Secure Synopsis compilation for December 2024

General Studies-1

Table of contents

Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from
ancient to modern times. ........................................................................................................... 4
Q. Analyze the role of motifs and symbolism in traditional Indian art forms and discuss how
they reflect the cultural ethos of their regions. (10 M) .................................................................. 4
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-
significant events, personalities, issues. ................................................................................... 6
Q. “Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s efforts during the independence movement laid the foundation for
his work in post-independence India”. Elucidate. (10 M) ............................................................. 6
Q. “The C. R. Formula proposed a practical solution for communal harmony but faced stiff
resistance”. Discuss its reception by various stakeholders and its impact on later negotiations.
(15 M) ................................................................................................................................................. 7
The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from
different parts of the country. ................................................................................................... 9
Q. What were the socio-political circumstances that led to the Vaikom Struggle? Discuss its
role in shaping subsequent caste movements in pre-independent India. (10 M)........................ 9
Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country. .......................... 11
Q. Examine the role of the Shillong Accord (1975) in the integration of Nagaland into the
Indian Union. How successful was it in achieving long-term peace? (10 M) ............................. 11
Q. Examine the challenges faced by the Constituent Assembly in drafting a Constitution for a
diverse and newly independent India. What lessons can contemporary policymakers draw
from this experience? (10 M) ......................................................................................................... 12
Q. “The 1971 Indo-Bangladesh war was a defining moment in India’s history, both militarily
and diplomatically”. Comment. (15 M) ........................................................................................ 14
Q. “The liberation of Goa in 1961 was one of the last steps in India’s integration of princely
states and territories”. Discuss the challenges and successes of this process in post-
independence India. (10 M) ............................................................................................................ 16
History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution,
world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political

1
philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the
society. ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Q. Discuss the significance of the Carter Doctrine in reshaping US foreign policy during the
Cold War and its long-term impact on US-Soviet relations. (15 M) .......................................... 17
Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India............................................................ 19
Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies. ............................. 19
Q. Discuss how rapid urbanisation and poor urban design contribute to the rising burden of
non-communicable diseases in Indian cities. Suggest measures to mitigate these challenges.
(15 Marks)........................................................................................................................................ 19
Q. “Disability inclusion in nutrition and health services is critical for social equity”. Evaluate
the challenges and strategies to make these services more accessible to persons with
disabilities in India. (15 M) ............................................................................................................ 21
Q. Discuss the increasing role of digital technology in both exacerbating and addressing
mental health issues among children. How can its usage be effectively managed in schools to
balance risks and benefits? (15 M) ................................................................................................ 23
Q. Despite the enactment of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their
Rehabilitation Act, 2013, the practice continues unabated. Examine the reasons and suggest
robust measures for its eradication. ( 15 M) ................................................................................. 26
Q. Discuss how access to clean drinking water through initiatives like Jal Jeevan Mission
contributes to women's empowerment in rural India. (10 M) .................................................... 28
Q. Analyze how the lack of digital literacy and awareness among rural women perpetuates
inequality in access to online platforms in India. What measures can be taken in this regard?
(10 M) ............................................................................................................................................... 29
Q. Analyze the factors contributing to the rise of juveniles in heinous crimes in recent years.
Suggest pragmatic solutions to address this growing concern in society. (10 M) ...................... 31
Q. “The increasing dropout rates among PVTG students in Eklavya Model Residential
Schools reflect deep socio-economic disparities and systemic gaps”. Analyze its implications
on tribal development and suggest solutions to enhance PVTG participation. (15 M) ............ 32
Q. “Preventing the risks of demographic collapse requires coupling longevity with
productivity”. Analyze the strategies needed to achieve this balance in the context of India’s
ageing population. (15 M)............................................................................................................... 35
Q. “Honour killings are a brutal reflection of a society unwilling to accept change”. Analyze
the social and cultural causes behind this practice in India, and suggest effective measures to
address it. (15 M)............................................................................................................................. 37
Q. Evaluate how urban planning in Indian cities caters to the needs of economic enterprises
over residents. Propose a framework to make cities more inclusive and liveable. (10 M) ....... 39
Effects of globalization on Indian society. ............................................................................. 40
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism. ........................................ 41
Salient features of world’s physical geography. .................................................................... 41
Q. What is "Mission Mausam," and how can it enhance India’s capabilities in weather
prediction and climate monitoring? Discuss its geographical significance. (10 M) .................. 41

2
 Q. Analyze how extreme rainfall events highlight the challenges of dam management in India.
(10 M) ............................................................................................................................................... 42
Q. Analyze the factors influencing the regional dominance of solar energy production and the
challenges faced by emerging solar markets. (10 M) ................................................................... 44
Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the
Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and
tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India). ............................ 46
Q. How does agricultural infrastructure the spatial distribution of agricultural production
and trade in India? Analyze its impact on regional development. (15 M) ................................. 46
Q. “India’s varied agro-climatic zones require differential nutrient management strategies to
ensure sustainable agricultural growth”. Discuss. (15 M)........................................................... 48
Q. “India's inland waterways have immense potential for transforming the logistics sector,
yet they remain underutilized”. Analyze the major impediments to their development and
evaluate how the Jalvahak scheme can address these challenges. (15 M) ................................. 50
Q. Examine the role of water as a critical resource for green energy transitions and its
implications for global economic and environmental sustainability. (10 M) ............................. 52
Q. Analyze the role of waste-to-energy plants in addressing urban waste management
challenges and their implications for air pollution in metropolitan cities. (10 M) .................... 54
Q. Examine the distribution of critical mineral resources across India. Analyze the reasons
for India's reliance on imports despite having domestic reserves. (15 M) ................................. 55
Q. Discuss the role of geographic factors in determining the suitability of regions for nuclear
power projects, with examples from India. (10 M) ...................................................................... 57
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity,
cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical
features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of
such changes. .......................................................................................................................... 59
Q. Analyze the linkages between land degradation and global water crises. Suggest measures
for integrated land and water management. (10 M) .................................................................... 59
Q. Explain the process of ground-level ozone formation and identify the primary factors and
sources contributing to its concentration in India. Analyze its environmental and health
impacts and suggest effective mitigation strategies. (15 M) ........................................................ 61
Q. What drives the persistence of destructive fishing practices such as bottom trawling in the
Palk Bay? Evaluate its harmful effects on the marine ecosystem and suggest steps for
sustainable fisheries management. (15 M) .................................................................................... 64
Q. Discuss the role of ocean currents in regulating global heat distribution. How do anomalies
like El Niño and La Niña disrupt this equilibrium? (10M) ......................................................... 66
Q. Examine the role of Arctic tundra as a natural carbon sink and analyze how its
transformation into a carbon source could impact the global carbon cycle and climate
stability. (15 M) ............................................................................................................................... 68
Q. “Marine heatwaves are increasingly threatening marine ecosystems globally”. Discuss
their causes, impacts on biodiversity, and cascading effects on oceanic food chains. (15 M) .. 70

3
 Q. Examine how climate change-induced variations in temperature and precipitation patterns
are reshaping agricultural practices across India, with a focus on adaptive strategies. (15 M)
.......................................................................................................................................................... 72
Q. Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and surface waves generated during
an earthquake. How do these waves contribute to the damage caused? (10 M) ....................... 74

Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms,

literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

Q. Analyze the role of motifs and symbolism in traditional Indian art forms and
discuss how they reflect the cultural ethos of their regions. (10 M)

Introduction

Motifs and symbolism in traditional Indian art forms are not just aesthetic designs but
intricate representations of spiritual beliefs, societal values, and historical narratives.
They embody the cultural ethos of the regions they originate from, showcasing a unique
blend of tradition, identity, and artistic expression.

Body

Role of motifs and symbolism in traditional Indian art forms

Fig- Lotus Motif Fig- Peacock Motif

1. Spiritual representation: Motifs in Indian art often convey deep spiritual meanings,
depicting deities, cosmic elements, and philosophical concepts.
o Eg: The lotus motif in Madhubani paintings symbolizes purity, divinity, and
enlightenment in line with Indian spirituality.
2. Nature as inspiration: The rich biodiversity of India finds expression in motifs,
reflecting harmony with the environment and a connection to local landscapes.
o Eg: Warli art features trees, animals, and the sun, highlighting the
community’s ecological awareness and symbiosis with nature.

4
 3. Social and cultural narratives: Motifs often narrate regional folklore, epics, and
traditions, preserving oral histories through visual mediums.
o Eg: Pattachitra paintings from Odisha illustrate stories from the
Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Jagannath culture.
4. Regional identity: Unique motifs often define the artistic identity of a region,
showcasing its distinct cultural legacy.
o Eg: The Paisley motif in Kashmiri shawls reflects the region’s Persian
influence and centuries-old craftsmanship.
5. Economic and trade significance: Symbolic patterns on textiles and artifacts have
historically promoted trade and cultural exchanges.
o Eg: Indus Valley seals with intricate motifs not only served as trade emblems
but also indicated a sophisticated communication system.

How motifs reflect the cultural ethos of regions

1. Religious influences: Religious symbolism in art captures the spiritual practices and
values of communities.
o Eg: Tanjore paintings from Tamil Nadu showcase devotion to Hindu deities
and temple culture.
2. Historical legacy: Motifs in art forms preserve the cultural and political history of the
regions they belong to.
o Eg: Ajanta cave paintings depict Buddhist philosophies and the rich trade
links of the Gupta period.
3. Community practices: Art often mirrors the traditions, festivals, and day-to-day life
of local communities.
o Eg: Chhau masks of West Bengal, used in traditional dance forms, represent
mythological characters and local folklore.
4. Cultural resilience: Motifs sustain regional identities, helping communities retain
their uniqueness in a rapidly globalizing world.
o Eg: Phulkari embroidery in Punjab symbolizes pride in rural traditions and
cultural heritage.
5. Modern adaptations: Traditional motifs are often reimagined to meet contemporary
demands while preserving their essence.
o Eg: Kalamkari prints from Andhra Pradesh are now widely used in modern
fashion and home decor, blending tradition with modernity.

Conclusion

Motifs and symbolism in traditional Indian art forms are a testament to the country’s rich
cultural diversity and historical depth. They not only preserve regional identities but also
serve as a bridge between tradition and modernity. Sustained efforts to integrate these art
forms into education, tourism, and global markets can ensure their preservation and continued
relevance in contemporary times.

5
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth
century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.

Q. “Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s efforts during the independence movement laid the
foundation for his work in post-independence India”. Elucidate. (10 M)

Introduction
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, a stalwart of the Indian freedom struggle and the first President of
India, exemplified continuity in leadership. His principles during the independence
movement shaped his significant contributions to post-independence nation-building.

Body

Contribution during the Independence movement

1. Champaran Satyagraha leadership: Played a pivotal role in organizing legal aid

and mobilizing farmers against colonial indigo planters.
o Eg. Supported Mahatma Gandhi in Champaran (1917) and ensured peaceful
resolution of farmers' grievances.
2. Relief work during disasters: Mobilized relief operations during crises, showcasing
his administrative capability and compassion for the masses.
o Eg. Organized large-scale relief during the Bihar earthquake (1934), earning
the title "Desh Ratna."
3. Strengthening the Congress party: Consolidated the Congress during critical
phases, ensuring unity and focus amidst ideological divisions.
o Eg. Presided over the Congress sessions during Quit India Movement
(1942), maintaining the party's organizational strength.
4. Advocate of Gandhian philosophy: Championed non-violence, truth, and swaraj,
laying the moral foundation for governance.
o Eg. Authored India Divided (1946), advocating peaceful solutions to
communal and political issues.
5. Role in fostering communal harmony: Actively worked towards Hindu-Muslim
unity during communal tensions to promote national cohesion.
o Eg. Intervened during the Bengal riots (1946) to de-escalate violence and
foster peace.

Impact on post-independence India

1. Leadership in Constitution-making: As President of the Constituent Assembly,

ensured smooth deliberations and inclusion of diverse perspectives.
o Eg. Facilitated consensus on Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles
(1946-1949), critical to the Indian Constitution.

6
 2. Upholding democratic principles as President: Displayed impartiality, integrity,
and adherence to constitutional values during his presidency.
o Eg. Upheld constitutional protocols during the Kerala crisis (1959) despite
political pressure.
3. Focus on rural development: Advocated self-reliance and rural empowerment in
line with Gandhian ideals.
o Eg. Supported the Community Development Programme (1952) for rural
growth and agricultural reform.
4. Promotion of cultural unity: Encouraged linguistic and cultural harmony in a
newly independent and diverse India.
o Eg. Provided critical support during the linguistic reorganization of states
(1956) to prevent regional conflicts.
5. Institution-building: Strengthened democratic institutions and set high standards
for constitutional governance.
o Eg. Ensured fair conduct of India's first general elections (1951-52),
reinforcing public trust in democracy.

Conclusion
Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s leadership bridged the ideals of the independence movement with
the demands of governance in a fledgling democracy. His legacy of ethical leadership and
inclusive nation-building continues to guide India toward progress and unity.

Q. “The C. R. Formula proposed a practical solution for communal harmony but

faced stiff resistance”. Discuss its reception by various stakeholders and its
impact on later negotiations. (15 M)

Introduction

The C. R. Formula (1944) was a pragmatic attempt to reconcile differences between the
Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League amidst growing communal
tensions. However, its rejection by key stakeholders marked a crucial turning point in the
struggle for Indian independence.

Body

The C. R. Formula as a practical solution for communal harmony

1. Recognition of Muslim-majority areas: Allowed Muslim-majority regions to form

a separate state (Pakistan) through a plebiscite after independence.
o Eg: This aligned with the 1940 Lahore Resolution, which called for an
independent Muslim state.
2. Conditional plebiscite: Stated that the plebiscite would occur only after full transfer
of power to Indians, ensuring the decision was made in a sovereign context.

7
 o Eg: The formula intended to delay partition and secure unity during
independence.
3. Interim coalition government: Advocated for an interim Congress-League
coalition government to manage the transition.
o Eg: It aimed to foster trust and cooperation between the two parties.
4. Safeguards for minorities: Proposed measures to protect minority rights in both
envisioned states.
o Eg: Addressed fears of exploitation among minorities in Hindu- or Muslim-
majority areas.

Reception by various stakeholders

1. Indian National Congress: Rejected the formula as conceding the demand for
partition and compromising on India’s unity.
o Eg: Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel opposed it, arguing it would divide
India irreversibly.
2. All-India Muslim League: Rejected on grounds that Pakistan should be
unconditional and immediate.
o Eg: Jinnah dismissed the formula as inadequate and vague, viewing it as a
delay tactic.
3. Hindu Mahasabha: Criticized the formula as legitimizing communalism and
undermining Hindu unity.
o Eg: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar opposed any plan that allowed partition of
the country.
4. British Government: Took a neutral stance, letting Indian factions resolve their
disputes without British interference.
o Eg: The British aimed to use the internal divide to delay their exit and
maintain control.

Impact on later negotiations

1. Catalyzed communal demands: Reinforced the Muslim League’s demand for

Pakistan as a non-negotiable outcome.
o Eg: Influenced the Direct Action Day (1946) and subsequent communal
polarization.
2. Shaped partition discussions: Established a precedent for plebiscite-based
territorial division in later plans.
o Eg: Reflected in the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) and Mountbatten Plan
(1947).
3. Widened Congress-League divide: Hardened ideological positions, making
reconciliation nearly impossible.
o Eg: Jinnah’s stance solidified around the "Two-Nation Theory", rejecting
any compromise.

8
 4. Missed opportunity for dialogue: Exposed the failure of Indian leadership to find
a middle ground, deepening communal mistrust.
o Eg: This failure is often seen as a step toward the eventual partition of India.
5. Strengthened British leverage: Highlighted the inability of Indian factions to
negotiate, enabling the British to exploit the situation.
o Eg: Delayed transfer of power until 1947, leading to hasty partition
planning.

Conclusion

The C. R. Formula, though well-intentioned, underscored the complexities of reconciling

communal aspirations in colonial India. Its rejection by all major stakeholders highlighted the
deep ideological and political divides, ultimately paving the way for partition. The need for
inclusive dialogue and trust-building mechanisms remains a critical lesson for resolving
conflicts in diverse societies.

The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important

contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.

Q. What were the socio-political circumstances that led to the Vaikom Struggle?
Discuss its role in shaping subsequent caste movements in pre-independent
India. (10 M)

Introduction

The Vaikom Struggle of 1924 was a historic anti-caste movement aimed at challenging the
rigid caste-based restrictions in Travancore. It became a milestone in India’s socio-political
reform history, influencing subsequent anti-caste mobilizations.

Body

Socio-political circumstances that led to the Vaikom Struggle

1. Caste-based restrictions on temple roads: Lower castes, such as the Ezhavas and
Pulayas, were prohibited from walking on temple roads, reinforcing systemic
exclusion.
o Eg: Vaikom Mahadeva Temple roads were exclusively reserved for
Brahmins, preventing access for lower castes even in public spaces.
2. Influence of social reformers: Reformists like Sree Narayana Guru advocated for
equality, inspiring marginalized communities to challenge caste-based injustices.

9
 o Eg: Sree Narayana Guru’s slogan "One caste, one religion, one God for
humanity" inspired the ideological basis for the movement.
3. Emerging political consciousness: The Indian National Congress (INC) adopted a
progressive approach, integrating social reforms with political agendas.
o Eg: Leaders like T.K. Madhavan brought temple entry issues to the INC’s
Kakinada session in 1923, garnering wider support.
4. Resistance from the Travancore government: The princely state upheld caste
hierarchies through rigid policies, sparking agitation.
o Eg: Protesters were arrested by the Travancore administration, which drew
national attention to the struggle.
5. Periyar’s leadership: Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, a key leader of the Dravidian
Movement, expanded the struggle, transforming it into a mass movement.
o Eg: Periyar’s involvement in 1924 united various caste groups, amplifying
the reach of the movement.

Role in shaping subsequent caste movements in pre-independent India

1. Template for temple entry movements: The Vaikom Struggle became a model for
similar movements advocating for temple access to all castes.
o Eg: The 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation in Travancore, inspired by
Vaikom, allowed temple access to all Hindus.
2. Catalyst for legislative reforms: The struggle highlighted the necessity for state
intervention to enforce social justice.
o Eg: The Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act (1947) ensured equal
temple access across the Madras Presidency.
3. Inspiration for Ambedkar’s movements: B.R. Ambedkar drew from Vaikom’s
example to challenge caste-based restrictions in public spaces.
o Eg: The Mahad Satyagraha (1927) in Maharashtra, led by Ambedkar, fought
for Dalits’ right to use public water tanks.
4. Strengthened the anti-caste agenda: The Vaikom Struggle reinforced the broader
anti-caste movement, influencing efforts like the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil
Nadu.
o Eg: Periyar’s call for self-respect and equality gained momentum after
Vaikom.
5. Contribution to constitutional ideals: The struggle influenced the framing of
Article 17 of the Constitution, abolishing untouchability and ensuring equality.
o Eg: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s advocacy during Constituent Assembly debates
drew on such historical reforms to enshrine social justice.

Conclusion

The Vaikom Struggle was a landmark in India’s journey toward caste equality, providing a
blueprint for later movements. Its legacy highlights the enduring importance of collective
action and reform in building an inclusive and equitable society.

10
Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the
country.

Q. Examine the role of the Shillong Accord (1975) in the integration of Nagaland
into the Indian Union. How successful was it in achieving long-term peace? (10
M)

Introduction

The Shillong Accord of 1975 marked an important attempt by the Indian government to
bring an end to decades of insurgency in Nagaland, reaffirming the region’s constitutional
status within the Indian Union. Despite its initial success, the accord remains controversial
in achieving sustained peace.

Body

Role of the Shillong Accord (1975) in the integration of Nagaland

1. Reaffirmation of Indian sovereignty: It formalized the recognition of Nagaland as

an integral part of India by bringing rebel groups under constitutional norms.
o Eg. Naga National Council (NNC) agreed to give up demands for
sovereignty.
2. Commitment to ceasefire: The Accord mandated an immediate halt to hostilities,
providing a basis for peace talks.
o Eg. Temporary cessation of armed conflict reduced violence in the late 1970s.
3. Political reconciliation: It facilitated the participation of Naga leaders in
mainstream political frameworks, fostering dialogue.
o Eg. Some underground leaders moved to administrative and political roles
post-accord.
4. Initiation of demobilisation: Underground groups agreed to surrender arms and
abandon violent methods.
o Eg. Surrender of arms by several factions symbolized a step toward stability.
5. Strategic importance: It weakened external influences on insurgency by isolating
groups that continued militancy.
o Eg. Reduced cross-border activities from Myanmar-based insurgent groups.

Success and challenges of the Shillong Accord in achieving long term peace

11
 Success Challenges
Factional divisions: Creation of the
Reduction in violence: The ceasefire led to a
NSCN in 1980 split the insurgency into
temporary drop in insurgent activity in Nagaland.
more violent factions.
Foundation for further agreements: It laid the
Exclusion of stakeholders: Key groups
groundwork for later peace efforts, such as the
and regions were left out, increasing
1997 Ceasefire Agreement and the Framework
mistrust and discontent.
Agreement (2015).
Focus on local development: The agreement Unresolved core demands: The issues
allowed resources to be diverted to economic and of a separate flag and constitution for
infrastructure growth. Nagas remained unaddressed.
Integration of moderates: It brought certain Opposition from hardliners: The
moderate Naga leaders into mainstream Accord was perceived as a betrayal by
politics. some, fueling continued insurgency.
Erosion of trust: The secrecy
Diplomatic success: India’s negotiation approach
surrounding the Accord and its terms
highlighted its commitment to non-violent
created long-lasting suspicion among the
conflict resolution.
Naga population.

Conclusion

The Shillong Accord (1975) was instrumental in initiating a peace process in Nagaland but
fell short of addressing core aspirations and inclusivity, leading to fragmentation and
continued insurgency. A comprehensive, inclusive, and transparent dialogue remains
essential for long-term peace in the region.

Q. Examine the challenges faced by the Constituent Assembly in drafting a

Constitution for a diverse and newly independent India. What lessons can
contemporary policymakers draw from this experience? (10 M)

Introduction

The Constituent Assembly, inaugurated on December 9, 1946, laid the foundation of

India’s democracy by drafting a Constitution that reflected the aspirations of a newly
independent and diverse nation. Its work remains a model for nation-building under
adversity.

Body

Challenges faced by the Constituent Assembly

12
 1. Social and cultural diversity: India’s vast population encompassed multiple
religions, languages, and castes, requiring a unifying framework that respected
diversity.
o Eg: The debate over the national language culminated in the adoption of
Hindi as the official language and English as an associate language to
balance competing demands.
2. Partition and communal violence: The Partition of 1947 brought communal riots,
large-scale migrations, and deep mistrust, complicating the drafting of a secular
Constitution.
o Eg: Articles like Article 29 and Article 30 were framed to safeguard minority
rights and promote harmony.
3. Regional aspirations: States demanded autonomy while maintaining national unity,
leading to challenges in designing a federal structure.
o Eg: The Sixth Schedule granted special autonomy to tribal areas, ensuring
self-governance within the Union.
4. Economic disparities: Addressing the needs of a predominantly poor and agrarian
society while laying the groundwork for industrial growth was daunting.
o Eg: Directive Principles of State Policy were included to guide future
welfare measures like land reforms and education for all.
5. Ideological differences: Members with varying ideologies debated governance
models, socialism, and secularism.
o Eg: The debate on secularism resulted in its inclusion in the Preamble
through the 42nd Amendment.
6. Lack of precedent: India had no prior experience in framing such an extensive
Constitution, relying heavily on global models like the US Bill of Rights and UK
parliamentary traditions.
o Eg: The concept of judicial review was borrowed from the US to ensure the
protection of fundamental rights.

Lessons for contemporary policymakers

1. Consensus-building through dialogue: Constructive debate and compromise are

essential for inclusive policymaking.
o Eg: The Assembly’s consensus on reservations laid the groundwork for
affirmative action policies like the Scheduled Castes and Tribes reservation.
2. Respect for diversity: Policies must accommodate diverse groups and ensure
equitable representation.
3. Balancing autonomy and unity: A strong yet flexible federal structure ensures
governance and cohesion.
o Eg: The NITI Aayog’s cooperative federalism model aligns with the
Assembly’s vision of federalism.
4. Incorporating global best practices: Adapting international models to suit India’s
context enhances policy outcomes.

13
 o Eg: The implementation of GST, inspired by global taxation models, ensured
fiscal uniformity.
5. Long-term vision in policymaking: A focus on sustainability and inclusivity ensures
enduring governance.
o Eg: The Assembly’s adoption of universal adult franchise has strengthened
India’s democratic process.

Conclusion

The Constituent Assembly’s ability to navigate complex challenges highlights the power of
inclusivity, dialogue, and vision in governance. Policymakers today can draw inspiration
from this legacy to address modern challenges while upholding the democratic ethos of India.

Q. “The 1971 Indo-Bangladesh war was a defining moment in India’s history,

both militarily and diplomatically”. Comment. (15 M)

Introduction

The 1971 Indo-Bangladesh war was a historic event that marked India’s decisive military
prowess and diplomatic maturity, resulting in the liberation of Bangladesh and reshaping
South Asia’s geopolitics.

Body

Military significance of the 1971 war

1. Demonstration of military capability: India achieved a swift and decisive victory in

13 days, marking a watershed moment in its military history.
o Eg: The surrender of 93,000 Pakistani troops on December 16, 1971, was
the largest military capitulation since WWII.
2. Effective tri-services coordination: India showcased the effective integration of its
Army, Navy, and Air Force in achieving a strategic victory.
o Eg: The Indian Navy’s blockade of Karachi port crippled Pakistan’s supplies,
while the IAF’s dominance neutralized enemy defenses.
3. Rapid mobility and planning: The war demonstrated India’s preparedness, rapid
troop mobilization, and effective operational planning.
o Eg: The strategy of attacking from multiple fronts in East Pakistan ensured
quick encirclement of Dhaka.
4. Leadership and morale boost: The war reflected strong leadership and improved
morale within the Indian Armed Forces.
o Eg: General Sam Manekshaw's precise leadership and the execution by
commanders like Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora ensured victory.
5. Emergence of India as a regional defence power: The war established India as a
dominant military force in South Asia.

14
 o Eg: India’s ability to defend its borders and liberate Bangladesh won
international recognition.
6. Test of indigenous military systems: The war encouraged further investments in
indigenous defence technologies and logistics.
o Eg: Post-1971, India boosted its focus on domestic arms production like the
DRDO and later initiatives for self-reliance.

Diplomatic significance of the 1971 war

1. Elevated global stature of India: India emerged as a decisive power capable of

influencing regional geopolitics through a combination of military and diplomatic
actions.
o Eg: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's leadership was recognized globally for
balancing military intervention with humanitarian concerns.
2. Strategic alignment with USSR: India successfully secured Soviet support to
counterbalance the pro-Pakistan stance of the US and China.
o Eg: The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (August 1971)
assured Soviet intervention if China or the US escalated tensions.
3. Humanitarian justification for intervention: India effectively used the massive
refugee crisis as a humanitarian cause for its military intervention.
o Eg: Over 10 million refugees entered India from East Pakistan, creating
immense socio-economic pressure.
4. Global isolation of Pakistan: India exposed the atrocities of the Pakistani Army in
East Pakistan, weakening Pakistan’s global standing.
o Eg: Reports of the ‘Operation Searchlight’ massacre drew condemnation
from human rights groups and global media.
5. Recognition of Bangladesh’s sovereignty: India was the first country to recognize
Bangladesh, demonstrating its commitment to self-determination and regional
stability.
o Eg: On December 6, 1971, India officially recognized Bangladesh as an
independent nation.
6. Reinforced India’s non-alignment policy: India’s diplomatic maneuvering allowed
it to act independently without becoming subordinate to any global power.
o Eg: Despite US pressure under Nixon’s administration, India maintained
strategic autonomy during the war.
7. Simla Agreement and regional peace: The war’s resolution through the Simla
Agreement (1972) redefined India-Pakistan relations by emphasizing bilateral
solutions and peace-building.
o Eg: The agreement reaffirmed India’s stance on non-interference while
retaining gains from the conflict.
8. Enhanced role in international forums: India’s success amplified its voice in
platforms like the UN, improving its diplomatic leverage in regional and global
politics.

15
 o Eg: India’s position in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) strengthened as it
showcased leadership and assertiveness.

Conclusion

The 1971 war was a landmark moment that showcased India’s military capability and
diplomatic acumen, securing its role as a regional power. The success not only reshaped
South Asia but also reinforced India's position as a nation capable of balancing power and
principle on the global stage.

Q. “The liberation of Goa in 1961 was one of the last steps in India’s integration
of princely states and territories”. Discuss the challenges and successes of this
process in post-independence India. (10 M)

Introduction
The liberation of Goa in 1961 marked the culmination of India’s decolonization and
integration efforts. As a vital port and cultural hub, Goa’s integration reinforced India’s
sovereignty, completed its territorial unification, and underscored its resolve to end colonial
rule.

Body

Challenges in liberating Goa

1. Colonial resistance: Portugal’s refusal to recognize India’s sovereignty over Goa and
its claim of Goa as an overseas province hindered diplomatic negotiations.
o Eg: Portugal rejected India’s peaceful overtures from 1947 to 1960,
maintaining a colonial grip under its Constitution of 1933.
2. Cold War geopolitics: Western nations, particularly the US and UK, opposed India’s
military action due to Portugal’s NATO membership.
o Eg: The UN Security Council debate on Goa’s liberation was vetoed by the
Soviet Union in India’s favour.
3. Internal security concerns: Fears of prolonged insurgency and Portuguese retaliation
delayed decisive action.
o Eg: Intelligence reports suggested Portugal sought NATO military support to
counter India.
4. Delayed intervention: India’s initial focus on diplomacy and peaceful integration
prolonged colonial rule in Goa.
o Eg: Despite protests and satyagrahas, the military operation was launched
only in December 1961.

Successes in liberating Goa

1. Decisive military operation: Operation Vijay (December 18-19, 1961) swiftly

liberated Goa within 36 hours with minimal casualties.

16
 o Eg: The Indian armed forces employed air, naval, and ground strategies to
defeat Portuguese forces.
2. Support from local resistance movements: Goa’s liberation was bolstered by
decades of activism by local leaders and organizations.
o Eg: The 1946 satyagraha led by Ram Manohar Lohia galvanized public
support against Portuguese rule.
3. End of colonial rule: Goa’s liberation symbolized the final step in India’s
decolonization and integration journey.
o Eg: It aligned with global decolonization movements in Asia and Africa
during the mid-20th century.
4. Smooth integration into the Indian Union: Goa was declared a Union Territory,
preserving its unique cultural and linguistic identity before attaining statehood in
1987.
o Eg: Konkani’s inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution ensured
linguistic recognition.
5. Enhanced national sovereignty: Goa’s integration strengthened India’s territorial
integrity and reinforced its image as a sovereign power.
o Eg: The event demonstrated India’s ability to assert its sovereignty despite
Cold War challenges.

Conclusion
Goa’s liberation underscores India’s commitment to territorial integrity and anti-colonialism,
achieved through a balance of diplomacy and decisive action. This legacy continues to serve
as a guiding principle in addressing contemporary issues of sovereignty and integration.

History of the world will include events from 18th century such as
industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national
boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies
like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and
effect on the society.
Q. Discuss the significance of the Carter Doctrine in reshaping US foreign policy
during the Cold War and its long-term impact on US-Soviet relations. (15 M)

Introduction
The Carter Doctrine, announced in the 1980 State of the Union address, declared the
Persian Gulf a vital region for US national interests, asserting that any external control
attempt would be met with military action. This marked a decisive shift toward a more
aggressive US foreign policy during the Cold War.

17
Body

Significance of the Carter Doctrine in reshaping US foreign policy

1. Reassertion of US presence in the Middle East: The Doctrine countered Soviet

expansionism following the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by emphasizing
US dominance in the Persian Gulf.
o Eg: Establishment of the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF)
showcased US military commitment to protecting Gulf oil supplies.
2. Shift from détente to confrontation: It moved away from the cooperative
framework of détente, signalling a return to containment as a key Cold War strategy.
o Eg: The arming of the mujahideen in Afghanistan escalated the proxy war
and bled Soviet resources.
3. Energy security focus: By prioritizing oil supplies in the Gulf, the Doctrine directly
tied energy resources to national security.
o Eg: The US imposed a grain embargo on the USSR, intensifying economic
strain.
4. Strengthening alliances: The Doctrine fostered strong ties with Saudi Arabia and
Pakistan to counter Soviet influence in the region.
o Eg: Collaboration with Pakistan facilitated the training of Afghan rebels
against the Soviets.
5. Modernization of US military: Carter initiated a five-year defence plan to reverse
post-Vietnam military decline and counter Soviet aggression.
o Eg: This formed the basis for Reagan’s military build-up, ensuring a
stronger US position in the Cold War.
6. Expansion of Cold War to new theaters: It expanded the Cold War battleground to
the Middle East, redefining US foreign policy to include regional power projection.
o Eg: Increased US presence in the Hormuz Strait ensured dominance over
critical oil transit routes.
7. Ideological positioning: The Doctrine elevated the US stance as a defender of free
markets and democracy, countering Soviet socialism globally.
o Eg: Carter’s speeches consistently criticized Soviet imperialism in
Afghanistan and their repression of dissent, enhancing US moral authority.

Long-term impact on US-Soviet relations

1. Escalation of Cold War tensions: The Doctrine intensified hostilities, with both
powers ramping up military investments and expanding their influence in conflicts
worldwide.
o Eg: The Afghan War, supported by US arms to the mujahideen, became
the “Soviet Vietnam,” draining the USSR’s resources.
2. Economic strain on the USSR: Carter’s policies, such as the grain embargo, further
weakened the already struggling Soviet economy.

18
 o Eg: The embargo forced the Soviets to buy grain at 25% above market
prices, exacerbating food shortages and straining resources.
3. Set the stage for glasnost and perestroika: Mounting economic and military
pressures during Carter’s presidency contributed to Gorbachev’s reforms in the late
1980s.
o Eg: Policies like glasnost (openness) emerged to address internal dissent and
manage external criticism.
4. Foundation for Reagan’s strategies: Carter’s assertiveness influenced Reagan’s
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and heightened US military investments.
o Eg: Reagan acknowledged in 1985 that Carter’s defence policies provided
leverage in US-Soviet negotiations.
5. Enduring impact on US Middle East policy: The Doctrine entrenched US
involvement in the Persian Gulf, influencing subsequent interventions.
o Eg: The 1991 Gulf War echoed Carter’s strategic objectives in securing oil
resources and countering regional instability.
6. Loss of Soviet influence: The Doctrine highlighted the vulnerabilities of the Soviet
system and triggered global resistance to Soviet-backed regimes.
o Eg: Support for anti-Soviet movements in Eastern Europe gained
momentum as a ripple effect of Carter’s policy.
7. Global realignment: It contributed to reshaping alliances, with countries aligning
based on ideological and resource interests during the Cold War.
o Eg: The strengthening of NATO alliances countered Soviet attempts to
dominate Eurasia.

Conclusion
The Carter Doctrine marked a turning point in US foreign policy, emphasizing military
assertiveness and economic strategies to counter Soviet expansionism. Its long-term
impacts, from weakening the Soviet Union to redefining US global engagement,
underscore its significance in shaping Cold War dynamics. Future policies must balance
geopolitical assertiveness with sustainable diplomacy to avoid prolonged conflicts.

Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

Role of women and women’s organization, population and

associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization,
their problems and their remedies.
Q. Discuss how rapid urbanisation and poor urban design contribute to the
rising burden of non-communicable diseases in Indian cities. Suggest measures to
mitigate these challenges. (15 Marks)

Introduction

19
The twin challenges of rapid urbanisation and poor urban design are reshaping the health
landscape in Indian cities, significantly contributing to the rise of non-communicable
diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular illnesses. Addressing these
issues requires a multi-dimensional approach to urban planning and healthcare policy.

Body

How rapid urbanisation contributes to NCD burden

1. Overcrowded living conditions: High population density fosters poor hygiene,

sedentary lifestyles, and stress.
o Eg. Mumbai’s Dharavi slum reports rising hypertension and diabetes cases
due to congested living.
2. Air pollution: Increased vehicular and industrial emissions lead to respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases.
o Eg. Delhi NCR's PM2.5 levels, among the world’s highest, link to 20% of
cardiovascular deaths (Lancet 2022).
3. Occupational hazards: Migrants in informal jobs face long hours and poor health
safety standards, increasing their vulnerability to NCDs.
o Eg. Construction workers in Bengaluru exhibit higher rates of
musculoskeletal disorders (National Institute of Occupational Health, 2022).
4. Nutrition transition: Urbanisation drives a shift towards processed foods,
exacerbating obesity and diabetes.
o Eg. NFHS-5 (2019-21) shows a 4% rise in urban obesity over a decade.

How poor urban design contributes to NCD burden

1. Lack of walkability: Absence of pedestrian-friendly infrastructure promotes

sedentary behavior.
o Eg. Mumbai’s Bandra-Kurla Complex lacks footpaths, discouraging
physical activity.
2. Insufficient green spaces: Green areas reduce stress and promote activity, yet many
cities fall short.
o Eg. Chennai has only 2.1 sq. meters of green space per capita, far below
WHO's 9 sq. meters recommendation.
3. Car-centric transport systems: Overreliance on private vehicles increases pollution
and physical inactivity.
o Eg. Hyderabad’s Outer Ring Road expansion prioritised cars over public
transport.
4. Unregulated urban sprawl: Poor zoning leads to longer commutes, reducing time
for exercise or healthy meals.
o Eg. Gurgaon’s unplanned urban expansion results in average daily
commutes exceeding two hours.

20
Measures to mitigate challenges

1. Inclusive urban planning: Design walkable cities with safe pedestrian and cycling
paths.
o Eg. Pune’s Urban Street Design guidelines improved walkability and
reduced accidents.
2. Green infrastructure: Develop more parks and promote urban forestry to enhance
mental and physical health.
o Eg. Ahmedabad’s Sabarmati Riverfront increased green cover and
community engagement.
3. Integrated public transport: Encourage affordable and sustainable public transit
systems.
o Eg. Kochi Metro, integrated with waterways and bicycles, promotes low-
emission commuting.
4. Stronger occupational health standards: Enforce workplace health policies for
informal workers.
o Eg. Recommendations by the National Commission on Labour (2019) for
informal workforce welfare.
5. Digital health platforms: Use mobile apps for community-based NCD screening and
monitoring.
o Eg. E-Sanjeevani Telemedicine Platform enables access to preventive care.
6. Urban health centres: Establish dedicated health facilities in informal settlements.
o Eg. The Mohalla Clinics in Delhi provide low-cost NCD care.
7. Legislative frameworks: Enforce policies like AMRUT for better urban
infrastructure and health inclusion.

Conclusion

A sustainable future for Indian cities hinges on aligning urban growth with robust, equitable
health systems and people-centric design. With proactive planning, innovative technology,
and collaborative governance, the rising burden of NCDs can be curtailed, creating
healthier and more livable urban environments.

Q. “Disability inclusion in nutrition and health services is critical for social

equity”. Evaluate the challenges and strategies to make these services more
accessible to persons with disabilities in India. (15 M)

Introduction
Disability inclusion in health and nutrition is vital for creating an equitable society, ensuring
that marginalized individuals can lead healthy and productive lives while reducing disparities.

Body

Disability inclusion in nutrition and health services is critical for social equity

21
 1. Combating marginalization: Inclusive nutrition and health services reduce social
exclusion and enable participation in public life.
o Eg: National Disability Pension Scheme provides support for financial and
nutritional needs.
2. Improving quality of life: Access to essential services mitigates malnutrition-
related disabilities, reducing dependency.
o Eg: Vitamin A supplementation programs have reduced blindness in
children (WHO, 2022).
3. Enabling economic empowerment: Healthy individuals with disabilities can
contribute to the workforce, fostering inclusive growth.
o Eg: The Accessible India Campaign promotes accessible infrastructure for
economic participation.
4. Fulfilling legal and constitutional commitments: Ensures Article 14 (equality
before law) and aligns with SDG 10 (reducing inequalities).
o Eg: Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 mandates equitable access.
5. Reducing health disparities: Inclusive policies help in reducing inequalities
between persons with and without disabilities.
o Eg: Haryana’s Nanhe Farishtey Podcast educates communities about
disability inclusion.

Challenges to making these services accessible

1. Inaccessible infrastructure: Health and nutrition centers lack ramps, tactile

signage, and assistive technologies.
o Eg: UNICEF 2023 report highlights that only 20% of rural health centers
are accessible.
2. Awareness gaps: Frontline workers and communities often lack knowledge about
disabilities and tailored nutritional needs.
o Eg: Haryana's Needs Assessment Study (2023) revealed insufficient training
among Anganwadi workers.
3. Financial constraints: Many persons with disabilities face economic barriers to
accessing healthcare and nutritious food.
o Eg: NSO 2018 report found that 70% of persons with disabilities belong to
lower-income groups.
4. Data inadequacies: Limited disability-specific data hampers targeted policy-making
and service delivery.
o Eg: Census 2011 underreported disability at 2.21%, while estimates suggest
5-6%.
5. Social stigma and discrimination: Persistent stigma isolates individuals, preventing
them from seeking services.
o Eg: WHO (2022) reported stigma as a barrier to maternal health services for
disabled women.

Strategies to make these services more accessible

22
 1. Inclusive infrastructure development: Build health centers with ramps, tactile
aids, and assistive technologies to ensure accessibility.
o Eg: The Accessible India Campaign aims for 50% of public buildings to be
accessible by 2025.
2. Training of frontline workers: Equip Anganwadi and ASHA workers with skills
to address disabilities and nutritional needs.
o Eg: Anganwadi Protocol for Divyang Children (2023) focuses on
monitoring and referral processes.
3. Financial inclusion schemes: Expand programs like National Disability Pension
and subsidize assistive devices for low-income groups.
o Eg: Haryana’s Mission Vatsalya provides comprehensive support for children
with disabilities.
4. Leverage technology: Use POSHAN Tracker and telemedicine to track health
outcomes and expand service outreach.
o Eg: POSHAN Abhiyaan includes monitoring child development milestones.
5. Awareness campaigns: Conduct targeted programs to dispel myths and stigma
surrounding disabilities.
o Eg: Haryana's Nanhe Farishtey Podcast enhances community understanding
of disability inclusion.

Conclusion
Disability inclusion in health and nutrition services is a cornerstone for achieving social
equity and sustainable development goals. By bridging gaps in infrastructure, awareness,
and data, India can ensure that persons with disabilities are active participants in its growth
story. This demands collective effort from government, civil society, and communities.

Q. Discuss the increasing role of digital technology in both exacerbating and

addressing mental health issues among children. How can its usage be effectively
managed in schools to balance risks and benefits? (15 M)
Introduction
The proliferation of digital technology has transformed children’s lives, providing both
opportunities and challenges for their mental health. While it connects and educates, it also
contributes to stress, anxiety, and behavioural changes. Balancing its risks and benefits is
critical in the current era of digital immersion.

Body
Role of digital technology in exacerbating mental health issues among children
1. Increased exposure to cyberbullying: Online platforms often become spaces for
bullying and harassment, leading to anxiety and depression.

o Eg. A 2023 UNICEF survey revealed that 33% of teenagers worldwide have
experienced online bullying.

23
 2. Addiction to gaming and social media: Excessive screen time impacts physical
health, disrupts sleep cycles, and fosters dependency.

o Eg. The WHO classified "Gaming Disorder" as a mental health condition in

2019.

3. Comparison culture and body image issues: Unrealistic portrayals on social media
trigger self-esteem issues and body dissatisfaction.
o Eg. Studies in 2022 (American Psychological Association) linked
Instagram usage to increased body image concerns in teenage girls.

4. Exposure to inappropriate content: Easy access to harmful content can lead to

emotional trauma and unsafe behaviors.

o Eg. The Blue Whale Challenge (2017) caused a spate of self-harm cases
among teenagers globally.

5. Reduced social interaction: Over-reliance on technology has diminished

interpersonal connections, leading to social isolation.

o Eg. A 2021 Lancet report highlighted the link between excessive social
media use and rising loneliness among adolescents.

Role of digital technology in addressing mental health issues among children

1. Digital mental health interventions: Apps and online platforms provide access to
therapy and mindfulness exercises.

o Eg. Apps like Wysa and BetterHelp offer accessible counseling for children
and adolescents.

2. Awareness and education: Digital campaigns and tools promote awareness of mental
health and encourage help-seeking behavior.
o Eg. The Poshan Abhiyaan app in India integrates digital awareness for
adolescent health.

3. Early detection through AI: Artificial intelligence tools analyze behavioral patterns
for early signs of distress.

o Eg. The Wysa Chatbot, powered by AI, assists in identifying early symptoms
of anxiety.

4. Peer support platforms: Social media and forums provide avenues for emotional
support among like-minded individuals.

o Eg. Platforms like 7 Cups connect users with trained listeners for mental
health support.
5. Gamified learning for coping skills: Digital platforms use gamification to teach
resilience and emotional regulation.

24
 o Eg. The SuperBetter app uses games to help users build mental resilience
and reduce stress.

How digital technology usage can be effectively managed to balance risks and benefits
1. Promoting digital literacy: Teaching children critical thinking and responsible
online behaviour to navigate digital spaces safely.

o Eg. Initiatives like the Be Internet Awesome program by Google educate

children on safe internet use.

2. Setting screen time limits: Governments and parents should regulate the duration
and timing of children’s screen usage.
o Eg. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends a maximum
of 2 hours of recreational screen time daily for teenagers.

3. Parental monitoring and engagement: Parents should actively engage in their

children's digital activities to ensure safety.

o Eg. Apps like Bark and Qustodio allow parents to monitor online content
without intruding on privacy.

4. Creating child-friendly content regulations: Governments should enforce stricter

norms for content moderation and safety standards.

o Eg. The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2021 in

India focus on child safety online.

5. Encouraging tech detox initiatives: Schools and communities should promote tech-
free activities to reduce dependency.

o Eg. Programs like the No Phone Challenge in some U.S. schools encourage
students to disconnect.
6. Leveraging EdTech responsibly: Integrating technology into education should
balance screen exposure with physical and emotional well-being.

o Eg. Platforms like BYJU’s use interactive content but encourage offline
exercises for balanced learning.

7. Strengthening cyber laws: Robust laws to address cyberbullying, harassment, and

exploitation can create safer digital environments.

o Eg. India's Cyber Crime Prevention against Women and Children

(CCPWC) scheme helps monitor online offenses.

Conclusion
Digital technology, while integral to modern childhood, must be navigated responsibly to
harness its potential without compromising mental health. A collaborative approach

25
involving governments, parents, educators, and tech companies can create a safer digital
ecosystem for children, enabling them to thrive in the digital age.

Q. Despite the enactment of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual

Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, the practice continues unabated.
Examine the reasons and suggest robust measures for its eradication. ( 15 M)

Introduction

Manual scavenging, a degrading practice outlawed under the Prohibition of Employment as

Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, continues to persist, reflecting
systemic failures in enforcement, societal attitudes, and infrastructure inadequacies. This
issue raises questions about India’s commitment to human dignity and equality.

Body

Persistence of manual scavenging despite the 2013 Act

1. Poor implementation of the law: Identification of manual scavengers and

enforcement of penalties remain inconsistent across states.
o Eg: As of 2022, only 58,098 workers were officially identified (Source:
Ministry of Social Justice).
2. Ineffective rehabilitation measures: Provisions for alternative livelihoods, skill
training, and social security are poorly executed.
o Eg: Only 16% of identified workers received skill development
opportunities (Source: CAG Report, 2022).
3. Continued hazardous cleaning practices: Lack of adequate mechanization for sewer
and septic tank cleaning perpetuates human involvement.
o Eg: Over 300 sewer deaths reported between 2017 and 2022, despite
mechanization mandates.
4. Social stigma and discrimination: The entrenched caste-based division of labor
normalizes this inhuman practice.
o Eg: Majority of manual scavengers belong to Scheduled Castes, reflecting
systemic caste-based exclusion.

Reasons for the continued prevalence

1. Administrative apathy: State-level inaction and lack of accountability undermine

enforcement of the Act.
o Eg: Delhi High Court in 2023 noted negligence in compensating sewer death
victims’ families.
2. Lack of technological adoption: Delays in mechanization leave human cleaners as
the only option.
o Eg: Less than 5% of urban local bodies have fully mechanized sanitation
systems (2022 Report).

26
 3. Economic vulnerability: Poverty forces marginalized groups to remain in hazardous
occupations for survival.
o Eg: Many manual scavengers earn below minimum wage, leaving no viable
alternatives.
4. Inadequate awareness: A lack of education on rights and rehabilitation provisions
prevents workers from seeking alternatives.
o Eg: Many workers are unaware of the NAMASTE scheme provisions
introduced in 2022.
5. Cultural acceptance of caste hierarchies: Practices like untouchability perpetuate
caste-based occupational rigidity.
o Eg: Social ostracism prevents workers from reintegrating into mainstream
society.

Robust measures for eradication

1. Comprehensive mechanization: Mandate the use of machines for cleaning sewers

and septic tanks in all municipalities.
o Eg: Scale up the NAMASTE scheme (2022) to ensure mechanized cleaning
across rural and urban areas.
2. Holistic rehabilitation: Provide skill training, education, and financial assistance for
manual scavengers and their families.
o Eg: Introduce a national database to track rehabilitation and benefits under
the Act.
3. Stringent enforcement mechanisms: Increase penalties and implement regular
inspections to deter violations of the Act.
o Eg: On-the-spot fines for violators and strict jail terms for repeated offenses.
4. Awareness and education: Launch campaigns to educate communities about the law
and destigmatize caste-based occupations.
o Eg: Replicate Kerala’s public awareness campaigns, which successfully
reintegrated rehabilitated workers.
5. Policy integration: Link mechanization mandates with schemes like AMRUT 2.0
and smart city projects to modernize sanitation infrastructure.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu introduced mechanized sewer-cleaning vehicles under
AMRUT, significantly reducing manual involvement.
6. Strengthen monitoring and accountability: Establish independent district-level
committees to oversee implementation and report progress.
o Eg: Form Social Justice Monitoring Committees with civil society
participation

Conclusion

Manual scavenging is a blot on India’s socio-economic fabric and constitutional values. Its
eradication demands a multi-pronged approach integrating technology, strict

27
enforcement, and societal awareness, ensuring every citizen’s right to dignity and
equality. Only then can India achieve true social justice.

Q. Discuss how access to clean drinking water through initiatives like Jal Jeevan
Mission contributes to women's empowerment in rural India. (10 M)

Introduction
The Jal Jeevan Mission (2019), aimed at providing functional household tap connections,
is a game-changer for rural India, enabling women’s empowerment by addressing critical
challenges related to water accessibility.

Body

Contribution of clean drinking water to women’s empowerment

1. Reduction in time burden: Women save significant time that was earlier spent
fetching water, allowing them to focus on education and income-generating activities.
o Eg: According to NSSO (2022), women in rural areas spent over 3 hours
daily collecting water; this time has now been substantially reduced in areas
covered under the mission.
2. Improved health and hygiene: Clean water reduces the prevalence of waterborne
diseases, leading to better health outcomes for women and their families.
o Eg: NFHS-5 data shows a significant decline in diarrhea cases in regions
with Jal Jeevan Mission coverage.
3. Economic participation: Availability of water frees women to participate in
economic activities, entrepreneurship, and self-help groups.
o Eg: Women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs) under the Deendayal Antyodaya
Yojana have utilized saved time for activities like tailoring and food
processing.
4. Safety and dignity: Women no longer need to travel unsafe distances to fetch water,
reducing vulnerability to harassment and enhancing self-esteem.
o Eg: Case studies from Rajasthan highlight improved safety for women in
villages after household tap connections were provided.
5. Community leadership: Women’s involvement in water user committees strengthens
their leadership roles and decision-making capabilities.
o Eg: Jal Shakti Ministry (2023) reports over 50% representation of women
in Pani Samitis, empowering them at the grassroots level.
6. Educational opportunities: Girls, previously tasked with water collection, can now
attend school regularly.
o Eg: A UNICEF report indicates a 20% rise in school attendance in areas
with improved water supply.

Challenges in achieving women’s empowerment

28
 1. Infrastructure gaps: Incomplete water supply infrastructure in remote and tribal
areas delays benefits.
o Eg: States like Jharkhand and Odisha have less than 60% household
coverage as per the Jal Shakti Ministry (2024) report.
2. Contamination issues: Poor water quality, including fluoride and arsenic
contamination, compromises health benefits.
o Eg: A CAG report (2023) flagged fluoride contamination in parts of
Gujarat, affecting the mission’s impact.
3. Social and cultural barriers: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms prevent women from
fully utilizing opportunities created by the scheme.
o Eg: Studies in Uttar Pradesh highlight women being restricted to traditional
household roles despite water access.
4. Awareness gaps: Limited knowledge about women’s roles in water user committees
reduces their participation and impact.
o Eg: Reports show low female engagement in committee decision-making in
some backward regions.

Conclusion

The Jal Jeevan Mission holds immense potential to empower rural women. However, its
success requires robust infrastructure, quality water supply, and focused awareness
campaigns to overcome barriers. With these steps, the mission can drive inclusive and
sustainable empowerment, transforming rural India.

Q. Analyze how the lack of digital literacy and awareness among rural women
perpetuates inequality in access to online platforms in India. What measures can
be taken in this regard? (10 M)

Introduction

India has over 700 million Internet users, yet only 33% of rural women access the Internet
(NFHS-5). The lack of digital literacy among rural women deepens gender inequality,
excluding them from opportunities in education, employment, and social empowerment in the
digital age.

Body

How lack of digital literacy perpetuates inequality

1. Restricted economic opportunities: Inability to access e-commerce platforms,

digital banking, or remote work leads to economic exclusion.
o Eg: Only 25% of rural women actively use digital payment platforms despite
PMGDISHA’s efforts (MeitY, 2023).
2. Barriers to education and skills: Lack of digital skills limits access to online
education and vocational training.
29
 o Eg: A UNICEF report (2022) highlighted that only 26% of rural girls used
online learning during COVID-19 compared to 46% of boys.
3. Social isolation: Fear of online harassment and lack of digital awareness force
women to avoid digital spaces.
o Eg: Tech-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) is a major deterrent,
with 58% of rural women unaware of reporting mechanisms (NCW, 2023).
4. Gendered digital divide: Societal norms discourage women from using mobile
phones or the Internet, reinforcing patriarchal control.
o Eg: 2021 Nielsen report shows rural men dominate 70% of Internet access,
despite increasing mobile penetration.
5. Limited political participation: Women unable to use online platforms miss out on
e-governance and public grievance redressal.
o Eg: Low awareness of platforms like UMANG or MyGov hinders women’s
participation in governance.

Measures to address the issue

1. Enhancing digital literacy: Expand and customize schemes like PMGDISHA to

focus on rural women with skill-based workshops.
o Eg: Success of Kudumbashree Mission in Kerala, which trained women in
digital banking for rural enterprises.
2. Integrating safe practices in education: Add digital safety and literacy as part of
school and community education programs.
o Eg: Maharashtra’s pilot program (2023) introduced cyber safety modules for
adolescent girls in schools.
3. Affordable Internet access: Provide subsidized Internet connections and
smartphones to rural women.
o Eg: Digital Didi initiative by Vodafone offers subsidized mobile phones and
training to women entrepreneurs.
4. Strengthening legal protections: Simplify reporting mechanisms like the National
Cyber Crime Reporting Portal and improve rural access to helplines.
o Eg: Launch of TechSakhi, a digital support helpline for women in 2023,
ensures timely assistance.
5. Community engagement campaigns: Conduct awareness drives to challenge gender
norms and encourage male allies in empowering women digitally.
o Eg: Digital Beti campaigns in Rajasthan worked to educate rural families
about the benefits of women’s online participation.

Conclusion

Bridging the digital literacy gap among rural women is essential to reducing inequality and
fostering inclusive growth. Empowering women with digital skills and safe access can
transform India’s rural economy, making technology a tool of equality rather than
exclusion.

30
Q. Analyze the factors contributing to the rise of juveniles in heinous crimes in
recent years. Suggest pragmatic solutions to address this growing concern in
society. (10 M)

Introduction

The rise in juvenile involvement in heinous crimes highlights a combination of socio-

economic vulnerabilities, emotional neglect, and the unregulated influence of social
media, which demand urgent and systematic attention.

Body

Factors contributing to the rise of juveniles in heinous crimes

1. Social and economic inequality: Poverty, lack of opportunities, and growing

disparity push juveniles toward crime as a means of survival.
o Eg: NCRB (2022) data shows 60% of juvenile offenders belong to
economically weaker sections.
2. Social media exposure: Unmonitored access to violent content and criminal
glorification influences impressionable minds.
o Eg: A UNICEF Report (2023) reveals 70% of teenagers globally are
exposed to violent digital content.
3. Parental neglect and family breakdown: Absence of parental supervision and
emotional guidance leaves juveniles vulnerable to negative influences.
o Eg: A UNICEF study (2023) links family instability to higher juvenile crime
rates.
4. Peer pressure and emotional immaturity: Juveniles are prone to negative peer
influence due to their inability to regulate emotions.
o Eg: AIIMS (2023) reports a rise in juvenile crimes linked to peer groups in
urban areas.
5. Gangster culture and crime glorification: Gang affiliation and the portrayal of
violence as aspirational increase juvenile involvement in organized crimes.
o Eg: Delhi Police reports increasing cases in Delhi-NCR linked to gang
influence among teenagers.
6. Access to firearms and weapons: Regulatory loopholes enable juveniles to access
firearms, facilitating violent crimes.
o Eg: Firearm-related cases among juveniles rose to 16% in 2024 (Delhi
Police data).

Pragmatic solutions to address juvenile crime

1. Regulating social media content: Strict enforcement of content moderation and

promoting digital awareness among parents and children.

31
 o Eg: Implementation of the IT Rules, 2021 to monitor violent and harmful
content.
2. Strengthening family and school interventions: School-based programs to teach
emotional regulation, life skills, and counseling.
o Eg: Madhya Pradesh’s Parvarish Program provides school-based
psychological support for at-risk children.
3. Skill development and rehabilitation: Vocational training and employment
opportunities to enable reformation and economic independence.
o Eg: Borstal Schools in Tamil Nadu have reduced juvenile recidivism by
focusing on vocational skills like carpentry and tailoring.
4. Community policing initiatives: Collaboration between police, families, and
communities to rehabilitate and monitor vulnerable juveniles.
o Eg: Delhi Police’s YUVA initiative reformed over 12,000 juveniles through
skill-building by 2023.
5. Stricter firearm control: Effective implementation of firearm laws to prevent illegal
access to weapons.
o Eg: Enforcing provisions of the Arms Act, 1959 to curb firearm misuse
among juveniles.
6. Judicial reforms and counselling: Emphasizing rehabilitation over punishment as
per the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015.
o Eg: Establishing child-friendly courts to ensure psychological and social
reformation of juveniles.

Conclusion

Addressing juvenile delinquency requires a multi-pronged approach focusing on family

support, socio-economic upliftment, and social media regulation. Investing in our youth
today will build a safer, inclusive, and responsible society for tomorrow.

Q. “The increasing dropout rates among PVTG students in Eklavya Model

Residential Schools reflect deep socio-economic disparities and systemic gaps”.
Analyze its implications on tribal development and suggest solutions to enhance
PVTG participation. (15 M)

Introduction

The increasing dropout rates among Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in
Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) reveal significant socio-economic disparities
and administrative gaps, challenging India’s constitutional commitment under Article 46 to
promote the welfare of weaker sections.

Body

32
Increasing dropout rates among PVTG reflect deep socio-economic disparities and
systemic gaps

1. Poverty and earning pressures: Widespread poverty forces children from PVTG
families to leave school and contribute to family income through daily wage labor or
agriculture.
o Eg: The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Tribal Welfare (2022)
identified financial stress as a leading factor for tribal dropouts, particularly in
remote regions.
2. Cultural and linguistic alienation: A lack of culturally relevant education and
linguistic barriers make the school environment less relatable, leading to
disengagement.
o Eg: The Xaxa Committee Report (2014) highlighted how standardized
curricula alienate tribal students by ignoring their native languages and
traditions.
3. Poor infrastructure and amenities: Many EMRS lack basic facilities like hostels,
toilets, and libraries, making them unattractive for students and parents.
o Eg: Union Tribal Affairs Ministry data (2023) showed that 211 EMRSs
require urgent infrastructural upgrades to improve living conditions.
4. Teacher shortages and centralized recruitment: Insufficient and culturally
disconnected teachers, recruited through a centralized system, fail to address the
specific needs of tribal students.
o Eg: Lok Sabha data (2023) revealed that 58% of teacher positions in EMRSs
remain vacant, severely affecting the quality of education.
5. Gender-based vulnerabilities: Tribal girls face higher dropout rates due to early
marriages, household responsibilities, and safety concerns in schools.
o Eg: UNICEF (2022) reported that dropout rates for tribal girls are
significantly higher, especially in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

Implications on tribal development

1. Loss of human capital: High dropout rates hinder the development of skilled tribal
youth, perpetuating poverty and limiting socio-economic mobility.
o Eg: NITI Aayog (2021) emphasized education as the cornerstone of tribal
empowerment, which remains unachieved for many PVTG communities.
2. Failure to uphold constitutional objectives: Persistent dropouts undermine Article
46, which obligates the state to support education for weaker sections, particularly
Scheduled Tribes.
o Eg: CAG report (2020) on tribal welfare schemes highlighted gaps in their
effective implementation.
3. Cultural erosion and marginalization: Lack of education among PVTGs
exacerbates their exclusion, eroding their traditional knowledge systems and cultural
heritage.

33
 o Eg: Declining traditional skills among tribes like Baiga and Sabar due to
inadequate educational support.
4. Deepening intergenerational inequalities: Poor education among current
generations impacts the next, creating a vicious cycle of deprivation and inequality.
o Eg: The India Inequality Report (2023) found stark educational disparities
between PVTGs and other Scheduled Tribes.
5. Missed developmental goals: Dropout trends obstruct India’s progress toward
achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education), weakening efforts for inclusive growth.
o Eg: A UNESCO (2023) report flagged high dropout rates among tribal
students as a key challenge to India’s SDG targets.

Solutions to enhance PVTG participation

1. Localized teacher recruitment: Hiring teachers from local tribal communities to

improve cultural and linguistic relatability for students.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu EMRS model (2023) successfully improved participation by
recruiting teachers from tribal backgrounds.
2. Conditional cash transfers and scholarships: Financial support to tribal families for
continuing education, tied to attendance and academic performance.
o Eg: Odisha’s Mukhya Mantri Medhabi Chhatra Protsahan Yojana (2022)
provided financial incentives to tribal students.
3. Infrastructural development: Prioritize building hostels, classrooms, and sanitation
facilities to create a conducive learning environment.
o Eg: Union Budget 2023 allocated significant funds for the upgradation of 211
EMRSs to meet infrastructure standards.
4. Culturally relevant education: Integrating tribal history, languages, and traditions
into the curriculum to make learning meaningful and engaging for students.
o Eg: Recommendations of the Xaxa Committee (2014) have proven effective
in states like Andhra Pradesh.
5. Community and parental engagement: Conduct awareness programs to encourage
tribal families to prioritize education and reduce dropouts.
o Eg: Andhra Pradesh’s community-driven school enrollment campaigns
(2023) significantly improved PVTG enrollment rates.

Conclusion

To ensure inclusive development, addressing the dropout crisis among PVTGs requires a
multi-dimensional approach combining economic support, culturally relevant education,
and infrastructural improvements. Effective implementation of these strategies will bridge
gaps in India’s tribal education framework, empowering PVTG communities and
strengthening national progress.

34
Q. “Preventing the risks of demographic collapse requires coupling longevity
with productivity”. Analyze the strategies needed to achieve this balance in the
context of India’s ageing population. (15 M)

Introduction
Demographic collapse, characterized by an ageing population, shrinking workforce, and
rising dependency ratios, poses a critical challenge to economic stability and societal
resilience. For India, coupling increased longevity with sustained productivity is key to
navigating this demographic transition effectively.

Body

The need to couple longevity with productivity

1. Rising dependency ratios: An increasing proportion of elderly population without a

proportional rise in the workforce places financial strain on families and the economy.
o Eg: India’s old-age dependency ratio is projected to reach 20.1% by 2050
(World Bank 2023).
2. Healthcare burden: Longer lifespans increase the demand for healthcare services,
impacting both public expenditure and household savings.
o Eg: In Japan, 30% of healthcare costs are attributed to senior citizens, a
cautionary example for India.
3. Workforce contraction: A shrinking working-age population hampers economic
growth and productivity.
o Eg: By 2040, India may face a shortfall of 50 million workers in sectors
like manufacturing and services (ILO 2023).
4. Strain on social security systems: Ageing populations challenge the sustainability of
pension schemes and welfare systems.
o Eg: Atal Pension Yojana currently covers only 25% of eligible
beneficiaries, highlighting gaps in coverage (Economic Survey 2023).
5. Regional disparities in ageing: States like Kerala, with higher life expectancy, face
greater socio-economic pressures due to ageing populations.
o Eg: Kerala’s elderly constitutes 16.5% of its population, far exceeding the
national average (Census 2011).
6. Decline in economic innovation: A predominantly older population often lacks the
agility required for innovation and entrepreneurship.
o Eg: Germany’s innovation rate has stagnated due to its median age of 46
years, compared to India’s 28 years (Global Innovation Index 2023).
7. Global competition for demographic dividend: Countries with younger
populations, like many in Africa, are poised to outperform ageing nations
economically.
o Eg: Africa is projected to contribute 42% of the global workforce by 2050
(UN World Population Report 2023).

35
Strategies to achieve balance in India’s ageing population

1. Lifelong learning programs: Implement continuous skill development initiatives for

the elderly to keep them employable in evolving industries.
o Eg: Germany’s Silver Economy model reskills workers aged above 55 to
adapt to technology-driven jobs.
2. Phased retirement and flexible policies: Gradually extend retirement ages and
provide post-retirement job opportunities.
o Eg: Japan’s retirement policy allows workers to remain employed until 70
years, retaining experienced professionals.
3. Investing in assistive technologies: Develop tools like AI and robotics to enhance
productivity while accommodating age-related challenges.
o Eg: AI-driven eldercare solutions under India’s MeitY have piloted assistive
technologies for geriatric workers.
4. Inclusive infrastructure development: Build geriatric-friendly workspaces,
transportation, and housing to support productive ageing.
o Eg: Singapore’s Ageing Population Plan incorporates universal design
principles for workplaces and cities.
5. Promoting elderly entrepreneurship: Encourage older adults to pursue
entrepreneurship through funding and mentorship.
o Eg: Stand-Up India could include incentives for senior entrepreneurs to
launch small-scale enterprises.
6. Strengthening public health and preventive care: Focus on early detection,
preventive healthcare, and affordable chronic disease management for seniors.
o Eg: Ayushman Bharat includes a dedicated module for geriatric care,
reducing hospitalizations among the elderly.
7. Intergenerational workforce models: Facilitate collaboration between young and
old workers through mentorship and knowledge-sharing programs.

36
 o Eg: Tata Consultancy Services’ mentorship program pairs senior
employees with fresh graduates, blending experience with innovation.

Conclusion
India’s demographic transition demands strategic alignment of longevity with productivity.
By prioritizing lifelong learning, inclusive policies, and healthcare innovation, India can
transform the ageing challenge into an economic opportunity, ensuring sustainable
growth and societal stability. This approach will enable India to preserve its demographic
advantage and foster global competitiveness.

Q. “Honour killings are a brutal reflection of a society unwilling to accept

change”. Analyze the social and cultural causes behind this practice in India, and
suggest effective measures to address it. (15 M)

Introduction

Honour killings, a heinous crime, reflect the deep-rooted resistance of society toward
progressive values, such as individual freedom and inter-caste or inter-religious unions.
These acts symbolize a patriarchal and caste-driven mindset unwilling to adapt to a changing
social order.

Body

Honour killings are a brutal reflection of a society unwilling to accept change

1. Defiance of societal norms: Honour killings often arise when individuals assert their
right to marry outside caste or religious boundaries, challenging age-old societal
structures.
o Eg: In Haryana, cases of honour killings have surged due to same-gotra
marriages defying caste-based restrictions.
2. Reinforcement of patriarchal dominance: These acts serve as a message to control
women’s autonomy and preserve male authority over family and community.
o Eg: NCRB data (2022) recorded over 28 cases of honour killings, often
targeted at women exercising their right to choose partners.
3. Collective sanction: Many honour killings are sanctioned or encouraged by khap
panchayats, reinforcing outdated cultural practices.
o Eg: Khap-backed killings in Haryana and Rajasthan demonstrate this
phenomenon.
4. Cultural rigidity: Resistance to modernity, inter-caste harmony, and individualism
drives honour killings in traditional societies.
o Eg: Honour killings in Tamil Nadu linked to inter-caste marriages reveal
entrenched caste bias.
5. Symbolic violence: Honour killings aim to enforce conformity and deter others from
following similar paths of defiance.

37
 o Eg: Cases in Uttar Pradesh show public executions of young couples to
intimidate others.

Social and cultural causes behind honour killings

1. Caste and religious orthodoxy: Rigid social stratification discourages inter-caste or

inter-religious marriages, perceived as threats to the traditional social order.
o Eg: In Tamil Nadu, the 2016 murder of Dalit youth by the bride’s family
highlighted caste orthodoxy.
2. Patriarchal control over women: Women asserting independence over marriage
decisions are seen as defying family honour.
o Eg: Cases of violence in Punjab and Haryana against women marrying
without family consent highlight this trend.
3. Societal obsession with honour: A family’s honour is tied to controlling its
members, especially women, reinforcing oppressive practices.
o Eg: Families often justify honour killings as necessary for upholding
societal values.
4. Role of khap panchayats: These extra-judicial bodies enforce regressive norms and
sanction violence against couples perceived as violators.
o Eg: The Supreme Court, in Shakti Vahini vs Union of India (2018), called
khap panchayat diktats unconstitutional.
5. Community enforcement of tradition: Fear of ostracization leads families to
commit honour killings to maintain their status within the community.
o Eg: Honour killings in Uttar Pradesh often stem from community pressure
to conform to traditional norms.

Effective measures to address honour killings

1. Strengthen legal frameworks: Enact specific laws addressing honour killings, with
strict penalties for perpetrators and enablers.
o Eg: The Law Commission of India’s 242nd report (2012) recommended a
comprehensive law to curb honour crimes.
2. Empower law enforcement: Train police to handle honour-based violence
sensitively and ensure timely protection for at-risk couples.
o Eg: Setting up special task forces in states like Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
can prevent such crimes.
3. Awareness and education: Promote campaigns to challenge patriarchal norms and
caste rigidity, focusing on rural and semi-urban areas.
o Eg: NGOs like Love Commandos work to protect inter-caste couples and
educate communities.
4. Support for victims and survivors: Provide safe houses, helplines, and legal aid for
couples facing threats.
o Eg: Rajasthan’s initiative to establish shelters for inter-caste couples
serves as a model.

38
 5. Accountability for khap panchayats: Penalize members of khap panchayats who
encourage or execute honour killings.
o Eg: The Supreme Court’s directive (2018) called for preventive action
against khap diktats.

Conclusion

Honour killings are a grim reminder of society’s reluctance to embrace equality and
individual freedoms. Addressing this requires a multipronged strategy, combining legal,
educational, and community-driven initiatives. A progressive society must prioritize
personal liberty over regressive traditions, ensuring a safe environment for individuals to
exercise their rights without fear of violence.

Q. Evaluate how urban planning in Indian cities caters to the needs of economic
enterprises over residents. Propose a framework to make cities more inclusive
and liveable. (10 M)

Introduction
Indian cities have historically been designed to prioritize industrial and economic growth,
often neglecting the socio-environmental needs of their residents. This imbalance has
exacerbated urban challenges such as inequality, congestion, and lack of basic amenities.

Body

Urban planning prioritizing economic enterprises

1. Infrastructure for industries over housing: Urban planning focuses heavily on

attracting industries through special economic zones (SEZs), while affordable housing
for workers remains inadequate.
o Eg: Development of SEZs like Noida and Gurgaon prioritized corporate
infrastructure over residential needs, leading to slums and informal
settlements.
2. Central Business Districts (CBDs): Cities are designed with CBDs that favor large
enterprises, neglecting the need for decentralized infrastructure for residents.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s Electronic City highlights poor accessibility and public
services for workers in surrounding areas.
3. Neglect of informal economy: Urban policies often marginalize the informal sector,
including street vendors and gig workers, despite their significant contribution to
urban economies.
o Eg: Lack of climate-resilient infrastructure for street vendors, as
highlighted in the Bengaluru floods of 2024.
4. Privatization of public spaces: Public spaces are increasingly commercialized,
reducing their availability for community use.
o Eg: Encroachment of urban lakes in Hyderabad for real estate projects.

39
 5. Focus on economic returns over sustainability: Urban expansion prioritizes
projects that deliver economic returns, often at the cost of environmental degradation.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s decreasing green cover to accommodate IT parks has
worsened urban heat islands.

Framework for inclusive and liveable cities

1. Equitable spatial planning: Ensure mixed-use zoning that integrates affordable

housing, green spaces, and economic activities.
o Eg: Adopt Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) models seen in Singapore,
integrating residential and commercial areas.
2. Participatory urban governance: Engage local communities in planning processes
to reflect diverse needs and aspirations.
o Eg: The Ward Committees in Kerala involve citizens in urban decision-
making, enhancing inclusivity.
3. Climate-resilient infrastructure: Design urban systems to withstand climate
impacts, especially for vulnerable groups.
o Eg: Develop micro-insurance schemes for eco-precariat workers as seen in
SEWA’s Gujarat pilot project.
4. Strengthening informal economy: Provide designated spaces and legislative
protection for street vendors and gig workers.
o Eg: Effective implementation of the Street Vendors Act, 2014 with
climate-risk integration.
5. Focus on public transport and green spaces: Increase investments in sustainable
public transport and expand green spaces for all residents.
o Eg: Delhi’s green mobility corridor integrates public transport with
pedestrian pathways.

Conclusion
Urban planning must shift from profit-centric models to human-centric approaches that
prioritize inclusivity, sustainability, and resilience. Empowering communities, integrating
climate considerations, and balancing economic and social needs can transform Indian
cities into equitable and liveable spaces for all.

Effects of globalization on Indian society.

40
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

Salient features of world’s physical geography.

Q. What is "Mission Mausam," and how can it enhance India’s capabilities in

weather prediction and climate monitoring? Discuss its geographical
significance. (10 M)

Introduction

"Mission Mausam" is a scientific initiative designed to strengthen India’s weather

prediction and climate monitoring capabilities, leveraging cutting-edge technology and
indigenous satellite systems. It holds immense geographical significance in addressing
India’s climatic challenges and fostering regional resilience.

Body

What is "Mission Mausam"?

1. Comprehensive climate initiative: Aims to improve weather prediction accuracy

and address climate-related challenges through advanced satellite meteorology and
geoinformatics.
o Eg. It integrates platforms like INSAT-3DR and GISAT series for real-time
weather data.
2. Technology-driven approach: Utilizes artificial intelligence (AI), machine
learning, and geoinformatics to enhance forecasting precision and disaster
preparedness.
o Eg. Advanced models predict cyclones, monsoons, and extreme weather
events more effectively.
3. Regional and global collaboration: Promotes data sharing and regional cooperation
to tackle shared climatic risks in the Indian Ocean Rim and South Asia.
o Eg. India provides meteorological data to countries like Nepal and Sri Lanka
under its Neighbourhood First policy.

How can it enhance India’s capabilities in weather prediction and climate monitoring?

1. Accurate monsoon forecasting: Improves seasonal predictions crucial for

agriculture, water resource management, and economic stability.
o Eg. Satellite-enabled precision reduced forecasting errors during 2023
monsoon rains, aiding farming activities.
2. Cyclone tracking and alerts: Enhances early detection and tracking of cyclones,
minimizing loss of life and property.

41
 o Eg. Satellite data accurately forecast Cyclone Amphan (2020), enabling
timely evacuation.
3. Heatwave and drought management: Monitors extreme weather events like
heatwaves and droughts, crucial for public health and urban planning.
o Eg. Heatwave predictions in Rajasthan (2023) allowed cities to implement
cooling measures.
4. Mountain and glacier monitoring: Tracks changes in Himalayan glaciers,
avalanches, and glacial lake outbursts for better disaster management.
o Eg. Early warnings helped mitigate risks of GLOFs in Uttarakhand (2021).
5. Flood forecasting and urban resilience: Supports real-time mapping of flood-prone
areas to reduce damage in urban and rural regions.
o Eg. Flood prediction saved lives during the Mumbai floods of 2023.

Geographical significance of "Mission Mausam"

1. Focus on the Indian Ocean: Strengthens monitoring of tropical cyclones, storm

surges, and oceanic phenomena critical for coastal safety.
o Eg. Tracking of Bay of Bengal cyclones has improved evacuation measures
and minimized casualties.
2. Tailored microclimate solutions: Enhances understanding of India’s microclimatic
zones, aiding in localized climate adaptation strategies.
o Eg. Precise rainfall prediction supported adaptive farming in Vidarbha’s
drought-prone region (2023).
3. Himalayan climate studies: Provides insights into the Himalayan ecosystem,
helping mitigate risks from melting glaciers and climate variations.
o Eg. Studies on the Himalayan region have improved preparedness for
cloudburst events.
4. Regional cooperation and leadership: Strengthens India’s leadership in South Asia
by sharing satellite resources for disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation.
o Eg. Satellite data supports Bangladesh’s flood forecasting systems during
monsoon season.

Conclusion

"Mission Mausam" represents a significant leap in India’s efforts to combat climatic

challenges through indigenous technology and regional collaboration. By integrating
advanced forecasting tools and addressing India’s unique geographical vulnerabilities, it
paves the way for a climate-resilient future.

Q. Analyze how extreme rainfall events highlight the challenges of dam

management in India. (10 M)

Introduction
Extreme rainfall events, driven by climate change, highlight the vulnerabilities in India’s

42
dam management. These events stress the capacity of infrastructure, disrupt planning, and
increase flood risks, underscoring the need for modernized and proactive strategies.

Body

Challenges of dam management during extreme rainfall events

1. Inadequate storage capacity: Dams often operate near full capacity during
monsoons, leaving little buffer for extreme inflows.
o Eg: Maharashtra floods (2021) saw dams like Koyna nearly at 100%,
compounding downstream flooding.
2. Erratic rainfall patterns: Increased intensity and unpredictability of rainfall make
traditional water release schedules ineffective.
o Eg: Kerala floods (2018) were worsened by sudden and intense rainfall
upstream of major dams like Idukki.
3. Lack of real-time decision-making: Absence of advanced telemetry and real-time
inflow monitoring delays water release actions.
o Eg: Delayed releases from the Hirakud Dam in Odisha led to severe
flooding in 2020.
4. Downstream flooding: Unplanned releases during peak rainfall worsen conditions
for vulnerable floodplains.
o Eg: Kosi river floods (2008) in Bihar were exacerbated by sudden dam water
discharges.
5. Aging infrastructure: Many Indian dams were built decades ago and lack the
capacity or structural resilience for extreme rainfall events.
o Eg: CWC data reveals that over 300 dams in India are over 50 years old and
require urgent upgrades.
6. Coordination failures: Lack of inter-state coordination in dam operations and
disputes over water releases increase risks.
o Eg: Cauvery river disputes between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu highlight
operational inefficiencies during extreme events.
7. Community impact and warning lapses: Insufficient early warning systems fail to
alert downstream communities about sudden releases.
o Eg: Sudden water discharges from the Bhakra-Nangal dam have previously
caused downstream distress without timely alerts.

Way forward

1. Modernizing infrastructure: Retrofit dams with automated spillways, seismic

resilience, and larger storage capacities.
o Eg: The Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project (DRIP) is working
on over 200 dams for structural upgrades.
2. Advanced forecasting systems: Integrate satellite-based hydrological modeling
and real-time inflow data to predict extreme events.

43
 o Eg: IMD’s extended weather forecasts assist in planning controlled releases
during peak rainfall.
3. Integrated river basin management: Develop basin-wide water release protocols to
minimize flood risks.
o Eg: The Krishna River Basin Authority ensures regulated releases across
states like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
4. Community-focused warning mechanisms: Establish robust early warning systems
and community flood response programs.
o Eg: Odisha’s Mahanadi Basin Flood Management Project trains local
communities in flood preparedness.

Conclusion

Extreme rainfall events reveal the critical weaknesses in India’s dam management
framework. Upgrading infrastructure, improving predictive technologies, and fostering inter-
state coordination will enhance resilience and safeguard lives against the growing challenges
of climate-induced rainfall variability.

Q. Analyze the factors influencing the regional dominance of solar energy

production and the challenges faced by emerging solar markets. (10 M)

Introduction

The regional dominance in solar energy production is determined by a combination of

geographical, technological, and policy-related factors. However, emerging markets face
significant challenges that hinder their capacity to compete and adopt solar technologies
effectively.

Body

Factors influencing regional dominance in solar energy production

1. Solar irradiance and geography: Regions with high solar radiation have a natural
advantage in harnessing solar energy.
o Eg: China (Tibetan Plateau) and India (Thar Desert) lead due to abundant
solar-rich regions.
2. Technological leadership: Advances in manufacturing efficiency and innovations
boost capacity.
o Eg: China holds 97% of global wafer production and leads in PV module
manufacturing (ISA, 2023).
3. Supportive policies: Proactive government measures like subsidies and incentives
drive solar energy adoption.
o Eg: The European Green Deal has enhanced solar capacity in Germany and
Spain.

44
 4. Economic scale and cost efficiency: Large-scale production and economies of scale
reduce costs, making solar competitive.
o Eg: India achieved the lowest auction price of $34/MWh for solar PV projects
in 2024.
5. Investment in R&D: Research and development help optimize solar technologies for
efficiency and cost reduction.
o Eg: The U.S. is advancing quantum dot solar cells with 18.1% efficiency.

Challenges faced by emerging solar markets

1. High initial capital costs: Access to affordable financing remains a major hurdle.
o Eg: Sub-Saharan African countries struggle with upfront costs despite
abundant solar potential.
2. Weak grid infrastructure: Inadequate power grids limit solar integration into
national systems.
o Eg: Nigeria faces grid issues that impede large-scale solar energy adoption.
3. Dependence on imports: Heavy reliance on imported components increases costs
and supply chain vulnerabilities.
o Eg: Brazil relies heavily on Chinese PV module imports.
4. Policy and regulatory barriers: Absence of consistent solar energy policies deters
foreign investment.
o Eg: Many small island nations lack clear frameworks for solar energy
promotion.
5. Skilled workforce shortage: Limited technical expertise delays installation and
maintenance of solar systems.
o Eg: Southeast Asian nations are investing in solar workforce training but lag
behind developed countries.

Conclusion

Addressing challenges in emerging solar markets requires global cooperation through

technology transfer, enhanced financing mechanisms, and robust policy support. Investments
in capacity building and grid infrastructure will empower these regions to harness their
solar potential. A collaborative approach can ensure solar energy becomes a cornerstone of
sustainable and inclusive development worldwide.

45
Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including
South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for
the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries
in various parts of the world (including India).

Q. How does agricultural infrastructure the spatial distribution of agricultural

production and trade in India? Analyze its impact on regional development. (15
M)

Introduction
Agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation, storage, and transport networks, is the
backbone of India's agrarian economy. It significantly shapes the spatial distribution of
agricultural production and trade, influencing regional disparities and economic growth.

Body

Influence of agricultural infrastructure on spatial distribution of agricultural

production

1. Irrigation networks: Areas with well-developed irrigation facilities show higher

agricultural productivity and crop diversification.
o Eg. The Indo-Gangetic Plain, supported by canals like the Bhakra Canal,
produces high-yield crops like wheat and rice.
2. Cold storage and warehouses: These facilities determine the viability of perishable
crop production in different regions.
o Eg. Punjab and Haryana lead in vegetable production due to robust cold
storage networks under the Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI)
scheme.
3. Transport connectivity: Proximity to highways and rail networks facilitates
agricultural production in well-connected regions.
o Eg. Maharashtra’s sugarcane industry thrives due to its transport links with
nearby processing plants.
4. Market proximity: Regions with access to large markets experience increased
agricultural intensity and specialization.
o Eg. Karnataka’s proximity to urban markets like Bengaluru boosts
floriculture.
5. Policy-driven initiatives: Government investments like the Agriculture
Infrastructure Fund (AIF) enhance regional production potential.
o Eg. ₹10,000 crore disbursed under AIF by 2023 boosted production in semi-
arid regions.

Influence of agricultural infrastructure on trade

46
 1. Cold chains for perishables: Infrastructure like reefer trucks and cold storages
enhances export potential of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.
o Eg. India’s mango exports to the Middle East increased 15% in 2023 due to
cold chain expansion.
2. Logistics hubs: Agro-processing clusters improve value addition and trade.
o Eg. Tamil Nadu’s Krishi Udan Scheme increased air cargo of perishables to
international markets by 20% in 2023.
3. Integration with digital tools: Platforms like e-NAM enable inter-state trade and
minimize market inefficiencies.
o Eg. Rajasthan farmers sold ₹7,000 crore worth of produce on e-NAM in
2022 (Source: Ministry of Agriculture).
4. Ports and export zones: Coastal regions leverage port connectivity for agro-export.
o Eg. Andhra Pradesh exported ₹12,000 crore worth of seafood in 2023,
driven by port-linked infrastructure.
5. Backward linkages: Well-developed supply chains reduce post-harvest losses and
boost trade.
o Eg. Gujarat’s dairy industry thrives due to Amul’s robust supply chain
network.

Impact on regional development

1. Reduction in regional disparities: Infrastructure in backward regions promotes

inclusive growth by increasing productivity.
o Eg. PM-KUSUM installed solar pumps in Rajasthan, improving irrigation in
arid regions.
2. Employment generation: Agro-processing industries create jobs and enhance rural
livelihoods.
o Eg. Over 8 lakh jobs were created under the Pradhan Mantri Formalisation
of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) scheme by 2024.
3. Urban-rural linkages: Infrastructure supports the movement of goods and services,
reducing urban-rural income gaps.
o Eg. Cold storage networks in Bihar improved banana exports to Delhi
markets in 2023.
4. Climate resilience: Infrastructure like farm ponds and solar irrigation mitigates
climate variability impacts.
o Eg. Maharashtra adopted 2 lakh solar-powered irrigation systems under
PM-KUSUM, reducing dependence on erratic monsoons.
5. Rural industrialization: Infrastructure development fosters agro-based industries in
rural areas.
o Eg. Madhya Pradesh’s wheat production led to the establishment of flour
mills under AIF, boosting local economies.

Conclusion
Agricultural infrastructure is a catalyst for balanced regional development, reducing

47
disparities and enhancing trade. To ensure sustainability, future efforts must focus on
integrating digital technologies, renewable energy, and climate-resilient practices into
infrastructure development.

Q. “India’s varied agro-climatic zones require differential nutrient management

strategies to ensure sustainable agricultural growth”. Discuss. (15 M)

Introduction

India's vast agro-climatic diversity, spanning 15 distinct zones, necessitates tailored

nutrient management strategies. These strategies are crucial to address soil degradation,
correct regional disparities in nutrient profiles, and ensure agricultural sustainability amid
growing food demand.

Body

India’s varied Agro-climatic zones

1. Arid and semi-arid zones: Characterized by sandy soils with low fertility and
organic matter, requiring gypsum-based reclamation and organic fertilisers to retain
moisture.
o Eg: Rajasthan implements gypsum amendments for soil salinity.

48
 2. Indo-Gangetic Plains: Fertile alluvial soils suffer from overuse of nitrogen-based
fertilisers, disrupting the NPK ratio and impacting productivity.
o Eg: Punjab uses 61% more nitrogen than required, leading to lower grain
yields and environmental harm.
3. Himalayan hilly regions: Prone to erosion and nutrient loss, requiring terrace
farming, organic matter application, and erosion control measures.
o Eg: Sikkim’s organic farming policies promote nutrient cycling in hilly
terrains.
4. Coastal regions: High salinity and micronutrient deficiencies demand bio-fertilisers
and desalination efforts.
o Eg: Andhra Pradesh addresses micronutrient gaps using bio-fertilisers in
saline soils.
5. Deccan Plateau: Fertile black soils (Vertisols) are deficient in potassium,
necessitating integrated nutrient management (INM).
o Eg: Maharashtra promotes potash-enriched fertilisers in cotton cultivation
zones.
6. Flood-prone eastern India: Nutrient leaching due to waterlogging requires the use
of slow-release fertilisers to reduce losses.
o Eg: Assam deploys coated urea to prevent nitrogen loss in flood-prone areas.
7. Dryland farming regions: Limited water availability hampers nutrient absorption,
requiring water-soluble fertilisers and micro-irrigation techniques.
o Eg: Madhya Pradesh integrates fertigation systems with micro-irrigation for
dryland crops.

Challenges in implementing differential nutrient management strategies

1. Soil heterogeneity: Varying soil properties and nutrient demands make it difficult to
implement uniform strategies.
o Eg: Deccan Plateau's potassium demands differ significantly from Indo-
Gangetic Plains' phosphorus needs.
2. Outdated soil health data: Lack of frequent updates to Soil Health Cards (SHC)
restricts targeted nutrient applications.
o Eg: Only 11 crore SHCs issued since 2015, with limited periodic revisions
(Source: Ministry of Agriculture, 2023).
3. Policy distortions: Fertiliser subsidies disproportionately favor nitrogen-based
fertilisers like urea, creating imbalances.
o Eg: Haryana overuses urea while neglecting potassium application.
4. Limited farmer awareness: Lack of knowledge about micronutrient importance
hinders adoption of balanced fertilisation.
o Eg: Zinc remains underutilized in rice cultivation zones of Bihar, reducing
yield potential.

What can be done

49
 1. Geospatial nutrient zoning: Create region-specific nutrient management plans
using GIS and soil health data for precision farming.
o Eg: Karnataka uses GIS-based soil mapping to optimize fertiliser use at the
district level.
2. Reforming subsidy mechanisms: Introduce direct benefit transfers (DBT) for
fertilisers linked to soil-specific nutrient needs.
o Eg: Jharkhand’s DBT scheme has enhanced farmer efficiency in fertiliser
usage.
3. Integrated nutrient management (INM): Promote a balanced approach combining
organic and inorganic fertilisers.
o Eg: Haryana’s Happy Seeder initiative ensures crop residue management
while enriching soil organic matter.
4. Farmer training and outreach: Strengthen the capacity of farmers via Krishi
Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) to understand soil needs and nutrient applications.
o Eg: ICAR-trained farmers in Odisha have shown improved yield through
micronutrient corrections.

Conclusion

India’s agro-climatic diversity necessitates region-specific nutrient strategies to maintain

ecological balance and boost agricultural productivity. A data-driven, farmer-centric, and
policy-reformed approach, integrating modern technologies and sustainable practices, is
essential for long-term agricultural sustainability.

Q. “India's inland waterways have immense potential for transforming the

logistics sector, yet they remain underutilized”. Analyze the major impediments
to their development and evaluate how the Jalvahak scheme can address these
challenges. (15 M)

Introduction

India’s inland waterways, spanning over 20,236 km, can serve as a critical enabler of cost-
effective and sustainable freight transport. Despite their potential to reduce logistics costs and
promote eco-friendly transport, only 2% of India’s cargo is moved through waterways,
underscoring their underutilization.

Body

Potential of India’s inland waterways for transforming logistics

1. Cost-effective freight transport: Waterways are the most economical mode of bulk
freight transport.
o Eg: Transport on NW-1 costs ₹1.06 per tonne-km, compared to ₹2.50 for
road and ₹1.50 for rail (IWAI, 2023).

50
 2. Decongesting road and rail networks: Waterways help reduce traffic on congested
highways and railways.
o Eg: Regular cargo movement on the Kolkata-Varanasi route has reduced
truck dependency by 30%.
3. Eco-friendly logistics: Waterways have lower fuel consumption and emissions
compared to road transport.
o Eg: Inland vessels emit 50% less CO₂ than trucks, according to a NITI
Aayog (2023) report.
4. Regional connectivity: Facilitates access to remote and underserved regions,
integrating them into trade networks.
o Eg: NW-2 (Brahmaputra) connects Assam to major trade hubs like Kolkata
and Haldia.
5. Boost to cross-border trade: Enhances international trade efficiency with
neighbouring countries.
o Eg: Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route enables seamless cargo movement to
Northeast India.

Impediments to the development of inland waterways

1. Inadequate infrastructure: Lack of modern terminals, dredging, and warehousing

facilities hinders operations.
o Eg: Only 30 cargo terminals are operational across 111 National
Waterways.
2. Seasonal navigability: Rivers face fluctuating water levels, limiting year-round
operations.
o Eg: NW-2 (Brahmaputra) becomes non-navigable in winters due to low
water levels.
3. Limited cargo diversity: Over-reliance on bulk goods like coal and fertilizers
reduces the scope for containerized freight.
o Eg: In 2023, bulk cargo accounted for 80% of traffic on NW-1.
4. Environmental concerns: Dredging and construction impact aquatic ecosystems and
river biodiversity.
o Eg: The National Green Tribunal raised concerns over dredging activities in
the Ganga.
5. Policy bottlenecks: Overlapping jurisdiction between state governments and the
IWAI delays implementation.
o Eg: Development of NW-16 (Barak River) was delayed due to state-center
coordination issues.

How the Jalvahak scheme can address these challenges

1. Reducing operational costs: Offers 35% reimbursement on operating expenses,

making waterways more viable for cargo operators.

51
 o Eg: This incentive encourages operators to adopt waterways over traditional
modes of transport.
2. Fixed-schedule services: Introduces reliable timelines for cargo movement,
addressing delays caused by ad hoc operations.
o Eg: Fixed-day services on routes like Kolkata-Patna-Varanasi and Kolkata-
Pandu are planned under the scheme.
3. Encouraging private investment: Incentivizes businesses to lease government-
operated vessels, reducing their capital burden.
o Eg: Private operators can explore cost-effective routes on NW-1 and NW-2
using government-owned fleets.
4. Improving infrastructure: Focuses on enhancing terminal facilities, dredging, and
multimodal hubs to address navigability and connectivity issues.
o Eg: Modernized terminals are planned at key locations, including Guwahati
and Varanasi.
5. Boosting regional and cross-border trade: Strengthens links with Bangladesh to
expand cargo movement in the Northeast.
o Eg: The scheme facilitates efficient trade via the Indo-Bangladesh Protocol
Route, ensuring cost savings.

Conclusion

India’s inland waterways can transform logistics by reducing costs, decongesting roads, and
promoting sustainability. The Jalvahak scheme is a progressive step to unlock this
potential, but its success will depend on sustained investments, streamlined policies, and
eco-conscious infrastructure development. This can place India on a path to efficient and
sustainable multimodal logistics.

Q. Examine the role of water as a critical resource for green energy transitions
and its implications for global economic and environmental sustainability. (10 M)

Introduction

Water is not just a vital resource for life but a cornerstone for enabling green energy
transitions like hydropower, green hydrogen, and solar thermal plants. Its availability
directly influences global energy security, economic stability, and environmental
sustainability.

Body

Role of water as a critical resource for green energy transitions

1. Hydropower generation: Hydropower, contributing nearly 16% of global

electricity, relies entirely on water availability, making it a cornerstone of renewable
energy.

52
 o Eg: China’s Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydropower plant, produces over
100 TWh annually.
2. Green hydrogen production: Electrolysis to produce green hydrogen requires
substantial freshwater, making water availability a key factor.
o Eg: India’s Green Hydrogen Mission (2023) targets 5 MMT production by
2030, with significant water requirements.
3. Thermal energy systems: Solar thermal and geothermal plants rely on water for
cooling and efficiency.
o Eg: The Ivanpah Solar Facility in California depends on recycled water for
operations.
4. Bioenergy and biomass production: Water-intensive bioenergy crops require
sustainable irrigation to balance energy production and environmental conservation.
o Eg: Bioethanol production in Brazil heavily relies on sugarcane irrigation.
5. Energy storage: Pumped hydro storage systems, crucial for stabilizing renewable
grids, depend entirely on water reservoirs.
o Eg: The Snowy Hydro Scheme in Australia integrates storage with
renewable energy supply.

Implications for global economic and environmental sustainability

1. Water scarcity risks: Increasing water stress can undermine energy projects,
especially in arid and semi-arid regions.
o Eg: The World Bank CCDR (2024) highlighted water-related constraints on
hydropower in Sub-Saharan Africa.
2. Conflict over water resources: Competing demands for water between agriculture,
energy, and domestic use can create geopolitical tensions.
o Eg: The Nile Basin water-sharing disputes affect hydropower plans in
Ethiopia and Egypt.
3. Adaptation to climate variability: Shifting precipitation patterns impact water
availability, threatening energy transitions and climate goals.
o Eg: Chile’s droughts have reduced hydropower output, forcing reliance on
fossil fuels.
4. Economic benefits: Investing in water-efficient energy projects can yield high
returns of $7.1 trillion against investments of $1.8 trillion by 2030.
o Source: World Bank Report (2024).
5. Circular economy in water use: Promoting wastewater recycling can ensure water
availability for energy needs, enhancing sustainability.
o Eg: The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme in India integrates water
recycling for power generation.
6. Global collaboration for water governance: Multilateral frameworks like the UN
Water Action Decade (2018–2028) emphasize cooperative water management for
sustainable energy transitions.

Conclusion

53
Efficient water management lies at the heart of achieving green energy transitions and global
sustainability goals. By adopting innovative technologies and robust governance
mechanisms, nations can align their energy ambitions with water security and environmental
conservation.

Q. Analyze the role of waste-to-energy plants in addressing urban waste

management challenges and their implications for air pollution in metropolitan
cities. (10 M)

Introduction

Waste-to-energy (WtE) plants address the twin challenges of urban waste management and
electricity generation in metropolitan cities. However, their implications for air pollution
and environmental health remain a concern.

Body

Role of Waste-to-Energy Plants in Urban Waste Management

1. Reduction of waste volume: WtE plants significantly reduce the volume of waste,
addressing the growing garbage crisis in metropolitan areas.
o Eg: Delhi’s WtE plants at Okhla, Ghazipur, and Narela process
thousands of tons of waste daily, reducing landfill dependency.
2. Energy generation: They convert municipal solid waste into electricity, providing a
renewable energy source.
o Eg: Delhi’s WtE plants generate steam for turbines, contributing to
electricity production.
3. Sustainable waste disposal: They offer a solution to untreated solid waste that might
otherwise clog urban ecosystems.
o Eg: Waste incineration reduces untreated waste leakage into water bodies.
4. Reduction in landfill emissions: By diverting waste from landfills, WtE plants
reduce the release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
o Eg: The Central Pollution Control Board highlighted methane reduction
in urban areas adopting WtE technologies.
5. Economic viability: WtE plants create jobs and reduce the costs associated with
traditional waste disposal.
o Eg: Employment opportunities created in waste collection, segregation,
and plant operations.

Implications for Air Pollution

1. Toxic emissions: WtE plants emit harmful pollutants like dioxins, cadmium, and
fine particulate matter, worsening air quality.
o Eg: The Timarpur-Okhla plant’s emissions exceed permissible limits,
including cadmium levels 4 times the EPA’s standard (2024, NYT report).
54
 2. Lack of compliance: Many WtE plants operate without necessary ecological norms
like air filters or scrubbers.
o Eg: The New York Times report noted insufficient measures to control fly
ash pollution in Delhi’s WtE plants.
3. Marginalized communities: WtE plants often affect marginalized populations living
nearby, exposing them to severe health risks.
o Eg: Residents near the Okhla WtE plant report respiratory and skin
ailments due to emissions.
4. Inefficiency in waste segregation: Inefficient waste segregation at the source leads to
burning of non-combustible and hazardous materials, compounding pollution.
o Eg: Unsegregated municipal waste processed in Delhi WtE plants
increases toxic emissions.
5. Ash management concerns: Fly ash and bottom ash generated by WtE plants
contribute to air and water contamination if not handled properly.
o Eg: The Ghazipur WtE plant reported high levels of hazardous ash
residues in 2023 (Centre for Science and Environment report).

Conclusion

Waste-to-energy plants can play a transformative role in urban waste management if

supported by technological upgrades such as advanced burners and emission controls, strict
enforcement of environmental regulations, and robust waste segregation systems.
Integrating WtE plants with green technologies and public health safeguards can make
them a sustainable solution for urban India.

Q. Examine the distribution of critical mineral resources across India. Analyze

the reasons for India's reliance on imports despite having domestic reserves. (15
M)

Introduction

India is endowed with vast mineral resources essential for its industrial and technological
growth. Despite its potential, the uneven distribution of critical minerals across regions
and limited utilization hinder the country's self-reliance, leading to heavy dependence on
imports.

Body

Distribution of critical mineral resources across India

1. Lithium: Recently discovered reserves in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir,

estimated at 5.9 million tonnes, categorized as inferred resources.
o Eg: These reserves are critical for EV batteries and energy storage systems,
aligning with India’s renewable energy targets.

55
 2. Graphite: Concentrated in Arunachal Pradesh (43% of India’s reserves), Jharkhand,
Odisha, and Tamil Nadu, used in steel production, batteries, and lubricants.
o Eg: Despite significant deposits, battery-grade graphite remains largely
imported, primarily from China.
3. Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Found in monazite sands of Kerala, Andhra
Pradesh, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu, vital for electronics, wind turbines, and defence
technologies.
o Eg: India has 6.9 million tonnes of monazite reserves, but extraction and
processing capabilities are limited.
4. Bauxite and Titanium: Found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Andhra
Pradesh, used in aerospace and defence applications.
o Eg: Odisha accounts for 49% of India’s bauxite production but lacks
sufficient refining capacity for aluminum.
5. Cobalt and Nickel: Found in small quantities in Jharkhand, Nagaland, and
Rajasthan, essential for EV batteries and superalloys.
o Eg: India is dependent on imports for refined cobalt, despite domestic
occurrences.
6. Silicon and Manganese: Found in Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Madhya
Pradesh, used in semiconductors, solar panels, and steel manufacturing.
o Eg: India produces manganese but imports 76% of silicon wafers critical for
the solar energy industry.
7. Copper: Found in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand, crucial for
electrical equipment and renewable energy.
o Eg: Despite being a significant producer of copper ore, India imports a
majority of its refined copper.
8. Chromite: Found in Odisha, Karnataka, and Maharashtra, essential for stainless
steel and defense applications.
o Eg: Odisha contributes over 90% of India’s chromite production,
supporting domestic needs but facing processing challenges.

Reasons for India’s reliance on imports despite domestic reserves

1. Technological and exploration gaps: Lack of advanced exploration and extraction

technologies limits utilization of deep-seated resources.
o Eg: The lithium deposits in Jammu and Kashmir remain untapped due to
technological constraints.
2. Insufficient processing infrastructure: India’s processing capabilities for critical
minerals like lithium and REEs are underdeveloped.
o Eg: China controls 58% of global lithium refining, leaving India dependent
on imports.
3. Policy and investment issues: Regulatory hurdles and inadequate incentives deter
private sector and FDI participation.
o Eg: The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act has seen
limited amendments to attract investment in critical minerals.

56
 4. Environmental and social concerns: Mining projects often face resistance due to
ecological damage and displacement of local communities.
o Eg: Bauxite mining in Odisha faced prolonged delays due to protests by
tribal groups and environmentalists.
5. Global market dominance: Economies like China dominate the supply chain with
cost-effective technologies and economies of scale.
o Eg: India imports 82% of its lithium and 76% of silicon, primarily from
China.

What needs to be done

1. Strengthen exploration and technology adoption: Invest in advanced techniques

and collaborate with mineral-rich countries.
o Eg: Partnerships under the Critical Minerals Partnership (2023) with
Australia and Canada.
2. Develop domestic processing infrastructure: Establish midstream facilities for
refining and processing minerals like lithium and graphite.
o Eg: Production-linked incentives under National Mission on Advanced
Chemistry Cell (2021) for battery manufacturing.
3. Policy and regulatory reforms: Simplify mining laws and provide incentives for
private sector and FDI participation.
o Eg: Revising the MMDR Act to include private players in exploration and
refining.
4. Promote recycling and circular economy: Encourage reuse of critical minerals to
reduce pressure on virgin resources.
o Eg: NITI Aayog’s EV policy emphasizes lithium-ion battery recycling.
5. Diversify import sources: Strengthen partnerships with countries like Chile,
Argentina, and Australia for critical mineral imports.
o Eg: Agreements under the KABIL initiative to secure lithium and cobalt
supplies.

Conclusion

Enhancing domestic capabilities in exploration, refining, and recycling is crucial to

achieving self-reliance in critical minerals. Coupled with strategic international partnerships
and policy reforms, India can reduce its dependence on imports and secure a sustainable
future for its energy and industrial sectors.

Q. Discuss the role of geographic factors in determining the suitability of regions

for nuclear power projects, with examples from India. (10 M)

Introduction
Nuclear power projects are highly dependent on geographic factors for safety, operational
efficiency, and sustainability. These factors include water availability, seismic stability,

57
and environmental considerations. India’s strategic siting of nuclear power plants reflects
the interplay of these geographic determinants.

Body

Role of geographic factors in determining the suitability of regions for nuclear power
projects

1. Proximity to water sources: Nuclear power plants require large amounts of water for
cooling and reactor operations.
o Eg: Tarapur Atomic Power Station (Maharashtra) relies on water from the
Arabian Sea to meet its operational needs.
2. Seismic stability: Plants are located in regions with low seismic activity to reduce
risks of earthquakes impacting reactor safety.
o Eg: Rawatbhata Atomic Power Plant (Rajasthan) is situated in a
geologically stable zone with minimal seismic risk.
3. Availability of land: Large, low-density areas are required to establish reactor zones,
auxiliary infrastructure, and safety buffers.
o Eg: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (Tamil Nadu) was set up in a
sparsely populated area near the coast to minimize displacement and risks.
4. Proximity to raw materials: Ensuring close access to uranium or thorium reserves
reduces transportation costs and logistical delays.

58
 o Eg: Jaduguda mines (Jharkhand) supply uranium to reactors like Narora
Atomic Power Station (Uttar Pradesh).
5. Favourable climatic conditions: Moderate climates prevent operational disruptions
caused by extreme weather events.
o Eg: Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Station (Tamil Nadu) benefits from coastal
winds and relatively stable temperatures.
6. Transportation and connectivity: Well-connected sites ensure smooth movement of
equipment, materials, and fuel.
o Eg: Kaiga Generating Station (Karnataka) is located close to road and rail
networks for logistical convenience.
7. Environmental considerations: Sites with minimal ecological sensitivity are
preferred to avoid significant biodiversity loss or environmental harm.
o Eg: Chutka Nuclear Power Plant (Madhya Pradesh) was selected to
minimize disruption to local ecosystems.
8. Proximity to population centers: Plants are located sufficiently far from densely
populated areas to ensure public safety but close enough to supply power efficiently.
o Eg: Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (Gujarat) supplies electricity to
nearby industrial hubs while maintaining a safe distance from major urban
centers.

Conclusion
Geographic factors are vital in determining the sustainability and safety of nuclear power
projects. By integrating these considerations, India has optimized its nuclear
infrastructure for energy security and safety. Moving forward, climate resilience and
public engagement must be prioritized to enhance long-term benefits.

Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes,

Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features
and their location-changes in critical geographical features
(including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and
the effects of such changes.

Q. Analyze the linkages between land degradation and global water crises.
Suggest measures for integrated land and water management. (10 M)

Introduction
Land degradation and global water crises are intertwined, with degraded lands worsening

59
water scarcity and water crises accelerating land degradation. Addressing these issues
together is vital for ensuring ecological and human sustainability.

Body

Linkages between land degradation and global water crises

1. Reduction in water infiltration and storage: Degraded land loses vegetation and
soil porosity, reducing groundwater recharge and water availability.
o Eg: In Bundelkhand, India, soil erosion has significantly decreased
groundwater recharge, worsening droughts.
2. Increased surface runoff and erosion: Degraded lands lead to higher runoff, soil
loss, and siltation of reservoirs and rivers, reducing water storage capacity.
o Eg: The Himalayan region experiences severe river siltation affecting major
rivers like the Ganga.
3. Decline in groundwater recharge: Deforestation and land degradation reduce
aquifer replenishment in semi-arid areas.
o Eg: As per the UNCCD 2024 report, aquifers are being depleted 47%
faster than replenishment rates.
4. Contamination of water sources: Degraded lands allow pollutants, including
agricultural runoff, to enter water bodies, degrading water quality.
o Eg: The Yamuna River is heavily polluted due to agricultural chemical
runoff from degraded catchments.
5. Desertification impacts: Desertified regions face reduced freshwater availability,
affecting local ecosystems and communities.
o Eg: The Sahel region in Africa is experiencing declining water bodies due to
desert expansion.

Measures for integrated land and water management

1. Adopting watershed management: Ensures soil and water conservation by

improving vegetation and controlling runoff.
o Eg: The Sukhomajri Watershed Project (India) restored water tables and
increased agricultural productivity.
2. Promoting agroforestry: Enhances soil moisture, reduces surface runoff, and
prevents erosion.
o Eg: The National Agroforestry Policy 2014 (India) integrates trees into
agricultural systems.
3. Sustainable farming practices: Reducing chemical fertilizers and practicing crop
rotation improves soil and water quality.
o Eg: Zero Budget Natural Farming (Andhra Pradesh) has improved water
retention and reduced runoff.
4. Reforestation and afforestation: Rebuilding degraded forests improves water
infiltration and retention.

60
 o Eg: The Bonn Challenge aims to restore 350 million hectares globally by
2030.
5. Efficient irrigation practices: Techniques like drip irrigation reduce water
wastage and prevent salinization of soils.
o Eg: Israel's drip irrigation systems conserve water and enhance
agricultural productivity.
6. Integrated river basin management: Balances water allocation for ecosystems and
human use.
o Eg: The Murray-Darling Basin Plan (Australia) addresses water
management across multiple stakeholders.
7. Community-led conservation efforts: Local participation ensures effective
implementation of land and water projects.
o Eg: MGNREGA supports water conservation and land development
projects in rural India.
8. Leveraging technology: Using GIS and satellite imagery helps monitor land
degradation and plan water resource management.
o Eg: ISRO's Bhuvan Geo-Portal supports data-driven watershed
development projects.

Conclusion
Land and water management are inseparable for ecological stability. Integrating best
practices like agroforestry, reforestation, and watershed management with advanced
technologies can help address these challenges sustainably, ensuring a balanced future for
humanity and nature.

Q. Explain the process of ground-level ozone formation and identify the primary
factors and sources contributing to its concentration in India. Analyze its
environmental and health impacts and suggest effective mitigation strategies. (15
M)

Introduction

Ground-level ozone (O₃) is a harmful secondary pollutant formed in the troposphere. It is

produced through chemical reactions involving precursor pollutants like Oxides of
Nitrogen (NOₓ) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. Its
increasing concentration in India poses significant environmental and health challenges.

Body

Formation of ground-level ozone

61
 1. Photochemical reaction: O₃ forms when sunlight catalyzes the reaction between
NOₓ and VOCs.
o Eg: NO₂ splits into NO and an oxygen atom under sunlight. This free oxygen
combines with O₂ to form O₃.
2. Role of meteorological conditions: High temperatures and stagnant atmospheric
conditions favor ozone formation.
o Eg: Delhi experiences peak ozone levels during summer months (CPCB,
2023).

Factors and sources contributing to its concentration in India

1. Vehicular emissions: Combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles produces NOₓ and

VOCs.
o Eg: Delhi accounts for nearly 40% of vehicular NOₓ emissions (NCAP,
2023).
2. Industrial activities: Thermal power plants, chemical factories, and refineries emit
significant amounts of ozone precursors.
o Eg: Industries in Gujarat’s chemical corridor release large quantities of
VOCs.
3. Agricultural residue burning: Stubble burning releases ozone precursors into the
atmosphere.
o Eg: Punjab and Haryana contribute to high ozone levels during October-
November.
4. Natural sources: Biogenic VOCs are emitted by vegetation and wildfires.
o Eg: Forest fires in Uttarakhand increase VOC levels in summer.
5. Waste burning: Open burning of municipal and agricultural waste contributes to
VOCs.

62
 o Eg: Unregulated waste burning in Tier-2 cities adds to ozone pollution.

Environmental and health impacts

1. Impact on agriculture: O₃ damages crops by reducing photosynthesis and nutrient

uptake.
o Eg: Studies show a 10-15% yield loss in wheat and rice in the Indo-
Gangetic Plain (ICAR, 2022).
2. Human health issues: O₃ causes respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases,
and reduced lung function.
o Eg: Increased asthma cases in urban areas like Bengaluru and Mumbai.
3. Damage to biodiversity: Sensitive plant species and forests are adversely affected by
ozone-induced stress.
o Eg: Ozone damage in Western Ghats affects endemic flora.
4. Climate impact: O₃ contributes to global warming by trapping heat in the
troposphere.
o Eg: IPCC highlights its role as a minor but significant greenhouse gas.

Mitigation strategies

1. Reducing vehicular emissions: Promote electric vehicles (EVs) and implement

stricter fuel standards.
o Eg: BS-VI standards reduced NOₓ emissions by up to 87% in heavy
vehicles.
2. Cleaner industrial processes: Enforce emission norms for thermal power plants and
chemical industries.
o Eg: Revised NOₓ emission limits under the Environment Protection Act,
1986.
3. Curbing agricultural residue burning: Promote in-situ management techniques like
Happy Seeder.
o Eg: Punjab’s Pusa Decomposer initiative reduced stubble burning by 30%
in 2022.
4. Improved waste management: Ban open burning and implement robust waste
segregation systems.
o Eg: Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, are being strengthened in cities
like Pune.
5. Public transport expansion: Increase CNG buses and metro systems to reduce
private vehicle use.
o Eg: Bengaluru’s metro expansion reduced traffic-related emissions by 25% in
2023.
6. Vapour recovery systems (VRS): Install VRS at petrol pumps to minimize VOC
emissions.
o Eg: All petrol pumps in Delhi-NCR comply with VRS norms (CPCB, 2022).

63
Conclusion

Ground-level ozone pollution poses significant risks to health, agriculture, and climate,
requiring immediate action. India must enhance efforts under initiatives like the National
Clean Air Programme (NCAP) while integrating technological innovations and
community-driven solutions to ensure sustainable air quality management.

Q. What drives the persistence of destructive fishing practices such as bottom

trawling in the Palk Bay? Evaluate its harmful effects on the marine ecosystem
and suggest steps for sustainable fisheries management. (15 M)

Introduction
Bottom trawling continues in the Palk Bay due to economic dependency and weak
enforcement, despite its destructive ecological and economic consequences. Sustainable
fisheries management is critical to preserving this unique marine ecosystem.

Body

Drivers of the persistence of bottom trawling

1. High economic returns: Trawling offers large volumes of catch, ensuring high
profits for trawler owners.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu contributes significantly to India’s seafood exports, valued
at ₹57,000 crore (MPEDA, 2023).
2. Depleting fish stocks: Overexploitation in Indian waters drives fishermen into Sri
Lanka’s territorial waters.
o Eg: A 40% decline in fish stocks in Tamil Nadu was reported by CMFRI
(2023).
3. Weak enforcement mechanisms: Limited surveillance in maritime zones enables
continuation of banned practices.
o Eg: Despite Sri Lanka’s 2017 ban, bottom trawling persists, leading to over
530 arrests in 2024.
4. Lack of affordable alternatives: Traditional fishermen lack access to modern eco-
friendly fishing tools.
o Eg: The FAO (2023) noted poor adoption of sustainable fishing gear in
Tamil Nadu due to high costs.
5. Livelihood dependency: Thousands of workers rely on trawling for income, resisting
a shift to sustainable practices.
o Eg: Over 50,000 fishermen in Tamil Nadu depend on mechanized fishing
(NSSO, 2022).

Harmful effects on the marine ecosystem

64
 1. Biodiversity destruction: Trawling damages coral reefs and seagrass beds, critical
for marine biodiversity.
o Eg: IUCN (2023) flagged the Palk Bay as a vulnerable marine ecosystem
due to habitat loss.
2. Bycatch and juvenile loss: Non-target species, including juvenile fish, are caught,
disrupting marine food chains.
o Eg: Over 70% bycatch was reported in Palk Bay trawling operations (NIOT,
2022).
3. Sediment resuspension: Trawling stirs up sediments, increasing turbidity and
harming photosynthetic organisms.
o Eg: Turbidity levels in the Palk Bay have increased by 30% (CMFRI,
2023).
4. Declining fish stock: Excessive fishing reduces populations of commercially
important species.
o Eg: Declining shrimp and crab stocks were reported in the Tamil Nadu
Fisheries Report (2024).
5. Marine pollution: Trawling equipment and discarded nets contribute to ocean
pollution, harming aquatic life.
o Eg: UNEP (2023) flagged trawling debris as a significant source of
microplastics in coastal waters.

Steps for sustainable fisheries management

1. Promote alternative livelihoods: Train fishermen in deep-sea fishing and non-

destructive methods.
o Eg: The Blue Revolution Scheme (2021) supports eco-friendly fishing
practices.
2. Strengthen bilateral cooperation: Enhance India-Sri Lanka collaboration on
fisheries management.
o Eg: The Joint Working Group (2016) has facilitated periodic discussions on
resolving conflicts.
3. Subsidize sustainable fishing gear: Provide financial support for replacing trawling
equipment with eco-friendly alternatives.
o Eg: Adoption of gill nets under the FAO Responsible Fisheries Framework
(2023).
4. Marine protected areas: Establish no-trawling zones in biodiversity-sensitive areas.
o Eg: Implementing SDG-14 (Life Below Water) in the Palk Bay to conserve
critical habitats.
5. Community-based fisheries management: Empower local fishermen with
participatory governance.
o Eg: Pani Samitis (water user committees) in Gujarat have shown success in
resource conservation.

Conclusion

65
Sustainable fisheries management in the Palk Bay requires regional collaboration, eco-
friendly practices, and strict enforcement. Empowering local communities and conserving
biodiversity can ensure long-term ecological and economic balance.

Q. Discuss the role of ocean currents in regulating global heat distribution. How
do anomalies like El Niño and La Niña disrupt this equilibrium? (10M)

Introduction

Ocean currents act as natural conveyors of heat, redistributing energy across the globe to
regulate climate stability. Anomalies like El Niño and La Niña disrupt this delicate balance,
leading to significant atmospheric and oceanic changes.

Body

Role of ocean currents in regulating global heat distribution

1. Thermohaline circulation and heat transport: Deep ocean currents transfer heat
globally, driven by temperature and salinity differences.
o Eg: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transports
warm water to the North Atlantic.
2. Equator-to-pole energy balance: Warm surface currents transport heat poleward,
while cold currents return to the equator to maintain thermal equilibrium.
o Eg: The Gulf Stream warms Europe, ensuring mild winters.
3. Influence on wind systems: Ocean currents interact with prevailing winds, regulating
heat and moisture transport in the atmosphere.
o Eg: The North Atlantic Drift supports the Westerlies, influencing Europe’s
climate.
4. Regulation of coastal climates: Ocean currents moderate temperatures along coastal
regions, creating warm or cool climates.
o Eg: The California Current cools the western USA, leading to foggy
summers.
5. Moisture transport and precipitation: Currents regulate evaporation and influence
regional rainfall patterns.
o Eg: The Indian Ocean currents drive the southwest monsoon, vital for Indian
agriculture.

How El Niño and La Niña disrupt this equilibrium

66
 1. El Niño and heat imbalance: El Niño reduces cold water upwelling in the Pacific,
disrupting global heat redistribution.
o Eg: The 2015-16 El Niño caused severe droughts in India and floods in Peru.
2. La Niña and excessive cold water: La Niña enhances cold water upwelling, leading
to extreme climatic variations.
o Eg: The 2020-22 La Niña brought heavy rains to India and droughts to East
Africa.
3. Disruption of Walker circulation: El Niño weakens the Walker circulation, while La
Niña strengthens it, altering wind and pressure systems.
o Eg: El Niño suppressed rainfall in Indonesia and Australia, causing wildfires.
4. Global temperature anomalies: El Niño raises global temperatures, while La Niña
has a cooling effect on the atmosphere.
o Eg: The 2016 El Niño made it the hottest year on record (Source: WMO).
5. Impact on marine ecosystems: ENSO disrupts cold water upwelling, reducing
nutrients and collapsing fisheries.
o Eg: The Peruvian anchovy fisheries collapsed during the 1982-83 El Niño.
6. Altered tropical cyclone patterns: ENSO modifies ocean temperatures, influencing
cyclone frequency and intensity globally.
o Eg: El Niño years often see fewer cyclones in the Atlantic but more in the
Pacific.

Conclusion

67
Ocean currents are critical for global heat regulation, but disruptions caused by El Niño and
La Niña highlight the vulnerability of the Earth’s climate systems. Strengthening ENSO
monitoring systems and enhancing climate adaptation strategies is vital for mitigating their
global impacts.

Q. Examine the role of Arctic tundra as a natural carbon sink and analyze how
its transformation into a carbon source could impact the global carbon cycle and
climate stability. (15 M)

Introduction

The Arctic tundra, a vast carbon repository, has historically stabilized global
temperatures by storing carbon for millennia. However, its rapid transformation into a
carbon source due to warming temperatures threatens global climate stability.

Body

Role of Arctic tundra as a natural carbon sink

1. Carbon storage in permafrost: Arctic tundra holds about 1.6 trillion metric tonnes
of carbon, twice the carbon currently present in the atmosphere (NOAA, 2023).
o Eg: Permafrost traps carbon-rich organic matter, preventing its
decomposition.
2. Long-term carbon sequestration: Over thousands of years, Arctic vegetation and
microbial activity have contributed to significant carbon sequestration.
o Eg: Organic matter buried in the Holocene period remains locked in frozen
soil layers.
3. Regulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs): Arctic permafrost reduces the
concentration of CO₂ and methane by acting as a natural freezer.
o Eg: Frozen organic matter prevents the release of CH₄, which is 25 times
more potent than CO₂.
4. Microbial inactivity: Extreme cold inhibits microbial activity, reducing carbon
decomposition rates.
o Eg: The permafrost layer has remained undisturbed for millennia due to
consistently low temperatures.

Transformation into a carbon source

1. Rising Arctic temperatures: The Arctic is warming at four times the global
average, causing permafrost to thaw rapidly.
o Eg: 2024 witnessed the second-warmest Arctic year on record since 1900.
2. Permafrost thaw and microbial activation: Thawing permafrost exposes organic
matter to microbes, releasing CO₂ and CH₄.
o Eg: Arctic permafrost now releases 1.6 billion metric tonnes of carbon
annually (Vox, 2023).
68
 3. Increased wildfires: Warmer temperatures and dry conditions have caused
unprecedented Arctic wildfires.
o Eg: In 2023, Arctic wildfires emitted more carbon than countries like Japan.
4. Positive feedback loop: Permafrost thaw increases emissions, intensifying warming
and further accelerating permafrost degradation.
o Eg: The Nature (2023) study describes this as a "runaway carbon feedback
loop."
5. Methane emissions: Melting permafrost releases trapped methane, intensifying the
greenhouse effect.
o Eg: Methane emissions in Arctic regions have risen by 10% over the last
two decades (NOAA, 2023).

Impact on the global carbon cycle and climate stability

1. Disruption of global carbon balance: Carbon emissions from the Arctic offset
global sequestration efforts, destabilizing the global carbon budget.
o Eg: Emissions now exceed the tundra’s absorption capacity by nearly 50%.
2. Rising global temperatures: The release of CO₂ and CH₄ accelerates global
warming, intensifying extreme weather events.
o Eg: The IPCC AR6 warns that Arctic emissions may hasten the 1.5°C
temperature rise.
3. Impact on sea-level rise: Thawing permafrost contributes to the melting of Arctic ice
sheets, increasing sea levels.
o Eg: Greenland’s ice loss accounts for 0.76 mm/year of global sea-level rise
(IPCC, 2023).
4. Ocean circulation disruption: Arctic warming slows down thermohaline
circulation, impacting global oceanic and climatic systems.
o Eg: Weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
(AMOC) disrupts rainfall patterns in Asia.
5. Biodiversity and ecosystem collapse: Arctic flora and fauna face significant stress
from habitat loss and changing ecosystems.
o Eg: Decline in polar bear populations due to shrinking ice habitats (WWF,
2023).

What needs to be done

1. Reduction of global emissions: Achieving net-zero emissions is critical to slow

Arctic warming.
o Eg: Full implementation of the Paris Agreement commitments.
2. Enhanced climate monitoring: Use of advanced satellite and sensor technologies to
monitor permafrost emissions.
o Eg: NASA’s Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) tracks
Arctic permafrost changes.

69
 3. Afforestation and tundra restoration: Promote vegetation growth to improve
carbon sequestration.
o Eg: Siberia’s Pleistocene Park is rewilding ecosystems to stabilize
permafrost.
4. Global cooperation: Strengthen international climate frameworks through platforms
like UNFCCC and Arctic Council.
o Eg: The IPCC emphasizes specific policies to protect Arctic ecosystems.

Conclusion

The Arctic tundra’s transformation from a carbon sink to a carbon source highlights the
urgent need for global cooperation, technological innovation, and decisive action to
mitigate emissions. Protecting the Arctic is not just regional but critical to ensuring the
planet’s climate stability.

Q. “Marine heatwaves are increasingly threatening marine ecosystems globally”.

Discuss their causes, impacts on biodiversity, and cascading effects on oceanic
food chains. (15 M)

Introduction
Marine heatwaves (MHWs), prolonged periods of unusually high ocean temperatures, are
increasing in intensity and frequency due to anthropogenic climate change. They threaten
marine biodiversity, destabilize food webs, and impact millions dependent on oceanic
resources for their livelihood and food security.

Body

Causes of marine heatwaves

1. Global warming and rising sea temperatures: Increased greenhouse gas emissions
lead to record-high sea surface temperatures globally.
o Eg: The IPCC AR6 (2021) report attributes over 90% of ocean heat content
increase to climate change.
2. El Niño and ocean circulation changes: Climatic phenomena like El Niño
exacerbate warming in specific regions.
o Eg: The 2015 El Niño intensified heatwaves in the Pacific Ocean.
3. Weakened ocean currents: Slower circulation traps heat in certain areas, causing
prolonged marine heatwaves.
o Eg: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) slowdown
has increased oceanic heat retention.
4. Melting sea ice and reduced albedo: Arctic and Antarctic ice loss leads to reduced
reflectivity, increasing solar heat absorption in oceans.
o Eg: Arctic ice loss contributed to warming of the northern oceans during the
2014-16 heatwave.

70
Impacts on biodiversity

1. Mass mortality of marine species: Heatwaves exceed the thermal tolerance of

marine species, leading to large-scale die-offs.
o Eg: Over 4 million seabirds died during "The Blob" in the Gulf of Alaska
(2014-16).
2. Coral bleaching and habitat loss: Prolonged exposure to warm waters stresses
corals, impacting entire ecosystems.
o Eg: The Coral Triangle in Southeast Asia, a biodiversity hotspot, has seen
repeated bleaching events.
3. Disruption in migratory patterns: Shifting ocean temperatures affect migratory
species and breeding cycles.
o Eg: Tuna populations moved to cooler waters in the Indian Ocean, impacting
fisheries (FAO, 2022).
4. Proliferation of invasive species: Warmer waters favor invasive species, displacing
native biodiversity.
o Eg: Jellyfish blooms in the Mediterranean Sea disrupted ecosystems and
coastal tourism.

Cascading effects on oceanic food chains

1. Decline in primary productivity: Reduced nutrient upwelling in warm waters leads

to a decline in phytoplankton populations.
o Eg: A 10% drop in phytoplankton productivity was recorded during the
Pacific marine heatwave (NOAA, 2021).
2. Collapse of predator-prey relationships: Loss of prey species disrupts predator
populations and destabilizes ecosystems.
o Eg: The decline in Pacific cod stocks during "The Blob" affected commercial
fishing industries.
3. Economic losses in fisheries: Heatwaves reduce fish stocks, threatening livelihoods
and global food security.
o Eg: Alaska's salmon fisheries faced a $100 million loss during the 2015
marine heatwave (FAO, 2023).
4. Impact on ecosystem services: Disruptions in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration,
and marine vegetation affect broader ecosystem stability.
o Eg: The loss of kelp forests in California reduced carbon absorption and
marine biodiversity.

Conclusion
Marine heatwaves are an urgent global challenge with cascading effects on ecosystems,
biodiversity, and human livelihoods. Addressing this requires a multifaceted approach:
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, strengthening global marine conservation frameworks
like SDG 14, and deploying early-warning systems to protect marine ecosystems and their
dependent communities.

71
Q. Examine how climate change-induced variations in temperature and
precipitation patterns are reshaping agricultural practices across India, with a
focus on adaptive strategies. (15 M)

Introduction

Climate change has significantly impacted Indian agriculture through rising temperatures,
erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events. These shifts are forcing farmers to adapt their
practices to ensure sustainability and food security in one of the world’s most climate-
sensitive regions.

Body

Climate Change-Induced Variations in Temperature and Precipitation Patterns

1. Rising temperatures: Increased temperatures affect the growth cycle and yields of
crops like wheat and rice, leading to lower productivity.
o Eg: The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report indicates that India’s average
temperature has risen by 0.7°C since 1901.
2. Erratic rainfall patterns: Uneven distribution and intensity of rainfall lead to
waterlogging in some areas and drought in others.
o Eg: In 2023, unseasonal rains in Punjab destroyed 25% of wheat crops.
3. Frequent extreme weather events: Cyclones, floods, and droughts are becoming
more common, disrupting agricultural cycles.
o Eg: Cyclone Amphan (2020) caused over ₹13,000 crore in damages to
agriculture.
4. Declining precipitation in critical seasons: Reduced rainfall during kharif and rabi
seasons impacts water availability for irrigation.
o Eg: A 6% decline in monsoon rainfall was recorded in 2024 (IMD).
5. Increased pest and disease outbreaks: Rising temperatures are triggering pest
infestations, further affecting crop yields.
o Eg: Fall armyworm infestations in maize crops have risen in Karnataka
since 2018.

Reshaping Agricultural Practices Across India

1. Shifts in crop patterns: Farmers are switching to climate-resilient crops, replacing

water-intensive crops like paddy with millets.
o Eg: Karnataka farmers are shifting to ragi under the National Millet
Mission.
2. Increased use of irrigation: Erratic rainfall has increased dependence on micro-
irrigation systems like drip and sprinklers.
o Eg: Gujarat has achieved a 15% increase in micro-irrigation under
PMKSY.

72
 3. Changes in sowing cycles: Farmers are modifying sowing times to align with altered
rainfall patterns.
o Eg: Delayed sowing of wheat in Punjab due to late monsoons in 2023.
4. Adoption of mixed cropping: Farmers are diversifying their cropping systems to
reduce risks associated with extreme weather.
o Eg: Cotton and pulses are being grown together in Maharashtra’s
drought-prone regions.
5. Precision farming practices: Use of satellite monitoring and soil sensors to optimize
water and fertilizer use.
o Eg: Farmers in Andhra Pradesh use drones for pesticide spraying and
crop health monitoring.
6. Integrated farming systems: Combining crop cultivation with livestock, fisheries, or
sericulture for diversified incomes and resource optimization.
o Eg: Kerala’s rice-fish farming model increases income in flood-prone
regions.

Adaptive Strategies

1. Development of climate-resilient seeds: Drought-tolerant and heat-resistant seed

varieties are being introduced.
o Eg: ICAR’s drought-tolerant rice variety "Sahbhagi Dhan" launched in
2022.
2. Water management techniques: Promoting rainwater harvesting, groundwater
recharge, and efficient irrigation methods.
o Eg: Tamil Nadu’s Kudimaramathu scheme has revived traditional water
harvesting systems.
3. Crop insurance schemes: Financial security against crop losses due to extreme
weather through PMFBY.
o Eg: Over ₹1.5 lakh crore claims settled under PMFBY since 2016
(MoAFW).
4. Promotion of agroforestry: Integrating trees with crops to improve soil health and
reduce vulnerability to climate shocks.
o Eg: Haryana’s Sub-Mission on Agroforestry promotes Poplar-based
cropping systems.
5. Digital advisory systems: Use of weather forecasts and apps to guide farmers on
planting and harvesting.
o Eg: IMD’s Agromet Advisory Service reaches 25 million farmers.
6. Promotion of alternative crops: Focus on less water-intensive crops like millets to
ensure sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions.
o Eg: Millets were promoted globally during the International Year of
Millets in 2023.
7. Policy incentives: Government support through subsidies for renewable energy-based
irrigation and carbon credits.

73
 o Eg: PM-KUSUM promotes solar-powered irrigation pumps, reducing
dependence on fossil fuels.

Conclusion

India’s agricultural practices must rapidly evolve to address the challenges posed by climate
change. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern technologies like precision
farming, climate-resilient seeds, and efficient water management, India can ensure food
security and sustainability. A coordinated effort involving farmers, policymakers, and
scientists is the need of the hour to build a resilient agricultural system.

Q. Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and surface waves

generated during an earthquake. How do these waves contribute to the damage
caused? (10 M)

Introduction

Earthquakes release energy in the form of seismic waves, categorized as primary, secondary,
and surface waves. These waves differ in their speed, propagation, and impact on
structures and the Earth's surface, collectively determining the extent of damage caused
during an earthquake.

Body

Difference between primary, secondary, and surface waves

74
 Secondary Waves (S-
Aspect Primary Waves (P-Waves) Surface Waves
Waves)
Fastest seismic waves,
Slower than P-waves, Slowest among all
Speed arriving first at seismic
arriving second. seismic waves.
stations.
Longitudinal Transverse, causing Complex, circular or
(compressional), causing particles to move side-to-side motion
Movement
particles to move back and perpendicular to the along the Earth's
forth in the wave’s direction. wave’s direction. surface.
Medium of Can travel through solids, Can travel only through Confined to the
travel liquids, and gases. solids. Earth's surface.
Energy Least destructive as they lose Moderate destruction in Most destructive due
dissipation energy quickly. solid regions. to high amplitude.
Eg: Stronger shaking Eg: Ground ruptures
Examples of Eg: Mild shaking felt before
that causes building and infrastructure
impact the main tremors.
cracks. collapse.

Contribution of waves to the damage caused

1. Primary waves (P-waves)

o Cause mild initial vibrations, which often serve as a warning for stronger
waves.
o Limited damage as their compressional motion exerts minimal stress on
structures.
o Eg: In the 2015 Nepal earthquake, P-waves were detected seconds before the
destructive S-waves.
2. Secondary waves (S-waves)
o Responsible for severe shaking due to their transverse motion, which exerts
shear stress on buildings.
o Cause structural damage, especially to poorly constructed buildings.
o Eg: S-waves caused significant structural cracks during the 1993 Latur
earthquake in Maharashtra.
3. Surface waves
o Most damaging due to their high amplitude and motion restricted to the
Earth’s surface.
o Responsible for ground ruptures, landslides, and infrastructure collapse.
o Eg: Surface waves caused extensive damage during the 2001 Gujarat
earthquake, including widespread building collapses.

Conclusion

75
Seismic waves, though integral to understanding earthquake mechanics, vary in their
destructive potential. Effective mitigation, including early warning systems and resilient
construction, can significantly reduce the devastating impact of these waves, ensuring
safety and preparedness in high-risk zones.

76