cap. I was walking
on the other side of the life-boat when you were talking.”
“But I—”
“I’m sure you understand my request, sir.” She walked on.
A fine partnership—that of Holstrom, Keedy, and Sidney, treasure-
seekers! And there was a silent partner whose silence just then,
along with her disgust, sent a crimson flame into my cheeks.
 XXX—THE LOCKS OF THE SAND

R
IGHT away I found that Captain Holstrom knew how to
“team” a crew. He started that checkerboard outfit of his to
humping in good earnest after he and I had planned out the
details of setting the stage for the work ahead of us.
We needed to reach as long an arm as possible toward the wreck.
Inside of four days after we planted our mud-hooks on San Apusa
Bar, we had our string of lighters in place.
First we anchored them and then we linked them with one
another by cables because the sandy bottom inshore from the
steamer afforded poor holding-ground for the anchors. Having a
number of lighters hitched together in this manner, the chain made a
sort of spring cable for the lighter nearest the wreck where the
scuffling surges were piling high over the shoals. The scow nearest
the shore thrashed about in rather lively style, but I figured that I
could do my work from it in pretty fair fashion. At any rate, by our
system of cables, we planted the lighter less than three hundred feet
from the upstanding ribs of the Golden Gate. It was about the best
we could do, considering our limited equipment.
On the fifth day all was ready for me to go down for the first time.
Of course I had been allowed to pick my own helpers, and I had
been giving them lessons for some time. I chose Mate Number-two
Jones to tend hose and lines, and Chief-Engineer Shank was to
manage the air-pump.
I had found them to be steady and reliable men. I owned a
Heinke diving-dress which had cost me six hundred dollars, and with
the right men “up-stairs” I was not worrying about my ability to get
down and stay down—even if I had been off my job for a while. As
to what I would be able to accomplish when I got down on ocean’s
floor I was not quite so sure.
While I had been waiting for the lighters to be moored I had
pumped Ingot Ike daily.
He did seem to know what he was talking about—and I had to
admit that. The matter of the treasure of the Golden Gate had
crowded everything else out of his mind, and left his memory mighty
dear. He drew a plan of her with a stubby pencil, and went into
minute details of description. He said the ribs which showed were
forward of the room where the treasure had been stored. The fire
had been aft and amidship, and when she had struck the sand she
had buried her nose, and these ribs were planted so solidly that the
surf had not been able to beat them down. As a quartermaster who
had known his ship, he was able to tell me how many paces aft from
the standing ribs should be the spot where the treasure lay.
They made ready the best life-boat on the Zizania for me and my
equipment, a big yawl with sponsons. Captain Holstrom did not
propose to take any chances with that outfit during the ferrying
process. He went as coxswain, and I was not surprised, of course, to
see Keedy scramble in even before I had lowered my diving-dress
over the side. What did surprise me was to have Miss Kama show up
as a passenger. When she stepped past me and went down the
ladder my eyes bugged out. I thought ’twas somebody I had never
seen before. She wore knickerbockers, and was gaitered to the
knees, and she went into the life-boat as nimbly as a midshipman,
asking a hand from no one. I could have cracked Keedy across the
face with a relish for the way he rolled his eyes at her.
She showed the good sense of an out-of-door girl who understood
a thing or two when she picked that costume. Embarking and
disembarking with that surf running under a keel was no job for a
girl in skirts.
 When we came up beside the in-lying lighter we were climbing
white-flaked hills of water and coasting dizzily into green valleys.
Those waves of the old Pacific which had marched across seas from
the lee of the Society Islands were certainly making a great how-de-
do in halting on those sand-bars of the Mexican coast; and inshore
there in the shallows the surf had a nastier fling to it than off where
we had found holding-ground for the old Zizania. It was a case of
every one for himself in making the transfer from the life-boat to the
lighter. I was ready to assist the girl, but she set foot on the
gunwale, sprang with the heave of the boat, and landed on deck as
lightly as a bird; she could not have done the trick more neatly if she
had worn wings on the shoulders of that close-fitting sweater.
There was one cheerful moment for me on that day of anxiety;
Keedy was the last passenger out of the lifeboat, and he teetered
and made motions to jump, and flinched and squirmed and backed
water like a swimmer afraid to plunge in. When he did jump at last
he stubbed his toe on the deck of the lighter, and raked that hooked
beak of his across the planks. I grinned at him when he staggered
up, holding to his bleeding nose, and I went to overhauling my
diving-dress, whistling a tune.
I found Number-two Jones and round little Romeo Shank to be
helpful handy-Andys after the instructions I had given them. The girl
never missed a motion they made in getting me ready. I felt a warm
finger trying to worm its way under my rubber wristbands, and I
turned to find her looking at me with a great deal of concern. She
explained that she wanted to be sure that no water could leak in,
and then she seemed to think that she had been just a bit forward,
and she blushed.
The next thing I knew she was sturdily fetching one of my twenty-
pound shoes, and stood there holding it ready for my helpers. I had
gone down a good many times in my life, but I went that day with
the happy consciousness of helpful interest in my poor self.
 Then they set the helmet on to the breastplate and gave it its
one-eighth turn into the screw bayonet joint, and set the thumb-
screws. My front eyepiece was hinged like the window of a ship’s
port-hole, and this was open. The girl bent down and peered at my
face.
“It seems a terrible thing for you to be closed in there—for you to
go down into that raging water,” she said, her face close to mine.
“Wish me good luck, and I’ll go humming a tune,” said I, smiling
at her.
“With all my heart I do,” she answered, a catch in her voice.
I shut the frame, and Mr. Shank set the turn-screw. With a man on
each side of me, I scuffed my way to the ladder, and went over the
rail of the lighter. I waited at the foot of the ladder—about ten feet
under—until I felt that little pop in my ears which signals to the diver
that his Eustachian tube is open, and that the pressure is equalized.
Then I yanked the rope to ask for a taut lifeline, and let go my hold.
The sun was bright and the bed of the sea was of sand, and I
found good light below. There was a heavy sway to the water even
on bottom, but I was strong, and knew how to handle myself. I
found my footing, and started along.
My only tool that day was a peaked-nose shovel. I crawled along,
using it for a push-pole.
I found the bottom to be a succession of bars, which were parallel
with the shore—waves of sand, so to speak, ranging from six to ten
feet in height. It was a slow job working one’s way across them.
However, they assisted me—there was no danger of getting off one’s
course. I needed only to proceed at right angles to the bars.
Through my bull’s-eye in that dim green light I could see ahead for
some distance. So at last I came to the timbers of the wreck. There
was a long tangle of these, a great mass of wreckage hidden by the
sea and protruding but a little way above the sand which the eternal
surf had packed down. I kept along toward shore until I came to the
timbers which, so my eyes told me, must be the ones that marked
the location of the wreck. They went looming up through the water.
I clung to one of them and rested. I was having no trouble with my
air, and now that I had reached the scene of the work that fact
comforted me. The movement of the sea in that shallower water
was considerable, and now and then a heavier roller jostled me
about. But I began to plan out a system of lashings that would
anchor me.
Then I got down on my belly, and started to measure paces along
the edge of the timbers, following Ike’s instructions as to distance.
There was mighty little that was encouraging about the spot which I
finally located as the probable site of the treasure-chamber. Sand
was billowed and packed there, and the place was quite free from
wreckage. It occurred to me that the other divers had dug the
timbers away at this point. As I was feeling fairly fresh, I decided to
use my shovel a bit.
After five minutes’ toil at that sand I began to perceive why the
others had failed, providing Ingot Ike was correct and they had
failed. In the first place, there was not the footing on that bottom
that a submarine diver needs. I skated about almost helplessly when
the heaving sea clutched at me. When I tried to drive the shovel into
the sand I was pushed back, and the tool made only scratches on
the bottom. Without a prop or a brace, a diver cannot pull or push
horizontally with much force even under the best conditions, and
when I did succeed in getting the shovel into the sand and scooped
a hole, the particles began to settle back, driven by the swaying
seas. The giant Pacific was jealous of the treasure it had engulfed.
There was nothing more for me to do down there that day. I
began to feel that pain above the eyes which warns the diver. I gave
the signal for return, and went back at a lively pace, for the taut line
helped.
 I saw none of them on the lighter until my helmet had been
removed, for when a diver ascends to the air his bull’s-eye becomes
covered with mist in spite of the wash of vinegar which has kept the
glass clear below. Marcena Keedy was in front of me, looking at my
hands, and acting as though he were wondering where I had stowed
the find I had made below.
“Well, it’s there, isn’t it?” he demanded.
“From what little I have been able to find out, I reckon it is there,”
I told him; “and it wouldn’t surprise me much if it stayed there for
some time.” I was in no mood to encourage that polecat, who was
plainly thinking more about that treasure than he was about any
dangers I might have been through. He drew that streak-o’-paint
mustache up against his nose and looked like a dog about to snap. I
turned away from him so as to have something better to look at.
There was the girl beside me. She sure was an antidote for the
poison of Marcena Keedy’s evil eye. Her red lips were apart, and her
little hands were clasped, finger interlaced with finger.
“Thank God you are back safe, Mr. Sidney!”
She wasn’t looking at me as though she were wondering in which
pocket I had hidden an ingot of gold.
“It was not dangerous,” I told her. “It was disappointing, that’s all.”
I ignored Keedy. I looked past him to Captain Hol-strom, and
related what had happened below. It was a mighty interested crowd
that stood around me and listened.
“The idea is,” I wound up, “this is no ‘reach-down-and-pick-it-up’
proposition.”
“That’s what I call doing damn little in an hour’s work,” growled
Keedy. “You ain’t down here to tell us how hard that job is. We have
heard all about that from the other divers. You are down here to get
that gold. You bragged around what a devil of a diver you have
been, and now when we have to depend on you, all we get is some
more conversation. Have you got us away down here and let us in
on a dead one?”
“If that money was in a faro-bank instead of a sandbank,” I told
him, “you would be just the man to get it out—you have had plenty
of practice in that line. But this happens to be an honest job, and it
needs something besides false cards.”
Then I kept on talking to the captain:
“After giving the thing a good looking-over I have begun to figure
on a few plans. I’ll paw over and size up the stuff on the Zizania this
afternoon and see what there is in stock to help me.” I told Mr. Jones
to unstrap my shoes.
When Keedy saw them peeling off my dress he had a few more
remarks to offer about the kind of a “hot diver” a man was who
called an hour a day’s work. If I had brought up an ingot in each
hand from that first trip he wouldn’t have been grateful; he would
have wanted to know why I did not bring up the whole box.
I had a dirty job of it that afternoon pawing over the old junk on
board that steamer, but I managed to sort out some material that
fitted into my scheme, and it was ferried to the lighter.
I went down again the next morning at sunrise, for the southwest
trade-wind had quieted during the night, and the swell wasn’t quite
as energetic as it had been under the push of the breeze the
previous day.
I had the same spectators. Miss Kama, looking like a pretty boy in
her knickerbockers, had plainly determined to keep in the front row,
and I’ll own up that her presence put ginger into my efforts. I
reckoned I’d show her the difference between a man who could do
and dare and a sneering loafer of the caliber of Keedy. A handsome
girl usually has an effect of that sort on a young man.
When I reached bottom under the lighter they lowered an old
mushroom anchor to me. I unhooked it, and started to roll it along
the “windrows” of sand toward the wreck. It took every ounce of
strength in me to boost it up those slopes. I had lashed a crowbar to
the anchor stock, and when I finally got the thing to the wreck and
had rested I stuck to the job, though I had really done as much as
was advisable at one descent.
I loosened up a sizable patch of sand with the crowbar, and
settled the anchor in the hole, stock upright. There was no need for
me to pack the sand back; the Pacific Ocean would attend to that
part of the job. The Pacific was altogether too busy in packing sand,
though. It did not discriminate between an anchor which I wanted
made solid and treasure which I wanted set free.
I went down a second time that day. I carried small chains and a
broad shovel. I lashed myself to the anchor’s stock, and with that
support as a fulcrum for my body I dug into the sand with the
crowbar, and fanned out the loose particles with the broad shovel.
But it was like the reverse of the story of the man who set out to
carry water in a sieve. The sand kept running in. If I had been able
to stay down there night and day, and have my meals brought to
me, and could have worked without rest or sleep, I might have been
able to dig a hole in that sand and to keep it dug out until I had
come to that treasure. As it was, I toiled until my head seemed
splitting, until blood ran from my nose, and I felt the first weakness
of that peculiar paralysis of the limbs which divers experience when
they pass the limit set for endurance under water. I lashed my tools
to the anchor, and was pulled back to the lighter.
Human arms had given up—human strength and grit had failed.
But I knew that through the hours of that afternoon, through the
watches of the night, that old, miserly ocean would keep toiling on,
rolling sand back into that hole, patting it down with unseen fingers,
locking a door over the treasure that would serve the purpose better
than doors of steel or bars of bronze. I should find all my labor
undone when I came back to that anchor.
 Therefore I did not lark and play when I was dragged over the rail
of the old lighter. I stumbled to my seat, and sat and wiped blood
from my face when the helmet had been twisted off the breastplate.
“Four hours since you went down—you’re sure a wonder!”
muttered Shank, patting my dripping shoulder.
I was embarrassed—a bit shocked—when the girl hurried to me
and began to wipe away the blood with her little handkerchief. I
tried to push away her hands. It didn’t seem right to have her do
such a task. But she resisted me. She kept on.
“You poor boy!” she said—or I thought she said it; I was not sure.
There was pity in her tones—a caressing kind of pity, such as comes
right from a woman’s heart. I was astonished. She had been stiff
and curt toward me—and was rather short with every one else, for
that matter. She had never seemed tender even toward her own
father.
But she murmured again in my ear, leaning close to me, “You poor
boy!”
I’ll admit I was glad to hear her say it—I needed sympathy; but
because I mention the girl and her little ways please do not jump at
the conclusion that I was falling in love. She had overheard a
declaration which established my standing with her and, I suppose,
made her feel freer in my company. Oh no! I was not falling in love!
Sitting there as I did with forty pounds of lead on my feet and
eighty pounds of it across my shoulders, with air in my dress puffing
me out like a giant frog, dripping with brine, and hideous with blood-
smeared face, I wasn’t much to look at in the way of a lover. And
outside of the pity she had never by flicker of eyelid, or tone of
voice, or touch of hand intimated that she was interested in me
except as a young man who was tugging at a hard job and deserved
a little encouragement.
“It’s all—all useless—down there—isn’t it?” she asked.
 “No; it’s a glorious job, and I’ve just begun on it.”
“But it’s wicked for you to suffer like this.”
“I was never so comfortable and happy in all my life—never so full
of courage.”
Keedy was listening and I felt like tormenting him. He stuck his
face down to mine. It was not a pretty face. His nose was swathed
in absorbent cotton, which was held on with straps of court-plaster.
“Well, let me in on why you’re so happy,” he snapped.
“It doesn’t happen to be any of your business,” I informed him.
“Ain’t I a partner in this thing with you?”
“When I get ready to tell you anything about my work, I’ll see that
you are informed. Or, if you want to make the trip, I’ll tuck you
under my arm and take you down to-morrow. I’d be delighted to do
so.” He looked at me a little while and his eyes narrowed.
That evening I had a talk with Capt. Rask Holstrom.
Marcena Keedy was not in that conference. I walked the upper
deck until Keedy had gone, grunting and growling, off into his state-
room. Then I hunted up the captain where he was lying on the
transom in the wheel-house, puffing at his pipe and looking rather
sullen.
I knew what was ailing him. I had refused earlier in the evening to
come into the wheel-house while Keedy was there.
“Being a plain and blunt man, I may as well say what’s on my
mind,” stated Captain Holstrom, sourly. He did not arise. He squinted
ar me from under the vizor of his cap, which was pulled low over his
eyes. “You ain’t dealing with me and Keedy open and frank as your
partners. You ain’t giving us full particulars. You was down four
hours to-day, and came up looking blue and scared, and then just
talked flush-dush with my girl. We ain’t down here for anything
except straight business and results. Your two eyes are the eyes for
all three of us. When you have used ’em down below there we’re
entitled to have full report. Me and Keedy ain’t at all satisfied with
the way this thing is running on.”
I sat and looked at him, and waited to hear whether he had any
more to say.
“No, sir, we ain’t satisfied,” he repeated.
“I’m glad Mr. Keedy isn’t satisfied,” I told him. “I wish he would
get so dissatisfied that he would quit this expedition. And I don’t
intend to kowtow to him and make him satisfied.”
“Well, I’ll be damnationed!” exploded the captain, pushing back
his cap.
“You needn’t be, Captain Holstrom. What I say doesn’t have any
reference to you at all. I hope my relations and yours will stay as
they are—no, I hope they will improve as you know me better. But
that gambler has grafted himself on to this scheme. He isn’t a
practical man, as you are. He sneers at me and my work—and God
knows it’s hard and dangerous work. He expects impossible things,
and it doesn’t do any good to come up out of that hell of water and
explain to him. Every time he opens his mouth I feel like jumping
down his throat and galloping his gizzard out of him. There! That’s
rough talk, but I mean it. If Marcena Keedy doesn’t handle himself
different where I’m concerned there’s going to be serious trouble
aboard here. Hold on a moment! Hear me through. I respect your
good judgment and I know you are willing to work hard. I’m ready
to talk to you at any time when that sneak isn’t around. What you
say to him after that about plans and expectations I don’t care—
that’s your own business. But I’m sorry you don’t hate and distrust
him as much as I do. Now I’ll tell you what I found down there to-
day, and how the thing looks to me.” I told him.
“Then, if all that is so, we may as well up killick and go home,
eh?” I never saw a more disgusted look on a man’s face, or heard a
more melancholy tone.
“I haven’t told you that to discourage you, or to crybaby myself.
I’m giving you the facts, and I hope you’re practical man enough to
keep from sneering about my efforts the way Keedy does. I’m doing
all that a human being can do—but you’ve got to face facts, Captain
Holstrom, and I’ve been giving you facts, I say. That’s the situation—
that’s all! You know as much as I know. If you have ideas, think ’em
over and give ’em to me. I’ll keep on trying to think up something
myself.” I went off to my state-room so as to give him time to do
that thinking.
 XXXI—A TASTE OF BLOOD

T
HE old Pacific was in her usual welter next morning.
The big seas were rolling up from the equator, and we could
hear them booming in on the coast-line.
As I look back on that nightmare off the bars of San Apusa I think
the day when I went down with the anchor was the calmest day of
our stay. With the everlasting thrust of the trades behind them the
billows rolled, rolled, rolled, rolled—seethed and surged—giant green
soldiers with the white plumes, charging that sandy shore. I got to
feel after a time that they were soldiers in real earnest, and that
they were after me—poor little midget, who was trying to
accomplish the impossible.
At breakfast Mr. Shank ventured to remark politely and somewhat
nervously that he was supposing I would not try to go down that
day.
And I told Mr. Shank rather brusquely that of course I should go
down, and added that if we were to wait for smooth water in
soundings on the lee shore of the Pacific Ocean in the season of the
trades, we should have brought plenty of knitting-work and novels.
Captain Holstrom, from the head of the table, smiled and winked
at me with the most cordial expression I had ever seen on his face. I
decided that one of my partners was regarding me in a more
amiable frame of mind than he had before I had made that little
speech to him. Mr. Keedy scowled at me, and I was glad of that
mark of his continued disesteem. It occurred to me that perhaps I
was weaning the captain from Keedy, for Holstrom snapped his
friend up rather short two or three times during the meal.
 I went down that day with more weights. The tug of those rollers
inshore was tremendous for a buoyant man, even in the comparative
calm of the previous day. I realized what I would meet up with this
day, and I was not disappointed in my reckoning.
I was tumbled from hummock to hummock of the submarine
sand-bars. I was knocked down and then was stood up once more.
Sometimes I was lifted off my feet, and then I was rolled and
pressed down and pinned to the sand till it seemed that I would
never get on my feet again. Part of the time I was thrust ahead as if
the Pacific were trying to make me walk Spanish—and then I was
yanked backward on all-fours like a big crab.
I knew a whole lot about undertows, and I realized that I was
having an experience with a particularly crazy one.
Men who have observed and studied think they have a pretty
good line on the notions and the moods of the sea—but take it from
me as a submarine diver, they haven’t. If one is standing on a rock
and looking out on it, or sailing across it in a safe boat, the ocean
becomes a matter of “beautiful surf,” or an expanse more or less
hubbly with waves.
But get down into it—get down deep where it can play with you,
twirl you, toss you, suck your breath, provided it can throttle your
air-hose—where it can work all its schemes and its spite. You will
find out that the ocean has a new trick for every day.
There are beaches where persons have bathed in safety for years.
Then all at once some day a shrieking man or woman is seized, as
though by some hidden monster, and is dragged off to death. That
mighty and erratic force is called an undertow. It is now here, now
there. It is born out of diverted currents, checked tide rips. It sneaks
up bays, seeking prey; it roams along open Peaches. I know a lot
more about undertows, but that’s all for now.
I was in one that day off San Apusa. Wind, tide, a current
wandering off its course—one of the currents that is uncharted and
which is known only by some diver who meets it on its wanderings
below the surface, had combined, and had come to play in the
vicinity of the wreck of the old Golden Gate.
I struggled on toward that wreck. Say, I met an old friend of mine.
It was the mushroom anchor, and it was doing a sort of jig on top of
a sand ridge when I first saw it. Evidently it had been lonesome
during the night, and it had come to meet me. It was at least one
hundred feet on the sea side of the wreck—and I had left it with
fluke buried close to the ribs. If that undertow had dug up that
anchor it might be doing other things. That thought came to me like
a flash of hope. There’s no telling what an undertow will do when it
gets to prancing, you know!
I unlashed the crowbar from the anchor stock and tumbled on
over the ridges. I found myself in an opaque yellow light instead of
in the green radiance I had found on my other two trips, and I knew
that the sand was in motion inshore. When I came to the wreckage
of the steamer I did not know my way about. The undertow had
been dragging away the packing of sand here and there. More bulk
of the débris was displayed, so far as I could judge by touch and by
what I could see in the dim light. I groped my way along to the
great ribs which showed above water, in order to get my bearing. It
was a fight to get there. I was thrashed about and tossed and
slatted. I wasn’t exactly sure when I did get there, for other parts of’
the wreck had been uncovered so much that one could easily be
deceived in water in which boiled so much sand that it was like
working in soup.
However, I toiled back after I reckoned I had located the marker.
Yes, the old Pacific had truly had a change of heart since the day
before. The unseen fingers of that freakish undertow had been at
work—they were still at work. They were scooping out sand instead
of piling it in. I can best describe the appearance of things by saying
that there was a smother of sand in the swirling water. Now and
then the water cleared when the undertow let go its tuggings for a
moment, and I could see parts of the steamer which formerly had
been hidden from me.
When I had counted the paces that should bring me in the
neighborhood of the treasure, I set my crowbar into the sand with
all the strength I could muster, and twisted it around and around in
order to loosen the stuff. It was wonderful how quickly the water
dragged away what I set free from that pack.
A bottle came bouncing up out of the hole. I dislodged pieces of
broken crockery. Ingot Ike had said that the treasure had been
stored in a compartment of the ship near the pantry. The sight of
that jetsam encouraged me. I stabbed with all my might, drove the
crowbar in again and again, struggled to hold myself on bottom, and
muttered appeals to that undertow in my frenzy of toil. I do not
know how long I worked. I do know that all my sensations informed
me that I was remaining beyond my limit of endurance. But the
conviction came to me that this was not a chance to be neglected. I
was in a fever of hope. I wanted to show that coward of a Marcena
Keedy that a strong man could call the bluff of a loafer’s sneers. I
wanted to convince Capt. Rask Holstrom that he had not picked out
a piker, and perhaps I wanted a girl to give me the smile which
success ought to win.
Well—and here’s to the point!—all at once, when I was near
fainting, my crowbar struck something which was not bottles or
crockery. I managed at last to get the point of the bar under the
object. I could not see what it was. I only knew, as I worked the bar,
edging it around the thing to dislodge the sand, that the object was
oblong and had corners.
My buoyancy and the swing of the rolling sea would not allow me
to pry with any great force. I could only pick at the sand and coax
the box out. In the end I had it where I could get my fingers under
the edges—and there’s one thing a diver can do: he can lift with the
strength of a giant, the air in his dress assisting him.
 Yes, it was a box, so I found when I had it out. It was a heavy box
even when lifted there under the sea. It was a small box, and there
could be only one reason for such a small box being so heavy—it
was one of the bullion boxes. Of that fact I was convinced.
I carried several small chains at my belt—my lashings in case of
need. I circled the box with chains, and secured it to my body as
best I could, then clutched my arm about it for greater safety. As I
worked I grew more excited—I had drawn first blood in my duel with
the old Pacific. Excitedly I pulled the line to send my signal to the
lighter, asking for help on the return. They told me afterward that I
gave the emergency signal. Perhaps I did. They had been waiting for
a signal for so long that they were in a state of panic. They feared
that I had been drowned, for I had been down for horns. When they
got my double tug, so they told me later, Number-two Jones gave a
yell, called every man on the lighter to the rope, and proceeded to
give me a run home in emergency time.
The first yank took me off my feet. Overballasted by the box of
gold, I tipped head down, and butted the summit of the first
hummock of sand with my helmet. My neck was snapped to one side
and my head got a tremendous rap against the side of the helmet. I
did not strike ground again until I reached the next ridge. I struck
that and bounced, and I think I took a recess on breathing right
then and there. I have not much recollection of the rest of that three
hundred feet of rush back to the lighter. I know I hit a good many
hummocks, and I must have passed away into dreamy
unconsciousness when the drag upward through the water to the rail
of the lighter began.
They told me that when I came over the rail I was bent double,
and it was some time before they saw that I had something tucked
in my arms.
I heard somebody shout, “Oh, God, this man is dead!” But I was
just getting my wits back then. I opened my eyes. Two of the crew
were holding me up, and Shank had my helmet off. He yelled like a
maniac:
“I’m wrong! He ain’t!”
“I’m mighty glad you’re wrong, Shank,” I told him. My voice was
pretty feeble, but the memory of that box came back to me, and my
thoughts were dancing even if I couldn’t dance with my body just
then.
I tried to look around after that box, but I lost interest in it the
next instant. It’s pretty hard work for me to tell you what happened,
and tell it in a matter-of-fact way, as I’m trying to tell the rest of this
yam. When I looked around I saw Kama Holstrom on her knees a
little way from me, her face as pale as the white foam on the waves,
her eyes wide open. I think her ears had been closed by horror
when Shank had let out his first yell.
“You’re alive!” she cried. And the next instant I was very much
alive, for she leaped up and ran to me, and threw her arms around
my neck and kissed me squarely on the mouth. Then her face was
no longer white. It flamed.
“I didn’t mean to—I am sorry—it was a mistake!” she gasped, and
she broke out and cried like a baby. But I caught her hand before
she could get out of reach of me, and pulled it to me and kissed it.
“Ah, if I had been dead you would have waked me up,” I told her.
“I’ve a blamed good mind to kiss you myself!” roared old Holstrom
from somewhere behind me. Then he let out a whoop and came and
capered in front of me.
“You’ve brought up twenty thousand dollars’ worth of gold!” he
informed me. “Five ingots, with the assay mark on ’em, and each
worth four thousand dollars. That’s the kind of a diver you are,
Sidney! All together, men! Three cheers for the greatest sea diver
that ever wore lead shoes!” And the men gave the cheers while he
pounded his fists on my back.
 I got a view of Marcena Keedy when I turned my head around. Mr.
Keedy was not showing any interest in my condition—not he. He was
sitting on deck with the open box hugged between his knees, and he
was feeling over those bars of gold like a lover fondling his lady’s
cheek.
“I can’t say I’m stuck on the style of that critter,” mumbled Shank
in my ear. “He yanked that box away from you before we had fairly
swung you inboard and before anybody knew you was alive. He
pried it open, and has set there making love to it ever since.”
Old Ike was squatting in front of Keedy on his haunches, and was
drooling like a hound watching a butcher.
“It’s there! I’ve always said it was there. It’s there all bright and
shining. They all have hooted at me because I have said it was
there. Now what do you think?”
“Nobody has been a game sport in this thing except you and me,”
said Keedy, sticking an ingot up under Ike’s nose. “Nobody would
back your hand till I came along. I’ve had to talk everybody over
before anybody would do anything. I know how to play a hand with
a buried card in it. I’ve played that hand to the limit, and now see
what has happened. When you fellows are passing cheers around
you’d better hooray for the man who has turned the trick—for the
man who kept at it till he got you down here.”
He gave me a nasty side-glance and snuggled the box under his
legs just as though he had recovered property which belonged to
him.
“Where there’s one there’s the rest of ’em, eh, Sidney? You have
found the nest of the beauties, eh? Well, do we get another nice
little box to-day? We may as well open the game with forty thousand
while we’re about it.”
Shank was leaning close to me, unscrewing the wing nuts
between the breastplate and my collar-band. He began to swear
very soulfully in an undertone, and he kept on swearing when he got
a look from me that indorsed all his sentiments in regard to Mr.
Keedy.
“There are three millions down there—and twenty thousand is
only a flea-bite,” declared the callous knave. I don’t believe he
noticed that I was half dead when I was pulled up—or cared a rap
about my condition, anyway. “I’m strong for bulling the game when
it’s coming your way. What do you say, Sidney, if we make the first
day’s ante forty thousand?”
“Captain Holstrom,” I said, “a man who has been banging the soul
out of himself for five hours in a divingsuit is in no condition to talk
to a skunk like that over there. Can’t you say something?”
I must confess that the captain did rise nobly to the occasion. A
tugboat man who has spent most of his life fighting for berths in the
maze of shipping along the San Francisco water-front needs
considerable hot language in his business, and Captain Holstrom was
in good practice.
“So I’ve got the two partners against me now, have I?” snarled
Keedy. “I had to fight to get the two of you into the proposition, and
now that you’re making good I’ve got to fight both of you to keep
the thing going, have I? Thanks for the hint as to how you propose
to hold cards—but I serve notice right now that you can’t whipsaw
me between you.”
He looked as evil as a door-tender in Tophet, but his threats did
not trouble me.
That evening something happened that indicated further cleavage
of associations on board the Zizania, whose checker-board crew had
set an example early in the cruise.
Ingot Ike came to the captain and myself in the wheel-house.
“Now that we’re beginning to haul in the bright and shining stuff
that makes the world go round I’d like to know where I’m going to
get off when the divvy comes,” said he. And he was more than a
little insolent in the way he said it. It was a good guess that he had
absorbed more or less of the insolence of his new running-mate,
Marcena Keedy.
Captain Holstrom was pretty short with the man. He informed old
Ike that when the work was done and we knew what the profits
would be he would be handed a lay which would make him
comfortable for life. “That was the understanding between us when
we started out on the gamble,” said the captain. “You haven’t got a
dollar ahead now—you never did have. A lot of money wouldn’t do
you any good, anyway. You don’t know how to keep it or how to
spend it.”
“That ain’t any of your business!” declared Ike, with heat. “We
have begun to get up that gold. We’ll get all of it. It’s there, just as I
said it was. I want ten per cent, of all that comes over the rail, and I
want it without any strings on it.”
“And if you got it laid into your hand you’d be around in six
months borrowing from me,” said the captain. “If this thing comes
out as it ought to, I’ll put enough in trust for you to pay you a
hundred dollars a month as long as you live. Now go off and dream
of that, and be happy.”
“Happy your Aunt Lizy!” yelped the old man. “See here, me and
Keedy is the whole thing in this, and—”
Captain Holstrom arose and grabbed Ike and tossed him out of
the wheel-house door.
“Them two fellows,” he confided, wrathfully, to me, “will be
charging me board on this trip, besides taking all the profits for
themselves, if I don’t watch out.”
I did not confide to the captain any of my doubts that evening in
our talk. I was hoping for the best. I had recovered one box with the
assistance of my enemy, the old Pacific. I understood the queer and
notional quirks of undertows. I realized that history might not repeat
itself in this case—but the Pacific coast was new to me, and I was
not ready to believe that I had happened on the only case of an
undertow scooping sand instead of piling it and packing it. I went to
bed, tired as a hound after a chase.
And I went down into the sea again the next day, still hoping. Yes,
I was fairly confident—so confident that I carried a pair of ice-tongs.
My experience of the day before had shown me that this tool was
just the thing with which to grapple one of those boxes and lift it
from the sand.
There was plenty of motion in the depths of the sea. But I realized
that it was not the motion of the day before. The swaying water
thrust me ahead over the hummocks with more force than it pulled
me backward. The water was clear and green once more. Where,
oh, where had my undertow gone?
I had ground my crowbar into the sand where I worked the day
before. I could not find it, and after a survey I saw it had been
covered by the drifting sand. Portions of the wreck which had been
in sight were hidden again. The hole where I had wrought so
valiantly was filled and smoothed. It is wonderful how quickly
currents of water can make changes in sand. I had seen instances
before in my submarine jobs; now I was beholding a more striking
case. After inspecting the scene I judged that the treasure was
buried more deeply than ever. The ocean had plenty of loose sand
with which to work, and had used it. I tell you honestly I never
suffered such an awful feeling of disappointment. The pang was
worse because I had been successful once.
It was as though my enemy, the ocean, had decided to give me
one bite of the fruit of success in order to whet the appetite of my
expectations. It had not relented in order to do that—it had played a
devilish trick on me.
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