Database integration

Week 5-6

►Database integration refers to the process of combining or connecting different databases or database systems to
work together seamlessly. It involves enabling data sharing, synchronization, and communication between multiple
databases or applications.

Database Integration is essential for various reasons, such as:

1. Data consolidation: Integration allows organizations to consolidate data from multiple sources into a central
repository. This consolidation enables a unified view if the data and eliminates data silos.

2. Data sharing: Integration enables data sharing between different applications or systems. It allows different teams or
department within an organization to access and use the same data, promoting collaboration and efficiency

3. Improved data accuracy: Integrating databases helps maintain data accuracy and consistency across different systems.
It reduces the chances of data discrepancies and errors that may occur when data is manually transferred between
systems.

4. Real-time data access: Integration facilitates real-time or near real-time data access. When databases are integrated,
data updates in one system can be automatically reflected in connected systems, ensuring that all users have access to
the most up-to-date information.

There are several approaches to achieve database integration:

1. ETL (Extract, Transform, Load): ETL is a common method used for integrating data from multiple databases. It involves
extracting data from source databases, transforming it into a compatible format, and then loading it into the target
database.

2. Middleware: Middleware acts as a bridge between different databases or applications, facilitating data exchange and
integration. It often uses APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) to enable communication between systems.

3. Replication: Replication involves copying and synchronizing data between databases in real-time or at regular
intervals. It ensures that data in multiple databases remains consistent and up-to-date

4. Federated databases: Federated databases provide a unified interface to access and query data from multiple
databases as if they were a single database. The federated approach allows for distributed data storage while
maintaining a centralized view for users

Introduction to databases and data modeling

What is Database?

Databases:

► A database is an organized collection of structured data that is stored and managed electronically.

► Databases are designed to efficiently store, retrieve, and manipulate data for various purposes.

► They are widely used in applications ranging from small-scale personal projects to large enterprise systems.

► Databases are built using database management systems (DBMS), which provide the necessary tools and interfaces
to interact with the data.
 The DBMS handles tasks such as data storage, data retrieval, data manipulation, and data security.

Data Modeling:

Data modeling is the process of creating a conceptual representation of how data is organized and related within a
database. It involves defining the structure, relationships, and constraints of the data to ensure data integrity and enable
efficient data retrieval and manipulation.

Data modeling typically includes the following components:

1.Entities: An entity represents a distinct object, concept, or thing in the real world that we want to store data about.
For example, in a university database, entities could include students, courses, professors, and departments.

2.Attributes: Attributes are characteristics or properties that describe entities. Each entity has one or more attributes.
For example, a student entity may have attributes such as student ID, name, and date of birth.

3.Relationships: Relationships represent the associations between entities. They define how entities are connected or
related to each other. For example, a student entity may have a relationship with a course entity indicating that the
student is enrolled in that course.

4.Keys: Keys uniquely identify each instance of an entity. A primary key is a unique identifier for an entity, and it
ensures that each entity instance is uniquely identifiable. Other types of keys, such as foreign keys, establish
relationships between entities.

Data modeling techniques often use graphical notations such as Entity-Relationship (ER) diagrams or Unified Modeling
Language (UML) diagrams to visually represent the structure and relationships of the data.

Data modeling helps in:

1.Providing a clear understanding of the data requirements and relationships between different entities.

2.Facilitating effective communication between stakeholders, including developers, designers, and business users.

3.Enabling efficient database design and optimization for

performance and scalability.

4.Supporting the development of complex queries, data retrieval, and data manipulation operations.

SQL Queries and Database Manipulation

• SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used for managing and manipulating
databases.

• SQL allows users to perform various operations on databases, including querying, inserting, updating, and deleting
data.

Common SQL queries and their use in database manipulation.

1.SELECT Statement:

•Used to retrieve data from a database table. Syntax: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example: SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country = 'USA';

2.INSERT Statement:

•Used to insert new records into a database table.

Syntax: INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2); Example: INSERT INTO Customers
(CustomerName, ContactName, City) VALUES ('John Doe', 'Jane Smith', 'New York');
3.UPDATE Statement:

•Used to modify existing records in a database table.

Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition;

Example: UPDATE Customers SET City = 'Los Angeles' WHERE CustomerID = 1;

4.DELETE Statement:

•Used to delete records from a database table. •Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Example: DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID = 1;

5.JOIN Clause:

•Used to combine data from two or more tables based on related columns.

•Common types include INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL

JOIN.

Example: SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers. CustomerName FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID;

Remember to use proper syntax and understand the structure of your database tables to execute these queries
successfully.

Slide Conclusion:

•SQL queries form the foundation of database manipulation.

•They enable efficient data retrieval, insertion, modification, and deletion.

•Understanding SQL and its various statements is essential for effective database management.

Feel free to customize the slide with additional visuals or content as needed.