GEC 210: ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS I
MODULE OUTLINE (COMPLEX NUMBERS):
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
THE COMPLEX PLANE
TERMINOLOGY AND NOTATION
COMPLEX ALGEBRA
DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
POWERS AND ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
EULER’S FORMULA
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
Recall that:
4 = ±2
This implies that there are two possible solutions of 4 which are +2 or -2.
Also,
−1 = No quantity associated
The result of −1 leads to the concept of complex number which gives real and imaginary
component of the number.
• The major idea of dividing into real or imaginary number is to aid our manipulation of
numbers and thus enhance communicating ideas of numbers
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
The foundation of complex number is quadratic equation.
Solving for 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Yields
−𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= (i)
2𝑎
Using equation (i) solve 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
Solving it gives us two possible values which are +1 or -1
Using equation (i) solve 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0
What were your possible values of x?
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
CLASS EXERCISE 1
1. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0
2. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
CLASS EXERCISE 1 ANSWERS
1. 𝑥 = 0.6 + 𝑗0.8 or 𝑥 = 0.6 − 𝑗0.8
2. 𝑥 = 0.5 + 𝑗1.5 or 𝑥 = 0.5 + 𝑗1.5
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
Symbol z is used to denote a complex number
𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗5
Real Part of the complex number Re (z) Imaginary Part of the complex number Im (z)
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A COMPLEX
NUMBER
For the complex number 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑗5;
𝑅𝑒 3 + 𝑗5 = 3
𝐼𝑚 3 + 𝑗5 = 5
This implies that:
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑧 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑗𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
• 𝑗 2 = −1
The proof:
Recall:
𝑗 = −1 (ii)
Can we all agree that:
𝑗2 = 𝑗 × 𝑗
Since we have all agreed, then we can substitute the values of j in equation (ii) into our
agreement.
1 1
= −1 2 × −1 2
POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1 1
= −12+2
= −11
Therefore, 𝑗 2 = −1
Similarly:
𝑗3 = 𝑗2 × 𝑗
That will give us
𝑗 3 = −1 × −1
= − −1
Therefore, 𝑗 3 = −𝑗
POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Class Exercise 2
Find the values of the following powers of complex numbers
1. J4
2. J9
3. J20
4. J42
POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Answers to class exercise 2
1. 𝑗 4 = 1
2. 𝑗 9 = 𝑗
3. 𝑗 20 = 1
4. 𝑗 42 = −1
NEGATIVE POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Recall that 𝑗 2 = −1
Divide both sides by j
𝑗 2 −1
=
𝑗 𝑗
Therefore:
1
𝑗=−
𝑗
Then, 𝑗 = −𝑗 −1
𝑗 −1 = −𝑗
NEGATIVE POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
𝑗 −2 = (−1)−1 = −1
Also,
𝑗 −3 = 𝑗 −2 × 𝑗 −1
= −1 × −𝑗
=𝑗
𝑗 −4 = (𝑗 −2 )2 = (−1)2
𝑗 −4 = 1
NEGATIVE POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Work out the following to check your understanding:
1. 𝑗 −8
2. 𝑗 −19
3. 𝑗 −30
4. 𝑗 −32
5. 𝑗 −23
NEGATIVE POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Answers of the exercises
1. 1
2. 𝑗
3. −1
4. 1
5. 𝑗
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example 1
If 𝑍1 = 4 + 𝑗5 and 𝑍2 = 3 − 𝑗2, then evaluate 𝑍1 + 𝑍2
As earlier stated, complex numbers have real and imaginary part.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑍1 = 4 + 𝑗5
𝑅𝑒 4 + 𝑗5 = 4
𝐼𝑚 4 + 𝑗5 = 5
Similarly
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑍2 = 3 − 𝑗2
𝑅𝑒 3 − 𝑗2 = 3
𝐼𝑚 3 − 𝑗2 = −2
Now, add the real parts and then the imaginary part
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Addition of the real part
4+3=7
Addition of the imaginary part
5 + −2 = 3
Therefore,
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 = 7 + 𝑗3
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
If 𝑍1 = 4 + 𝑗7 and 𝑍2 = 2 − 𝑗5, then evaluate 𝑍1 − 𝑍2
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑍1 = 4 + 𝑗7
𝑅𝑒 4 + 𝑗7 = 4
𝐼𝑚 4 + 𝑗7 = 7
Similarly
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑍2 = 2 − 𝑗5
𝑅𝑒 2 − 𝑗5 = 2
𝐼𝑚 2 − 𝑗5 = −5
Now, subtract the real parts and then the imaginary part
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Subtraction of the real part
4−2=2
Subtraction of the imaginary part
7 − −5 = 12
Therefore,
𝑍1 − 𝑍2 = 2 + 𝑗12
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
EXERCISES ON ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. 𝑍1 = 6 + 𝑗5, 𝑍2 = 4 − 𝑗3, 𝑍3 = 2 − 𝑗7
Evaluate 𝑍1 − 𝑍2 + 𝑍3
2. 𝑍1 = 3 + 𝑗5, 𝑍2 = 5 − 𝑗4, 𝑍3 = −2 − 𝑗3
Evaluate 𝑍1 − 𝑍2 − 𝑍3
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
ANSWERS ON THE EXERCISES
1. 4 + 𝑗
2. 𝑗12
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Say 𝑍1 = 3 + 𝑗4, 𝑍2 = 2 + 𝑗5
Evaluate 𝑍1 × 𝑍2
To solve this, we simply expand as in our normal algebra where we multiply each factor by
individual factors
Recall:
𝑎+𝑏 × 𝑐+𝑑
=𝑎 𝑐+𝑑 +𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
The same thing is applicable here, so we have:
3 2 + 𝑗5 + 𝑗4 2 + 𝑗5
Final answer if correctly done would be: −14 + 𝑗23
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example 2
𝑍1 = 4 − 𝑗5, 𝑍2 = 3 + 𝑗2
Evaluate 𝑍1 × 𝑍2
we have:
4 3 + 𝑗2 − 𝑗5 3 + 𝑗2
Final answer if correctly done would be: 22 − 𝑗7
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example 3
𝑍1 = 3 + 𝑗4, 𝑍2 = 2 − 𝑗5, 𝑍3 = 1 − 𝑗2
Evaluate 𝑍1 × 𝑍2 × 𝑍3
Final answer if correctly done would be: 12 − 𝑗59
We need to briefly discuss multiplication of conjugates as, we would be needing it in the
next segment of our learning
If 𝑍1 = 3 − 𝑗4, the conjugate of 𝑍1 𝑖𝑠 3 + 𝑗4
Multiplying the conjugates, we have 25
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example 4
𝑍1 = 7 − 𝑗4, 𝑍2 = 4 + 𝑗3
Evaluate 𝑍1 ÷ 𝑍2
16 37
Final answer if correctly done would be: −𝑗
25 25
Example 5: 𝑍1 = 4 − 𝑗5, 𝑍2 = 1 − 𝑗2
Evaluate 𝑍1 ÷ 𝑍2
6 13
Final answer if correctly done would be: − − 𝑗
5 5
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
CLASS EXERCISE
3−𝑗2
1. Simplify in the form 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
1+𝑗
2−𝑎−𝑗5
2. If = 3 − 𝑗5, find a and b
1−𝑗𝑏
𝑍1 2
3. If 𝑍1 = 5 − 𝑗3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍2 = 3 − 𝑗2, evaluate
𝑍2 2
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
GRAPHICAL ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
If 𝑍1 = 5 + 𝑗2 and 𝑍2 = 2 + 𝑗3, then 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 graphically can be solved by constructing a
parallelogram formed from two adjacent sides of the two complex numbers as shown below.
This diagram is called ARGAND DIAGRAM.
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
GRAPHICAL SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
If 𝑍1 = 5 + 𝑗2 and 𝑍2 = 2 + 𝑗3, then 𝑍1 − 𝑍2 graphically can be solved by constructing a
parallelogram formed from two adjacent sides of the two complex numbers. In this case, we
make a little adjustment because it is subtraction.
Let 𝑍3 be the resultant diagonal of the subtraction. Therefore, 𝑍3 = 𝑍1 + (−𝑍2 )
Note that (−𝑍2 ) is 𝑍2 drawn on the negative axis of the Argand diagram., this is shown in the
diagram in the next slide
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
GRAPHICAL ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
CLASS EXERCISE:
If 𝑍1 = 4 + 𝑗2, 𝑍2 = −2 + 𝑗3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍3 = −1 + 𝑗6.
Using the Argand diagram, find 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 − 𝑍3
ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
THE SOLUTION:
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
Given a complex number 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦, this can be graphically represented as
The real part of the complex number is x on the graph, while the imaginary part of the
complex number is j on the graph. 𝜃 is the angle subtends with OX.
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
Using trigonometry:
r is the hypotenuse
x is the adjacent
y is the opposite
Recall: 𝑆𝑂𝐻𝐶𝐴𝐻𝑇𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = , 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = , 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Using 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = and the graph earlier, we can see that
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑦
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑥
−1 𝑦
Therefore: 𝜃 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛
𝑥
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
𝑦
Then, 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =
𝑟
Therefore, y = r sin θ
𝑥
Similarly, 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = ,
𝑟
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
Since the general complex number form is 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
Substituting all our values derived into the general complex number form, we have
𝑍 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Factorizing r out of the expression above, we have
𝑍 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
To find the value of r, use the Pythagoras’ theorem
𝑟 = 𝑦2 + 𝑥2
Example 1:
Express 𝑍 = 4 + 𝑗3 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎
Example 2:
Express 𝑍 = 4 − 𝑗3 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎
Example 3:
Express 𝑍 = −2 − 𝑗7 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒋𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
OPERATIONS OF POLAR FORMS OF COMPLES NUMBERS
If 𝑍1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍3 = 𝑟3 (cos 𝜃3 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃3 )
MULTIPLICATION OF THE POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
𝑍1 × 𝑍2 = 𝑟1 × 𝑟2 [cos 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑗 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]
Similarly:
𝑍1 × 𝑍2 × 𝑍3 = 𝑟1 × 𝑟2 × 𝑟3 [cos 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝜃3 + 𝑗 sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝜃3 )]
DIVISION OF THE POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
𝑍1 𝑟1
= [cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑗 sin(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )]
𝑍2 𝑟2
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
CLASS ACTIVITY 1
If 𝑍1 = 15(cos 65 + 𝑗 sin 65) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍2 = 2(cos 15 + 𝑗 sin 15) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍3 = 5(cos 38 + 𝑗 sin 38)
Find the following
(i) 𝑍1 × 𝑍2
(ii) 𝑍1 × 𝑍2 × 𝑍3
𝑍1
(iii) × 𝑍2
𝑍3
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
CLASS ACTIVITY 2
1. simplify by using negative angles
(a) 𝑍 = 2.6(cos 345 + 𝑗 sin 345)
(b) 𝑍 = 13 (cos 285 + 𝑗 sin 285)
2. Express in proper polar form of 𝑍 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃)
(a) 𝑍 = 7(cos 20 − 𝑗 sin 20)
(b) 𝑍 = 3(cos 5 − 𝑗 sin 5)
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
CLASS ACTIVITY 2 CONT’D
3. Given that 𝑍1 = 17(cos 28 + 𝑗 sin 28) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍2 = 4(cos 59 + 𝑗 sin 59)
(a) Express in the form 𝑍 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃)
(i) 𝑍1 × 𝑍2
𝑍1
(ii) 𝑍2
𝑍
(iii) 𝑍2
1
(b) Express in the form 𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
𝑍1
(i) 𝑍1 (ii) 𝑍2 (iii) 𝑍1 × 𝑍2 (iv)
𝑍2
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM
From 𝑍1 = 𝑟1 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 Sin 𝜃) , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑍1 2
This follow that 𝑍1 2 = 𝑍1 × 𝑍1
𝑍1 2 = 𝑟1 × 𝑟2 [(𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝜃1 + 𝜃1 ) + 𝑗 Sin(𝜃1 + 𝜃1 )]
𝑍1 2 = 𝑟1 2 [𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜃1 + 𝑗 Sin 2𝜃1 ]
Similarly:
𝑍1 3 = 𝑟1 3 [𝐶𝑜𝑠 3𝜃1 + 𝑗 Sin 3𝜃1 ]
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM
Also, 𝑍1 4 = 𝑟1 4 [𝐶𝑜𝑠 4𝜃1 + 𝑗 Sin 4𝜃1 ] and 𝑍1 5 = 𝑟1 5 [𝐶𝑜𝑠 5𝜃1 + 𝑗 Sin 5𝜃1 ]
Therefore, we can say that the general form of the power of complex number is given as
𝒁𝟏 𝒏 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒏 [𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽𝟏 + 𝒋 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽𝟏 ]
1
If n is equal to a fraction say , we can also write DeMoivre’s theorem as
2
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒁𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 [𝑪𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM
Also, 𝑍1 4 = 𝑟1 4 [𝐶𝑜𝑠 4𝜃1 + 𝑗 Sin 4𝜃1 ] and 𝑍1 5 = 𝑟1 5 [𝐶𝑜𝑠 5𝜃1 + 𝑗 Sin 5𝜃1 ]
Therefore, we can say that the general form of the power of complex number is given as
𝒁𝟏 𝒏 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒏 [𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽𝟏 + 𝒋 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽𝟏 ]
1
If n is equal to a fraction say , we can also write DeMoivre’s theorem as
2
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒁𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 [𝑪𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐 (𝜽𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑲) + 𝒋 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝜽𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑲)]
𝟐 𝟐
𝑲 = 𝟎, 𝟏
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒁𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 [𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝜽𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑲) + 𝒋 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝜽𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑲)]
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
𝑲 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒁𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 [𝑪𝒐𝒔 (𝜽𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑲) + 𝒋 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝜽𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑲)]
𝟒 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
𝑲 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
Generally, 𝒁𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 [𝑪𝒐𝒔
𝒏 𝒏 (𝜽𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑲) + 𝒋 𝑺𝒊𝒏 (𝜽𝟏 +𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑲)]
𝒏 𝒏
𝑲 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … , 𝒏 − 𝟏
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM
Example 1:
4
If 𝑍 = 81(𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20), evaluate 𝑍
Example 2:
Given that 𝑍1 = 32 𝐶𝑜𝑠 65 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 65 and 𝑍1 = 625 𝐶𝑜𝑠 28 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛28
(a) Obtain all the root values of: (i) 5 𝑍1 (ii) 4 𝑍2
(b) Evaluate the principal value of (i) 3 7(𝐶𝑜𝑠 120 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 120)
(ii) 6 64(𝐶𝑜𝑠 282 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 282)
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM (EXPANSION OF 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽)
From De’Moivre’s Theorem, we can say that:
(𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
Application:
1. Find the expansion of 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
2. Find the expansion of 𝐶𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛 3𝜃
3. Find the expansion of 𝐶𝑜𝑠 4𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛 4𝜃
4. Find the expansion of 𝐶𝑜𝑠 5𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛 5𝜃
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM (EXPANSION OF 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽)
From De’Moivre’s Theorem, we can say that:
(𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
Application:
1. Find the expansion of 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
2. Find the expansion of 𝐶𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛 3𝜃
3. Find the expansion of 𝐶𝑜𝑠 4𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛 4𝜃
4. Find the expansion of 𝐶𝑜𝑠 5𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛 5𝜃
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM (EXPANSION OF 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽)
𝑍 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
1
= 𝑍 −1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑍
1 1
Therefore, 𝑍 + = 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑍 − = 𝑗2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑍 𝑍
1
It follows that 𝑍𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 and = 𝑍 −𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
𝑍𝑛
1 1
Then, 𝑍 𝑛 + = 2 Cos nθ and 𝑍 𝑛 − = j2 Sin nθ
𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM (EXPANSION OF 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽)
Examples
Expand the following
(i) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
(ii) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃
(iii)𝑆𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
(iv) 𝑆𝑖𝑛5 𝜃
POLAR FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM (EXPANSION OF 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽)
Application Example:
(i) Obtain 𝑆𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ii) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(iii) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FORMS
OF COMPLEX NUMBER
Recall that:
2 3 3 5 6
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + + + + + ⋯
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥9
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − + + ⋯
3! 5! 7! 9!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 1 − + − + + ⋯
2! 4! 6! 8!
Therefore: 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃 and 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑗 sin 𝜃
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FORMS
OF COMPLEX NUMBER
There are therefore 3 major ways of representing complex numbers, they are:
1. Cartesian form: 𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
2. Polar form: 𝑍 = 𝑟(𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
3. Exponential form: 𝑍 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FORMS
OF COMPLEX NUMBER
There are therefore 3 major ways of representing complex numbers, they are:
1. Cartesian form: 𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏
2. Polar form: 𝑍 = 𝑟(𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
3. Exponential form: 𝑍 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃
Due to the exponential form of complex number, we can now find the logarithmic form of
the complex number. That is:
If 𝑍 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 , the logarithmic form will be ln 𝑍 = ln 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FORMS
OF COMPLEX NUMBER
Example
𝜋
1−𝑗
Express 𝑒 4 in Cartesian form
At this point, your full attention is required so that you do not get confused. Pay rapt
attention!!!
Example
2𝜋
Express 𝑍 = 𝑒1+𝑗 6 in Cartesian form
