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Alternating_Current_Class12

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and is preferred for power transmission due to its voltage transformation capabilities. Key components of AC circuits include resistors, inductors, and capacitors, each affecting current and voltage phase relationships. AC is utilized in various applications, including household appliances and power generation, with critical equations governing its behavior.

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15 views3 pages

Alternating_Current_Class12

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and is preferred for power transmission due to its voltage transformation capabilities. Key components of AC circuits include resistors, inductors, and capacitors, each affecting current and voltage phase relationships. AC is utilized in various applications, including household appliances and power generation, with critical equations governing its behavior.

Uploaded by

debidattasubhadarshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Alternating Current

1. Introduction

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that reverses its direction periodically, unlike direct

current (DC), which flows

in one direction. AC is widely used for power transmission because it can be easily transformed to

higher or lower voltages.

2. Representation of AC

- Instantaneous Value of AC: I = I0 sin(wt)

* I0: Peak current

* w: Angular frequency (w = 2pi f)

* f: Frequency of the AC signal

* t: Time

- Voltage in AC: V = V0 sin(wt)

* V0: Peak voltage

3. AC Circuit Components

(a) Resistance (R) in AC Circuit:

- Current and voltage are in phase.

-I=V/R

- Power: P = I^2 R

(b) Inductor (L) in AC Circuit:

- Voltage leads current by 90 degrees.

- Inductive reactance: XL = wL = 2pi f L


- Current: I = V / XL

(c) Capacitor (C) in AC Circuit:

- Current leads voltage by 90 degrees.

- Capacitive reactance: XC = 1 / (wC) = 1 / (2pi f C)

- Current: I = V / XC

4. Impedance in Series LCR Circuit

- Impedance (Z): Total opposition to AC in a series LCR circuit.

- Z = sqrt(R^2 + (XL - XC)^2)

- Phase angle (phi): tan(phi) = (XL - XC) / R

5. Power in AC Circuit

- Instantaneous power: P = VI cos(phi)

- cos(phi): Power factor

- Average power: P_avg = Vrms Irms cos(phi)

6. Root Mean Square (RMS) Values

- RMS Current: Irms = I0 / sqrt(2)

- RMS Voltage: Vrms = V0 / sqrt(2)

7. AC Generators

- Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

- Works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

- Induced EMF: e = NABw sin(wt)

8. Transformers
- Device used to increase or decrease AC voltage.

- Principle: Mutual induction.

- V_s / V_p = N_s / N_p, where N represents the number of turns in the secondary and primary

coils.

9. Applications of AC

- Used in household appliances, power transmission, electric motors, and generators.

Key Equations:

1. I = I0 sin(wt)

2. XL = 2pi f L

3. XC = 1 / (2pi f C)

4. Z = sqrt(R^2 + (XL - XC)^2)

5. P_avg = Vrms Irms cos(phi)

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