MEGHA THAKKAR’S GROUP TUITIONS
THALTEJ / GHATLODIA / SOLA ROAD
AHMEDABAD
MOB. 9924207014
Class-10-Science-
Chapter-4-Carbon And Its Compounds-
Notes-
Bonding in Carbon: The Covalent bond, Electron dot structure, Physical properties of organic
compounds, Allotropes of Carbon.
Covalent Bond: The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic configuration is 2, 4. It requires, 4
electrons to achieve the inert gas electronic configuration. But carbon cannot form an ionic bond
It could gain four electrons forming C4- cation. But it would be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to
hold on to ten electrons.
It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cations. But it requires a large amount of energy to remove four
electrons.
Thus, carbon overcomes this problem by sharing of its valence electrons with other carbon atoms or with
atoms of other elements.
The bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs between two atoms in a molecule is known as
Covalent Bond.
Types of Covalent Bond:
• Single Covalent Bond: When a single pair of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule.
For example; F2, Cl2, H2 etc.
• Double Covalent Bond: When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule.
For example; O2, CO2 etc.
• Triple Covalent Bond: When three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule.
For example; N2 etc.
Electron Dot Structure: The electron dot structures provides a picture of bonding in molecules in terms of
the shared pairs of electrons and octet rule.
Formation of Hydrogen Molecule
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1
Formation of CH4 Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1
Formation of CO2 Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Oxygen = 8 [2, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6
Formation of H2S Molecule
Atomic number of Sulphur = 16 [2, 8, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Most of the organic compounds have low boiling and melting point, due to the weak force of attraction (i.e.,
the inter-molecular force of attraction) between these molecules.
Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity, due to the absence of free electrons and free
ions.
Compounds M.P. (K) B.P. (K)
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) 290 391
Chloroform (CHCl3) 209 334
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) 156 351
Methane (CH4) 90 111
Allotropes of Carbon
Allotropy: The phenomenon in which the element exists in two or more different physical states with similar
chemical properties are called Allotropy.
Carbon has Three Main Allotropes
• Diamond: In this, carbon, an atom is bonded to four other atoms of carbon forming three-dimensional
structures. It is the hardest substance and an insulator. It is used for drilling rocks and cutting. It is
also used for making jewellery.
• Graphite: In this, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms. It is a good conductor of
electricity and used as a lubricant.
• Buckminster Fullerene: It is an allotrope of the carbon-containing cluster of 60 carbon atoms joined
together to form spherical molecules. It is dark solid at room temperature.
Versatile nature of Carbon, Hydrocarbons, Isomerism, Homologous series, Functional groups,
Nomenclature of functional groups.
Versatile Nature of Carbon: The existence of such a large number of organic compounds is due to the
following nature of carbon,
• Catenation
• Tetravalent nature.
(i) Catenation: The self linking property of an element mainly carbon atom through covalent bonds to form
long straight, branched and rings of different sizes are called Catenation.
This property is due to
• The small size of the carbon atom.
• The great strength of the carbon-carbon bond.
Carbon can also form stable multiple bonds (double or triple) with itself and with the atoms of other
elements.
Straight Chain
Branched Chain
Rings
(ii) Tetravalent Nature: Carbon has valency of four. It is capable of bonding with four other atoms of carbon
or some other heteroatoms with single covalent bond as well as double or triple bond.
Hydrocarbons: Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
For example; Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Ethene (C2H4), Ethyne (C2H2) etc.
Saturated Hydrocarbon (Alkanes): General formula is CnH2n+2.
n = number of carbon atoms.
In this, the carbon atoms are connected by only a single bond.
For example; Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6) etc.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Alkenes: General formula is CnH2n, where n = number of carbon atoms.
In this, the two carbon atoms are connected by double bond.
Alkynes: General formula is CnH2n-2, where n = number of carbon atoms. In this, the two carbon atoms are
connected by triple bond.
Electron Dot Structure of Hydrocarbons
Homologous Series: Series of organic compounds having the same functional group and chemical
properties and successive members differ by a CH2 unit or 14 mass units are known as Homologous
series.
Homologous series of Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes
Characteristic of Homologous Series
• The successive members in homologous series differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit.
• Members of given homologous series have the same functional group.
• All the members of homologous series shows similar chemical properties.
Functional Group: An atom or group of atoms present in a molecule which largely determines its
chemical properties are called Functional Group.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: It is difficult to remember millions of compounds by their
individual common name. Thus, to systematize the nomenclature of organic compounds IUPAC
(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) has given certain rule which is as follows:
1. Identify the Number of Carbon Atoms in the Compound
Word Root (-)
S. No Number of Carbon Atoms Single bond
(Suffix)
1. One carbon atoms (1-C) Meth + ane
2. Two carbon atoms (2-C) Eth + ane
3. Three carbon atoms (3-C) Prop + ane
4. Four carbon atoms (4-C) But + ane
5. Five carbon atoms (5-C) Pent + ane
6. Six carbon atoms (6-C) Hex + ane
2. Identify the functional group
S. No. Functional Group Prefix Suffix
1. Double bond (=) — ene
2. Triple bond (≡) — yne
3. Chlorine (—Cl) Chloro —
4. Bromine (—Br) Bromo —
5. Alcohol (-OH) — ol
6. Aldehyde (-CHO) — al
7. Ketone (-CO-) — one
8. Carboxylic acid (-COOH) — oic acid
3. Name the Compounds By Following Order
Prefix + Word Root + Suffix
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds: The important chemical properties are as follows:
1. Combustion: The complete combustion of carbon compounds in the air gives carbon dioxide water, heat
and light.
CH3CH2OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) + Heat and light
Carbon burns in air or oxygen to give carbon dioxide and heat and light.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + Heat and light
Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a blue flame in the presence of a sufficient supply of air or oxygen.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Heat and light
In presence of limited supply of air, saturated hydrocarbon forms a sooty flame.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a yellow smoky flame.
The gas and kerosene stove used at home has inlet for air so that, burnt to given clean blue flame.
Due to presence of small amount of nitrogen and sulphur, coal and petroleum produces carbon dioxide
with oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which are major pollutant.
2. Oxidation: Oxidation of ethanol in presence of oxidizing agents gives ethanoic acid.
Oxidizing Agent: Some substances are capable of adding oxygen to others, are known as Oxidising Agent.
Example:
Alkaline KMnO4 (or KMnO4—KOH)
Acidified K2Cr2O7 (or K2Cr2O7—H2SO4)
KMnO4 – Potassium permanganate
K2Cr2O7 – Potassium dichromate
3. Addition Reaction: Addition of dihydrogen with unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of catalysts
such as nickel or platinum or palladium are known as Hydrogenation (addition) reaction.
Catalyst: Substances that cause a reaction to occur or proceeds to different rate without consuming in it
are called a catalyst. For example; Ni, Pt, Pd, etc.
Process of converting vegetable oil into solid fat (vegetable ghee) is called Hydrogenation of Oil.
Vegetable fats are saturated fats which are harmful for health.
Vegetable oil containing unsaturated fatty acids are good for health.
4. Substitution Reaction: Replacement of one or more hydrogen atom of an organic molecule by another
atom or group of the atom is known as Substitution Reaction.
Some Important Carbon Compounds :
(1)Ethanol (CH3CH2—OH): Commonly known as Ethyl Alcohol.
Physical Properties
• It is colourless, inflammable liquid.
• It is miscible with water in all proportions.
• It has no effect on the litmus paper.
Chemical Properties
• Reaction with sodium
• Reaction with concentrated H2SO4 (Dehydration Reaction)
Dehydrating agent: Substances which removes water from ethanol (alcohols) is known as Dehydrating
agent. For example; Cone. H2SO4.
Uses: As solvent, as antiseptic (tincture iodine), as anti-freeze in automobiles.
(2)Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH): Commonly known as Acetic acid.
5-8% of ethanoic acid in water is called Vinegar.
The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence, it often freezes in cold climate so named as
glacial acetic acid.
Physical Properties
• It is a colourless, pungent-smelling liquid.
• Miscible with water in all proportions.
• Turns blue litmus to red.
Chemical Properties
(i) Esterification Reaction: Reaction of ethanoic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a few drops of conc.
H2SO4 as catalyst gives a sweet-smelling substance known as Esters, called Esterification reaction.
Esters are used in making perfumes and flavouring agents.
Saponification Reaction: Reaction of esters with sodium hydroxide, gives alcohol and sodium salt of
carboxylic acid (soap). This reaction is known as Saponification Reaction.
(ii) Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates: Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonates and
sodium hydrogen carbonates to give rise to a salt, carbon dioxide and water.
• Used as vinegar.
• Used as raw material for the preparation of acetyl chloride and esters.
Soap: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids is called Soap.
General formula: RCOO–Na+
Detergent: Ammonium and sulphonate salts of long chain fatty acids are called Detergent.
Example: CH3—(CH2)11—C6H4—SO3Na.
Hard and Soft Water: Water that does not produce lather with soap readily is called Hard water and which
produces lather with soap is called Soft Water.
Hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphate salt of calcium and
magnesium.
Difference between soaps and detergents
Soaps Detergents
(i) These are sodium or potassium salts of long (i) These are ammonium and sulphonate salts of
chain fatty acids. long chain fatty acids.
(ii) Ionic part of the soap is —COO–Na+ (ii) Ionic part of detergent is —OSO3-Na+.
(iii) Their efficiency decreases in hard water (iii) Their efficiency is unaffected in hard water.
(iv) Soaps are biodegradable. (iv) Detergents are non-biodegradable.
Advantage of Detergents: The main advantage of detergent over soaps is that soaps cannot be used in
hard water for washing because hard water reacts with soap to form curdy white precipitate called Scum.
Thus, in hard water, soap does not give lather while detergent does.
Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents: Both soaps and detergents cantains two parts. A long
hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic (water repelling) in nature and a short ionic part which is
hydrophillic (water attracting) in nature.
The hydrocarbon part of the soap molecule links itself to the oily (dirt) drop and ionic end orients itself
towards water and forms a spherical structure called micelles. The soap micelles helps in dissolving the
dirt in water and wash our clothes.
Class-10-Science-
Chapter-4-Carbon And Its Compounds-
Worksheet-
Q.1 What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Answer:
Q.2 What would be electron dot structure of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur?
Answer:
Q.3 How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer: Three, these are n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane.
Q.4 What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds
we see around us?
Answer: Two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us
are as given below:
• Carbon has six valence electrons which is actually a high number of valency.
• Covalent bonding happens easily with carbon atoms and numerous others, such as oxygen,
chlorine, nitrogen, sulphur, hydrogen, etc.
Q.5 What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer:
The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5 H10 .
Q.6 Draw the structures for the following compounds :
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal
Answer:
(i) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
(ii) Bromopentane (C5H11Br)
(iii) Butanone (CH3 — CH2 — COCH3)
(iv) Hexanal (C5H11CHO)
Q.7 How would you name the following compounds?
Answer:
(i) Bromoethane
(ii) Methanal
(iii) 1 – Hexyne
Q.8 How is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Answer: Conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because addition of oxygen to a
substance is called oxidation. Here, oxygen is added to ethanol by oxidising agent like alkaline potassium
permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate and it is converted into acid.
Q.9 A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and
air i s not used?
Answer: A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding instead of a mixture of ethyne and air
because the production of heat is very important for welding metals. When oxygen and ethyne are burnt, it
burns completely and produces a higher temperature than air and ethyne. Oxygen and ethyne produce a
very hot blue flame, but the mixture of air and ethyne gives out a sooty flame which means that there are
unburnt particles, resulting in lesser heat.
Q.10 How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
Answer: In reaction with sodium carbonate, carboxylic acids produce carbon dioxide gas which turns lime
water milky, whereas alcohols do not give this reaction. This experiment can be used to distinguish alcohol
and carboxylic acid.
The reaction of the carboxylic acid with sodium carbonate:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Q.11 What are oxidising agents?
Answer: Oxidising agents are the substances which give oxygen to another substances or which remove
hydrogen from a substance.
examples- potassium nitrate, and nitric acid.
Q.12 Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Answer: No, it is not possible to check if water is hard by using a detergent because detergents are salts of
ammonium or sulphonates of long-chain carboxylic acids. Unlike soaps, they do not react with calcium and
magnesium to distinguish the nature of water.
Q.13 People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’
the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a
washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Answer: It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap micelles which trap oily or greasy
particles on the surface of dirty cloth have to be removed from its surface. When the cloth wetted in soap
solution is agitated or beaten, the micelles containing oily or greasy dirt get removed from the surface of
dirty cloth and go into water and the dirty cloth gets cleaned.
Q.14 MCQ.
1. Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer: (b) 7 covalent bonds.
2. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) alcohol
Answer: (c) Ketone.
3. While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) the food is not cooked completely.
(b) the fuel is not burning completely.
(c) the fuel is wet.
(d) the fuel is burning completely.
Answer: (b) The fuel is not burning completely.
Q.15 Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Answer: Carbon can neither lose 4 electrons nor gain four electrons as these processes make the system
unstable due to the requirement of extra energy. Therefore, CH3Cl completes its octet configuration by
sharing its 4 electrons with carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements. Hence, the bonding that exists
in CH3Cl is a covalent bonding.
Here, carbon requires 4 electrons to complete its octet, while each hydrogen atom requires one electron to
complete its duplet. Also, chlorine requires an electron to complete the octet. Therefore, all of these share
electrons, and as a result, carbon forms 3 bonds with hydrogen and one with chlorine.
Q.16 Draw the electron dot structures for
(a) ethanoic acid
(b) propanone
(c) H2S
(d) F2.
Answer:
Q.17 What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.
Answer: Homologous series : A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having
similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by -CH2 group.
Characteristics of homologous series :
(i) All members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula. For example, the
general formula of the homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n+2, in which ‘n’ denotes number of carbon and
hydrogen atoms in one molecule of alkane.
(ii) Any two adjacent homologues differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms in their molecular
formulae.
(iii) The difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent homologues is 14u.
(iv) All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.
(v) The members of a homologous series show a gradual change in their physical properties with increase
in molecular mass.
For example, general formula of the homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n+2, in which ‘n’ denotes number
of carbon atoms in one molecule of alkane. Following are the first five members of the homologous series
of alkanes (general formula CnH2n+2).
Value of n Molecular formula Name of compound
1 CH4 Methane
2 C2H6 Ethane
3 C3H8 Propane
4 C4H10 Butane
5 C5H12 Pentane
Q.18 How can ethanol and ethanoic acid he differentiated on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties?
Answer:
Difference on the basis of physical properties
Property Ethanol Ethanoic acid
(i) State Liquid Liquid
(ii) Odour Sweet smell Pungent vinegar-like smell
(iii) Melting point 156 K 290 K
(iv) Boiling point 351 K 391 K
Difference on the basis of chemical properties
Test Ethanol Ethanoic acid
No change in the colour of
(i) Litmus test Blue litmus solution turns red.
litmus solution.
C2H5OH + NaHCO3 → No CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa +
(ii) Sodium hydrogen
reaction No brisk H2O + CO2 Brisk effervescence due to
carbonate test
effervescence. evolution of CO2.
(iii) Alkaline potassium On heating, pink colour
Does not happen so.
permanganate disappears.
Q.19 Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will a micell be formed
in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Answer: Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the hydrocarbon chains of
soap molecules are hydrophobic (water repelling) which are insoluble in water, but the ionic ends of soap
molecules are hydrophilic (water attracting) and hence soluble in water.
Such micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in which sodium salt of fatty acids
do not dissolve.
Q.20 Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer: Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight and are therefore, used as
fuels for most applications.
Q.21 Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer: Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium on reacting with
soap form insoluble precipitate called scum. The scum formation lessens the cleansing property of soaps
in hard water.
Q.22 What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Answer: Red litmus will turn blue because soap is alkaline in nature. Blue litmus remains blue in soap
solution.
Q.23 What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Answer: Hydrogenation is a process or a chemical reaction between hydrogen and other compounds. It is
usually done in the presence of catalysts. For example, nickel, palladium or platinum. Hydrogenation is
used mainly to saturate organic compounds.
Q.24 Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions :
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6 , C2H2 and CH4
Answer: Addition reactions take place only in unsaturated hydrocarbons. So addition reaction take place
only in C3H6 and C2H2.
Q.25 Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Answer: Butter is a saturated carbon compound while cooking oil is an unsaturated carbon compound. An
unsaturated compound decolourises bromine water, while a saturated compound cannot decolourise it. So
we can distinguish chemically between a cooking oil and butter by the bromine water. Add bromine water
to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test-tubes.
• Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an unsaturated compound.
• Butter does not decolourise bromine water showing that it is a saturated compound.
Q.26 Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Answer: When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, then the hydrocarbon end of the soap
molecules in micelle attach to the oil or grease particles present on the surface of dirty cloth. In this way
the soap micelle entraps the oily or greasy particles by using its hydrocarbon ends. The ionic ends of the
soap molecules in the micelles, however, remain attached to water. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap
solution, the oily and greasy particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed
in water due to which the soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned. The cloth is cleaned
thoroughly by rinsing in clean water a number of times.
Q.27 Draw the electron dot structure of ethyne and also draw its structural formula.
Answer.
Q.28 Write the names of the following compounds.
Answer:
(a) Pentanoic acid
(b) 1-Butyne
(c) Heptanal
(d) 1-Pentanol
Q.29 Identify and name the functional groups present in the following compounds.
Answer:
Q.30 A compound X is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid C2H4O2 and an alcohol in
presence of a few drops of H2SO4. The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by
acidification gives the same carboxylic acid as used in this reaction. Give the names and
structures of (a) carboxylic acid, (6) alcohol and (c) the compound X. Also write the reaction.
Answer:
Q.31 Why detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps? Explain.
Answer. It is because detergents form lot of lather even with hard water.
Hard water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions which react with soap to form insoluble salts of calcium and
magnesium called scum and soap goes waste. Detergents do not form insoluble compounds
with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, therefore, these are more effective.
Q.32. Name the functional groups present in the following compounds
(a) CH3COCH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
(b) CH3CH2CH2COOH
(c) CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CHO
(d) CH3CH2OH
Soln:
1. Ketone
2. Carboxylic acid
3. Aldehyde
4. Alcohol
Q.33. How is ethene prepared from ethanol? Give the reaction involved in it.
Soln: Ethanol is heated at 443k along with excess Sulphuric acid to obtain Ethene.
CH3-CH2OH ——->CH2=CH2 +H2O
(ethanol) (H2SO4) (ethene)
Q.34 Intake of small quantity of methanol can be lethal. Comment.
Answer: Methanol is oxidised to methanal in liver.’ Methanal is highly reactive and good reducing agent. It
causes protoplasm to coagulate. It also affects optic nerve and leads to blindness.
Q.35 A gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium. Name the gas evolved and also write the
balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Answer: Hydrogen gas is evolved.
Q.36 Ethene is formed when ethanol at 443 K is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric acid.
What is the role of sulphuric acid in this reaction? Write the balanced chemical equation of this
reaction.
Soln: Sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst and a dehydrating agent in the formation of ethene.
Q.37 Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It is
exhibited by both carbon and silicon. Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements. Give
reasons.
Answer: Carbon shows catenation to large extent as compared to silicon as well as any other element due
to smaller size of carbon. C—C bond is stronger than Si-Si bond because Si is larger in size, forms weaker
bond.
Q.38 Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between the two C-atoms and show
addition reactions. Give the test to distinguish ethane from ethene.
Soln: Saturated Hydrocarbons burns with a clean flame and produce no soot whereas non-saturated
Hydrocarbons burns with a yellow flame and produces a lot of soot. Ethane is saturated hydrocarbon and it
burns with clean flame with no soot. Ethene is unsaturated hence it burns with yellow flame producing a lot
of soot.
Q.39 Match the reactions given in Column (A) with the names given in Column (B).
Answer:
(a) – (iv) is esterification reaction because ester is being formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol.
(b) – (i) is addition reaction as hydrogen is being added.
(c) – (ii) is substitution reaction because hydrogen of methane is being substituted by
chlorine atom.
(d) – (iii) is neutralisation reaction because acetic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form salt and water.
Q.40 What is the role of metal or reagents written on arrows in the given chemical reactions?
Answer:
(a) Ni is used as a catalyst.
(b) Cone. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent.
(c) Alkaline KMnO4 is an oxidising agent.
Q.41
(a) What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.
(b) Give the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two
examples each.
(c) What is a functional group? Give examples of four different functional groups.
Soln:
a. Compounds of Carbon and hydrogen are called as Hydrocarbons. Ex: Ethane, Methane
b. All the bond in saturated Hydrocarbons are single bonds whereas bonds in the unsaturated
Hydrocarbons are either double or triple bonds.
Saturated Hydrocarbon Ex: Ethane, Methane
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons-Ethyne, Ethene
c. Functional groups are a set of atoms joined in a specific manner which is responsible for the
characteristic chemical property of the compound. Ex: CHO-Aldehyde, OH-Hydroxyl, COOH-
Carboxylic acid.
Q.42 (a) Write the formula and draw electron dot structure of carbon tetrachloride.
(b) What is saponification? Write the reaction involved in this process.
Answer:
Q.43 A compound ‘C’ (molecular formula, C2H4O2) reacts with Na-metal to form a compound ‘R’ and
evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound ‘C’ on treatment with an alcohol ‘A’ in
presence of an acid forms a sweet smelling compound ‘S’ (molecular formulaC3H6O2). On addition
of NaOH to ‘C’, it also gives ‘R’ and water. ‘S’ on treatment with NaOH solution gives back ‘R’ and
‘A’. Identify ‘C’, ‘R’, ‘A’, ‘S’ and write down the reactions involved.
Answer:
Q.44 How would you bring about the following conversions? Name the process and write the
reaction involved.
(a) Ethanol to ethene
(b) Propanol to propanoic acid
Answer:
Q.45 Explain the given reactions with the examples
(a) Hydrogenation reaction
(b) Oxidation reaction
(c) Substitution reaction
(d) Saponification reaction
(e) Combustion reaction
Soln:
(a) Hydrogenation reaction can be defined as an addition reaction between the hydrogen and other
compounds in the presence of a catalyst.
CH2 = CH2 → CH3CH3
(b) An oxidation reaction is a reaction in which oxygen combines with an element or a compound. In other
words, it can also be defined as a molecule loses its electrons.
2Mg + O2→ 2MgO
(c) Substitution reaction can be defined as the reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less
reactive element from its aqueous salt solution.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
(d) Saponification reaction is the reaction in which the hydrolysis of an ester takes place with NaOH or
KOH to give alcohol and sodium or potassium salt of the acid.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → C2H5OH + CH3COONa
(e) Combustion reaction is the reaction in which oxygen combines with a compound to form carbon dioxide
and water. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they give off heat.
CH4 + 2O2 → 2H2O + CO2
Q.46 An organic compound A on heating with concentrated H2 SO4 forms a compound B which on
addition of one mole of hydrogen in presence of Ni forms a compound C. One mole of compound C
on combustion forms two moles of CO2 and 3 moles of H2O. Identify the compounds A, B and C
and write the chemical equations of the reactions involved.
Soln:
Compound A is Ethanol
Compound A = CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH (in the presence of conc. H2SO4) → CH2-CH2+ H2O
Compound B is Ethene
Compound B is CH2= CH2
CH2=CH2 (in the presence of Ni) →C2H6
Compound C = CH3 — CH3
2C2H6+7O2 4CO2 +6H2O
Q.47 Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats.
Explain the reaction involved in detail.
Soln: Addition reaction is involved in the conversion of oils into fats. This process is known as
Hydrogenation. Here Unsaturated vegetable are converted to saturated fats which have saturated
carbons. Nickel is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation process.
Q.48 Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Suggest some
activity and the reaction involved in the preparation of an ester with well-labelled diagram.
Soln: In a test- tube take 1ml ethanol and 1 ml glacial acetic acid and add few drops of concentrated
H2SO4. Warm the test tube for 5 minutes over a water bath. Transfer the content in a beaker. Sweet smell
confirms the formation of Ester.
Q.49 MCQ.
1.Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of
(a) carbon monoxide only
(b) carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide
(c) carbon dioxide only
(d) coal
Soln: (c) carbon dioxide only
2.Which of the following statements are usually correct for carbon compounds? These
(i) are good conductors of electricity
(ii) are poor conductors of electricity
(iii) have strong forces of attraction between their molecules
(iv) do not have strong forces of attraction between their molecules
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iv)
Soln: (d) (ii) and (iv)
Explanation: Carbon compounds form covalent bonds hence they have very weak force of attraction.
Carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
3. A molecule of ammonia (NH3 ) has
(a) only single bonds
(b) only double bonds
(c) only triple bonds
(d) two double bonds and one single bond
Soln: (a) only single bonds
Explanation: Nitrogen has three electrons in its outermost shell and hydrogen has 1. 3 hydrogen atoms
combine with 1 nitrogen atom to make ammonia. These bonds are single bonds.
4. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of
(a) phosphorus
(b) sulphur
(c) carbon
(d) tin
Soln: (c) carbon
Explanation: Diamond, Graphite, Lonsdaleite, C60 (Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball), C540, C70, Amorphous
carbon, and a single-walled carbon nanotube, or buckytube. Are the allotropes of Carbon.
5. Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Soln: (c) (i) and (ii)
Explanation: Chemical formula of Butane isC4H10, here option iii) and iv) have 8 hydrogen atoms, hence
they are wrong.
6. Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an
example of
(a) Addition reaction
(b) Substitution reaction
(c) Displacement reaction
(d) Oxidation reaction
Soln: (a) Addition reaction
Explanation:Here Hydrogen is added to oil, hence it is an addition reaction.
7. In which of the following compounds, — OH is the functional group?
(a) Butanone
(b) Butanol
(c) Butanoic acid
(d) Butanal
Soln:(b) Butanol
Explanation:Compound with OH Functional group will have a suffix ol in them hence answer is (b) Butanol.
8. The soap molecule has a
(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
(b) hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail
(c) hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail
(d) hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail
Soln:(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
Explanation:Because of hydrophobic tail Oil and grease is trapped inside a micelle. Hydrophobic head
makes the outer surface of micelle. Hence micelle is easily washed by water.
9. Which of the following is the correct representation of the electron dot structure of nitrogen?
Soln: (d)
Explanation:In this structure Nitrogen atoms get 8 electrons whereas in other options it is different.
10. Structural formula of ethyne is
Solution: ( a)
Explanation:Chemical formula of Ethyne is C2H2, Hence answer is a)
11. Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following
(i) Propane
(ii) Propene
(iii) Propyne
(iv) Chloropropane
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Soln: (d) (ii) and (iii)
Explanation: Propene has double bond and Propyne is having a triple bond. Hence they are unsaturated
compounds.
12. Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the
(a) absence of sunlight
(b) presence of sunlight
(c) presence of water
(d) presence of hydrochloric acid
Soln: (b) presence of sunlight
Explanation: In the presence of sunlight, Chlorine reacts with Hydrocarbons and displaces Hydrogen
atoms.
13. In the soap micelles
(a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the
cluster.
(b) ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster.
(c) both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster
(d) both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster
Soln: (a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the
cluster.
Explanation: A micelle is a spherical aggregate soap molecules in soap solution. In the soap micelles, the
ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the cluster.
14. Pentane has the molecular formula C5 H12. It has
(a) 5 covalent bonds
(b) 12 covalent bonds
(c) 16 covalent bonds
(d) 17 covalent bonds
Soln: (c) 16 covalent bonds
15. Structural formula of benzene is
Soln: (c)
Explanation: Chemical formula of Benzene is C6H6. In option call the arms of carbon atoms are occupied
hence it is the right answer.
16. Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are
(a) sodium ethanoate and hydrogen
(b) sodium ethanoate and oxygen
(c) sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
(d) sodium ethoxide and oxygen
Soln: (c) sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
Explanation: 2Na+2CH3CH2OH →2CH3CH2ONa+H2
17. The correct structural formula of butanoic acid is
Soln: (d)
18. Vinegar is a solution of
(a) 50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol
(b) 5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol
(c) 5% – 8% acetic acid in water
(d) 50% – 60% acetic acid in water
Soln: The answer is (c) 5% – 8% acetic acid in water
19. Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because
(i) mineral acids are completely ionised
(ii) carboxylic acids are completely ionised
(iii) mineral acids are partially ionised
(iv) carboxylic acids are partially ionised
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Soln: The answer is (a) (i) and (iv)
Explanation: Mineral acids are completely ionized whereas carboxylic acids are partially ionized. Hence
mineral acids are stronger than carboxylic acids.
20. Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e.g.
hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of
(a) helium
(b) neon
(c) argon
(d) krypton
Soln: (b) neon
Explanation: After sharing four valence electrons with univalent atoms. Electronic configuration of Carbon
becomes 2.8 which is same as the electronic configuration of Neon.
21. Which of the following is not a straight-chain hydrocarbon?
Soln: (d)
22. Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
(a) CH4
(b) C2 H6
(c) C3 H8
(d) C4 H8
Soln: (d) C4 H8
Explanation : General formula for C4H8 is CnH2n and for other option it is CnH2n+2
23. The name of the compound CH3 — CH2 — CHO is
(a) Propanal
(b) Propanone
(c) Ethanol
(d) Ethanal
Soln: (a) Propanal
Explanation: This compound has 3 carbon atoms and an aldehyde which add suffix al to 3 carbon
compound.
24. The heteroatoms present in CH3 — CH2 — O — CH2— CH2 Cl are
(i) oxygen
(ii) carbon
(iii) hydrogen
(iv) chlorine
a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Soln: (d) (i) and (iv)
Explanation: Oxygen and chlorine are not among essential components of Hydrocarbon hence they are
heteroatoms.
25. Which of the following represents the saponification reaction?
(a) CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3
(b) CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3 COOC2H5 +H2O
(c) 2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3 COONa + H2
(d) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa + C2 H5OH
Soln: (d) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa + C2 H5OH
Explanation: Saponification is a reaction in which ethanol and sodium ethanoate are produced upon
treatment of ester with an alkali.
26. The first member of the alkyne homologous series is
(a) ethyne
(b) ethene
(c) propyne
(d) methane
Soln: (a) ethyne
