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Module 2 - PGE NOTES

The document outlines the course 'Power Generation Techniques and Economics' offered by Dr. Sandeep S R. at SJBIT, detailing its objectives, teaching methods, and course content across various modules including hydroelectric, thermal, nuclear, and alternative energy sources. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the economic aspects of power generation and includes assessments and learning resources. The course aims to equip students with knowledge about different power generation methods and their implications on efficiency and costs.

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Sanjan. G
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views35 pages

Module 2 - PGE NOTES

The document outlines the course 'Power Generation Techniques and Economics' offered by Dr. Sandeep S R. at SJBIT, detailing its objectives, teaching methods, and course content across various modules including hydroelectric, thermal, nuclear, and alternative energy sources. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the economic aspects of power generation and includes assessments and learning resources. The course aims to equip students with knowledge about different power generation methods and their implications on efficiency and costs.

Uploaded by

Sanjan. G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421

2024-25

Dr Sandeep S R.,
Assoc. Professor
Department of EEE, SJBIT
Semester: IV Course Type: ETC
Course Title: Power Generation Techniques and Economics
Course Code: 23EEE421 Credits: 3

Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P:O) 3:0:0:@ Total Hours: 40


CIE
50 SEE Marks: 50 Total Marks: 100
Marks:
SEE Type: Theory Exam Hours: 3 Hours
I. Course Objectives:
• Study the different types of power generation from Conventional Energy Sources.
• Acquire the knowledge of basic design principles of hydro, nuclear, gas and steam plants.
• Learn the importance of Hydrogen energy generation, Piezo electricity generation and its
applications.
• Understand the importance of economic aspects of power generation and also the importance of
power factor.
II. Teaching-Learning Process (General Instructions):
• Chalk and talk method
• Power point presentation
• Videos
• Animations
III. COURSE CONTENT
Module-1 : Hydro electric Power Plants 8 Hrs
Energy Scenario: Introduction to conventional and non-conventional sources of energy, Energy scenario,
green-house effect.
Hydroelectric Power Plants: Merits and demerits of hydroelectric power plants, Selection of site. General
arrangement of hydel plant, elements of the plant, Classification of the plants based on water flow regulation,
small hydro and pumped storage plants.
Water turbines – Pelton wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines. Characteristic of water turbines, selection of
water turbines.

Textbook: Chapter: sections: A course in power systems, J B Gupta: Chapter 1 & 2: Section 1.1 to
2.20.
Pre-requisites (Self Learning): Knowledge on Conventional & non conventional energy sources.
RBT Levels: L1, L2
Module-2: Thermal Power Plants 8 Hrs
Steam (Thermal)Power Plants: Introduction, Schematic arrangement and working of steam power plant,
Basic Rankine cycle, advantages and disadvantages, choice of site, efficiency of steam power station, fuel
and ash handling, draught system, feed water treatment, steam power plant auxiliaries. Scenario of Thermal
Energy generation.

Gas turbine Plants: Introduction, Merits and demerits, site selection, Fuels for gas turbines, Elements of
simple gas turbine power plant.

Textbook: Chapter:sections: A course in power systems, J B Gupta: Chapter 3 and 6: Section 3.1 to
3.20. and Section 6.1 to 6.6.
Pre-requisites (Self Learning):
Knowledge on thermal power stations in India.
RBT Levels: L1, L2
Module-3: Nuclear Power Plants 8 Hrs

Nuclear Power Plants: Introduction, Scenario of Nuclear power generation. Basics of nuclear energy
conversion, Merits and demerits, selection of site, Layout and subsystems of nuclear power plants, Boiling
Water Reactor (BWR), Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), CANDU type Reactor, Fast Breeder Reactors
(FBR), gas cooled and liquid metal cooled reactors, safety measures for nuclear power plants, Disposal of
nuclear waste.

Textbook: Chapter: sections: A course in power systems, J B Gupta: Chapter 4: Section 4.1 to 4.17.
Pre-requisites (Self Learning):
Nuclear Fusion and Fission Reaction theory
RBT Levels: L1, L2
Module-4: Hydrogen Energy & Piezoelectric Energy Generation. 8 Hrs
Hydrogen Energy Generation: Introduction, benefits, hydrogen production technologies, uses, applications.
Piezoelectric Energy: Introduction, Total power production in India, the piezoelectric effect, Characteristics
of piezo electricity, Factors leading to requirement of piezo electricity, Important components of piezoelectric
tile, Block diagram of piezoelectric tile, applications of piezoelectricity.

Textbook: Chapter: sections: 1. Non-Conventional Energy Resources, Shobhnath singh Chapter 5:


Section 5.1,5.2,5.4, 5.5.
2.open access peer-reviewed chapter Piezoelectricity and Its Applications: written by B. Chandra
Sekhar, B. Dhanalakshmi, B. Srinivasa Rao, S. Ramesh, K. Venkata Prasad, P.S.V. Subba Rao and B.
Parvatheeswara Rao.DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.96154
3.Anand, Hari and Singh, Binod Kumar. "Piezoelectric energy generation in India: an empirical
investigation" Energy Harvesting and Systems, vol. 6, no. 3-4, 2019, pp. 69-
76. https://doi.org/10.1515/ehs-2020-0002
Pre-requisites (Self Learning): Piezo electric and its uses
RBT Levels: L1, L2, L3
Module-5: Power Plant Economics 8 Hrs
Power Plant Economics: Introduction, Classification of costs, Fixed and Operating costs of Hydro, Thermal
and Nuclear Plants, Economics of Power generation and associated definitions, Load factor, diversity factor,
Numerical. Tariffs, types, types of consumers and their tariff. Power factor, disadvantages and causes of low
power factor, methods and advantages of improving power factor improvement, Simple Numerical.

Textbook: Chapter: sections: A course in power systems, J B Gupta: Chapter 14 and 15: Section 14.1
to 14.10 and Section 15.1 to 15.12.
Pre-requisites (Self Learning): Knowledge on Tariff and costs of power generation.
RBT Levels: L1, L2,L3
IV. COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course students will be able to
Describe the working of hydroelectric power plant, types and the role of turbines in hydro power
CO1 generation.
Explain the working of thermal power plant, components, layout and environmental issues
CO2 associated.
CO3 Discuss the working of nuclear power plants, types of reactors and environmental societal issues.
CO4 Learn the importance of hydrogen energy & Piezo electricity generation and its applications.
Discuss the importance of economics in power generation and need of power factor
CO5 improvement.
V. CO-PO-PSO MAPPING (mark H=3; M=2; L=1)
PO/PS
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 S1 S2 S3
CO1 3 2 2 1 3
CO2 3 2 2 1 3
CO3 3 2 2 1 3
CO4 3 2 2 1 3
CO5 3 2 2 2 1 3
VI. Assessment Details (CIE & SEE)
General Rules: Refer Annexure Section 1
Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE): Refer Annexure Section 1
Semester End Examination (SEE): Refer Annexure Section 1
VII. Learning Resources
VII(a): Textbooks:
Sl. Title of the Name of the
Name of the author Edition and Year
No. Book publisher
A course in power
1 J B Gupta 11thEdition, 2019 S.K.kataria& Sons.
systems
A Chakrabarti, Dhanpat rai & co.
Power system
2 M.L.Soni, P.V.Guptha First Edition, Reprint 2017. (pvt.) Ltd.
Engineering
& U.S. Bhatnagar
Non- Pearson India
3 Conventional Shobh Nath Singh First Edition, 2015 Education Services
Energy Resources Pvt Ltd.
VII(b): Reference Books:

Power Plant McGraw-Hill


1 Engineering P.K.Nag Third Edition 2012.
Education
Electrical power
Generation,
2 S.N.Singh 2nd Edition, 2009 PHI Publications.
Transmission and
Distribution
Generation of
3 Electrical Energy B.R.Gupta 7th Edition,2017 S.Chand Publishers.
S. Chand 2015
VII(c): Web links and Video Lectures (e-Resources):
Mention the links of the online resources, video materials, etc.
(1) Power Plant Engineering - YouTube
(2) (1) Electrical - Power System Generation, Transmission and Distribution (Encapsulated from earlier Video) -
YouTube
(3) POWER PLANT ENGINEERING (mheducation.com)

VIII: Activity Based Learning / Practical Based Learning/Experiential learning:


Assignments, quiz, case studies, mini projects, industrial visit.
Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

Module 2- Thermal Power Plants

Table of Contents
THERMAL POWER PLANTS .................................................................................................................................................... 2
TYPES OF THERMAL ENERGY......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
EFFICIENCY OF STEAM PLANTS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
COST OF ELECTRICITY .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS ................................................................................................................... 4
SELECTION OF SITE OF THERMAL PLANTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
WORKING OF STEAM PLANT.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
POWER PLANT EQUIPMENT AND LAYOUT .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
DIESEL POWER PLANT .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
DIESEL GENERATOR OPERATION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 18
DISADVANTAGES OF DIESEL POWER STATION ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
WORKING OF DIESEL GENERATOR ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
APPLICATIONS OF THE DIESEL ENGINE POWER PLANT ........................................................................................................................................... 22
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT .............................................................................................................................................. 23
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT .............................................................................................................. 23
APPLICATIONS OF GASTURBINE PLANTS ................................................................................................................................................... 24
GAS TURBINE WORKING PRINCIPLE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 27
TURBINE PERFORMANCE .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29

Department of EEE, SJBIT 1


Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

Thermal Power Plants

A thermal power station is a power plant in which heat energy is converted to electric
power. In most of the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated, turns into
steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the
turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as
a rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different
heat sources, fossil fuel dominates here, although nuclear heat energy and solar heat energy are also
used. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy
into electrical energy. Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for
industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical
power.

Types of thermal Energy

Almost all coal, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as
many natural gas power plants are thermal. Natural gas is frequently combusted in gas turbines as
well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine, in the form of hot exhaust gas, can be used to
raise steam, by passing this gas through a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) the steam is
then used to drive a steam turbine in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Power
plants burning coal, fuel oil, or natural gas are often called fossil-fuel power plants. Some biomass-
fueled thermal power plants have appeared also. Non-nuclear thermal power plants, particularly
fossil-fueled plants, which do not use co-generation are sometimes referred to as conventional
power plants.

Commercial electric utility power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for
continuous operation. Virtually all Electric power plants use three-phase electrical generators to
produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Large companies
or institutions may have their own power plants to supply heating or electricity to their facilities,
especially if steam is created anyway for other purposes. Steam-driven power plants have been used
to drive most ships in most of the 20th century until recently. Steam power plants are now only
used in large nuclear naval ships. Shipboard power plants usually directly couple the turbine to the

Department of EEE, SJBIT 2


Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

ship's propellers through gearboxes. Power plants in such ships also provide steam to smaller
turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity. Nuclear marine propulsion is, with few
exceptions, used only in naval vessels. There have been many turbo-electric ships in which a steam-
driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an electric motor for propulsion.

Efficiency of Steam Plants

The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station, considered saleable energy
produced as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed, is typically 33% to 48%. As with
all heat engines, their efficiency is limited, and governed by the laws of thermodynamics. By
comparison, most hydropower stations in the United States are about 90 percent efficient in
converting the energy of falling water into electricity.

The energy of a thermal not utilized in power production must leave the plant in the form of heat to
the environment. This waste heat can go through a condenser and be disposed of with cooling water
or in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead utilized for district heating, it is called co-
generation. An important class of thermal power station are associated with desalination facilities;
these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas and in these plants,
freshwater production and electricity are equally important co-products.

The Carnot efficiency dictates that higher efficiencies can be attained by increasing the temperature
of the steam. Sub-critical fossil fuel power plants can achieve 36–40% efficiency. Super critical
designs have efficiencies in the low to mid 40% range, with new "ultra critical" designs using
pressures of 4400 psi (30.3 MPa) and multiple stage reheat reaching about 48% efficiency. Above
the critical point for water of 705 °F (374 °C) and 3212 psi (22.06 MPa), there is no phase transition
from water to steam, but only a gradual decrease in density.

Currently most of the nuclear power plants must operate below the temperatures and pressures that
coal-fired plants do, in order to provide more conservative safety margins within the systems that
remove heat from the nuclear fuel rods. This, in turn, limits their thermodynamic efficiency to 30–
32%. Some advanced reactor designs being studied, such as the very high temperature reactor,
advanced gas-cooled reactor and supercritical water reactor, would operate at temperatures and
pressures similar to current coal plants, producing comparable thermodynamic efficiency.

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

Cost of Electricity

The direct cost of electric energy produced by a thermal power station is the result of cost of fuel,
capital cost for the plant, operator labour, maintenance, and such factors as ash handling and
disposal. Indirect, social or environmental costs such as the economic value of environmental
impacts, or environmental and health effects of the complete fuel cycle and plant decommissioning,
are not usually assigned to generation costs for thermal stations in utility practice, but may form
part of an environmental impact assessment.

Advantages and Disadvantages of thermal Power Plants

Thermal power plant have been the main source of power in the world for centuries. With my
experience in Thermal and Gas power plant as a part of India’s largest power generating companies
the following are the Pros and Cons that come to my mind.

Advantages:-
1. Coal thermal power plant provide the cheapest electricity worldwide.

2. They form the backbone of grid as they provide stable output and are more reliable than renewable
sources that tend to fluctuate.

3. Coal/lignite/peat is readily available all over the world.

4. The technology for thermal power plant is easily accessible and well established not like other
sources like nuclear, solar thermal, geothermal etc.

5. Requires less land per Megawatt with respect to Hydro, Solar, Wind etc.

6. Easy and simple to maintain and operate.

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

Disadvantages:

1. Needs large amount of Coal and Water so has to be placed a large water sources and coal mine.
Else the logistics cost will be too high. A Power plant of 3000MW typically requires 35,000 to
45,000 tonnes of coal.

2. It is the prime contributor to CO2 emissions all over the world. With the Climate change a
restriction is now placed on all countries in this regard.

3. Nearly 20% to 30% of coal is rejected as Ash, which is a waste and needs to be dumped. Unutilized
ash is collected in Ash dykes that form the largest land usage in a typical thermal power plant. It is
also detrimental to environment.

4. Apart from CO2, other harmful gases like NOx and SOx are also generated lead to Acid Rain.
Though with advanced combustion and other techniques these are lowered and also captured.
5. Some liquid effluents are also discharged as the by product of water / chemical treatment and runoff
of various oil / chemicals.

6. Thermal power plant take a lot of time to start up (generally 4–8 hrs) and don’t do well in cycling
that is large up and down in power generation and mostly designed for constant load. Therefore any
fluctuation is power demand can be detrimental to it life cycle.

7. A large quantity of ash is released from the Chimney and the coal dust that lead to a high particulate
matter in the surrounding areas. Though nearly 99% is captured using ESP still a significant amount
escapes.

Selection of Site of thermal Plants

The site selection of steam power plant depends upon various factors. Let's discuss about these
factors one by one.

1. Cost of the land: The cost of the land which is selected for the installation should be minimum or
economical.

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

2. Population density of the land: The distance of the steam power plant from the public area should
be at appropriate distance. So that in case of any failure or hazard happen in the plant, the
population of the area near to the power plant should not be affected.

3. Availability of water sources: There should be a plenty of water sources in the selected area. Since
the power plant requires a large amount of water for the generation of steam.

4. Availability of fuel: The availability of required fuel (coal) should be there because without fuel
the plant will not work.

5. Type of land: The land which is selected for the power plant installation should be plain enough
and it is suitable for the strong foundation for the various machinery of the plant.

6. Scope for the future demand: The size of the land should be such that it is capable for the
handling of future power demand.

7. Availability of Ash handling facility: Proper ash handling facility should be available near the
power plant to minimise the adverse effect of the ash produced in the steam power plant

8. Availability of transportation facility: The transportation facility is must in the installation for the
power plant, because any material cannot be transported to the power plant form its required
location in lack of transport. There should be easy availability of proper transportation facility at the
selected site.

Working of Steam Plant

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

In the steam power plant the pulverised coal is fed into the boiler and it is burnt in the furnace. The
water present in the boiler drum changes to high pressure steam. From the boiler the high pressure
steam passed to the super heater where it is again heated up to its dryness. This super-heated steam
strikes the turbine blades with a high speed and the turbine starts rotating at high speed. A generator
is attached to the rotor of the turbine and as the turbine rotates it also rotates with the speed of the
turbine. The generator converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy. After
striking on the turbine the steam leaves the turbine and enters into the condenser. The steam gets
condensed with the help of cold water from the cooling tower. The condensed water with the feed
water enters into the economiser. In the economiser the feed water gets heated up before entering
into the boiler. This heating of water increases the efficiency of the boiler. The exhaust gases from
the furnace pass through the super heater, economiser and air pre-heater. The heat of this exhaust
gases is utilised in the heating of steam in the super heater, feed water in the economiser and air in
the air pre- heater. After burning of the coal into the furnace, it is transported to ash handling plant
and finally to the ash storage.

For better understanding, the step by step working of steam power plant is as follows
• The pulverised coal is fed into the boiler where the pulverised coal is burnt into the furnace

• Due to heat from the furnace, the water present in the boiler drum changes to the high pressure
steam.

• From the boiler this high pressure steam is passed to the super heater where it is again heated up to
its dryness.

• After that this super-heated steam strikes the turbine blades with a high speed and the turbine blades
starts rotating to at high speed. Here the stored potential energy of the steam is gets converted into
mechanical energy.

• A generator is coupled with the turbine rotor. As the turbine rotates, the generator also rotate with
same speed and mechanical energy of the turbine gets converted into electrical energy.

• Steam after hitting the turbines blades lost its most of the energy and leaves the turbine with low
pressure steam.

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

• This low pressure steam enters into the condenser. Cold water circulates in the condenser from the
cooling tower. Here the low pressure wet steam is converted into water.

• After that condensed water with the feed water passed to the economiser where it gets heated up by
the economiser. And finally the feed water enters into the boiler by a feed water pump to repeat the
cycle.

• The burnt flue gases from the furnace passes through the super heater, economiser and air pre-
heater. This heat of the flue gases is used to heat the steam in the super heater to its dryness, to heat
feed water in the economiser before entering into the boiler and to heat air form the atmosphere in
the air pre-heater before it enters into the furnace.

• The ash from the furnace is transported to ash handling plant and finally to the ash storage.
Efficiency of steam power plant
• The power plant that operates on coal constitutes almost 41% of the world’s electricity generation.

• It is the modified Rankine thermodynamic cycle on which the coal fired power plant operates.

• The overall efficiency of the coal power plant ranges from 32% to 42%. And this is calculated by
the superheat pressures, and super heat and reheat temperatures of steam.

Power Plant Equipment and Layout

Although steam power station simply involves the conversion of heat of coal combustion
into electrical energy, yet it embraces many arrangements for proper working and efficiency. The
schematic arrangement of a modern steam power station is shown in Fig. 2.1. The whole
arrangement can be divided into the following stages for the sake of simplicity:

1. Coal and ash handling arrangement


2. Steam generating plant
3. Steam turbine
4. Alternator
5. Feed water
6. Cooling arrangement

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

Coal and ash handling plant:

The coal is transported to the power station by road or rail and is stored in the coal storage plant.
Storage of coal is primarily a matter of protection against coal strikes, failure of transportation
system and general coal shortages. From the coal storage plant, coal is delivered to the coal
handling plant where it is pulverized (i.e., crushed into small pieces) in order to increase its surface
exposure, thus promoting rapid combustion without using large quantity of excess air. The
pulverized coal is fed to the boiler by belt conveyors. The coal is burnt in the boiler and the ash
produced after the complete combustion of coal is removed to the ash handling plant and then
delivered to the ash storage plant for disposal. The removal of the ash from the boiler furnace is
necessary for proper burning of coal. t is worthwhile to give a passing reference to the amount of
coal burnt and ash produced in a modern thermal power station. A 100 MW station operating at
50% load factor may burn about20, 000 tons of coal per month and ash produced may be to the tune
of 10% to 15% of coal fired i.e.,2,000 to 3,000 tons. In fact, in a thermal station, about 50% to 60%
of the total operating cost consists of fuel purchasing and its handling.

Schematic Arrangement of thermal Power Plant

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

Steam generating plant:

The steam generating plant consists of a boiler for the production of steam and other auxiliary
equipment for the utilization of flue gases.

Boiler: The heat of combustion of coal in the boiler is utilized to convert water into steam at high
temperature and pressure. The flue gases from the boiler make their journey through super-heater,
economizer, air pre-heater and are finally exhausted to atmosphere through the chimney.

Super heater: The steam produced in the boiler is wet and is passed through a super heater where it
is dried and superheated (i.e., steam temperature increased above that of boiling point of water) by
the flue gases on their way to chimney. Superheating provides two principal benefits. Firstly, the
overall efficiency is increased. Secondly, too much condensation in the last stages of turbine (which
would cause blade corrosion) is avoided. The superheated steam from the super heater is fed to
steam turbine through the main valve.

Economizer: An economizer is essentially a feed water heater and derives heat from the flue gases
for this purpose. The feed water is fed to the economizer before supplying to the boiler. The
economizer extracts a part of heat of flue gases to increase the feed water temperature.

Air preheater: An air preheater increases the temperature of the air supplied for coal burning by
deriving heat from flue gases. Air is drawn from the atmosphere by a forced draught fan and is
passed through air preheater before supplying to the boiler furnace. The air preheater extracts heat
from flue gases and increases the temperature of air used for coal combustion. The principal
benefits of preheating the air are increased thermal efficiency and increased steam capacity per
square meter of boiler surface.

Steam turbine: The dry and superheated steam from the super heater is fed to the steam turbine
through main valve. The heat energy of steam when passing over the blades of turbine is converted
into mechanical energy. After giving heat energy to the turbine, the steam is exhausted to the
condenser which condenses the exhausted steam by means of cold water circulation.

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator. The alternator converts mechanical
energy of turbine into electrical energy. The electrical output from the alternator is delivered to the
bus bars through transformer, circuit breakers and isolators.

Feed water: The condensate from the condenser is used as feed water to the boiler. Some water
may be lost in the cycle which is suitably made up from external source. The feed water on its way
to the boiler is heated by water heaters and economizer. This helps in raising the overall efficiency
of the plant

Cooling arrangement: In order to improve the efficiency of the plant, the steam exhausted from
the turbine is condensed by means of a condenser. Water is drawn from a natural source of supply
such as a river, canal or lake and is circulated through the condenser. The circulating water takes up
the heat of the exhausted steam and itself becomes hot. This hot water coming out from the
condenser is discharged at a suitable location down the river. In case the availability of water from
the source of supply is not assured throughout the year.

Cooling towers: are used. During the scarcity of water in the river, hot water from the condenser is
passed on to the cooling towers where it is cooled. The cold water from the cooling tower is reused
in the condenser.

Steam Turbines
A turbine is a mechanical device which extracts energy from a moving fluid and converts it into
useful work. The turbines are basically used to produce electricity.

Main Parts of a Turbine

The main parts of a turbine are

1. Nozzle: It guides the steam to flow in designed direction and velocity.

2. Runner: it is the rotating part of the turbine and blades are attached to the runner.

3. Blades: It is that part of the turbine on which the fast moving fluid strikes and rotates the runner.

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

4. Casing: It is the outer air tight covering of the turbine which contains the runner and blades. It
protects the internal parts of the turbine.
Working Principle of a Turbine
• A fast moving fluid (it may be water, gas, steam or wind) is made to strike on the blades of the
turbine.

• As the fluid strikes the blades, it rotates the runner. Here the energy of the moving fluid is
converted into rotational energy.

• A generator is coupled with the shaft of the turbine. With the rotation of the runner of the turbine,
the shaft of the generator also rotates. The generator converts the mechanical energy of the runner
into electrical energy.

Types of Turbines

Basically turbines are classified into four types

1. Water turbine

2. Steam turbine

3. Gas turbine

4. Wind turbine

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

Steam Turbine

A Turbine which extracts energy form the moving steam and converts it into electrical energy, is
called steam turbine.

Types of Steam Turbine


1. According to the Mode of Steam Action

(i). Impulse Turbine: If the steam available at the inlet has only kinetic energy, the turbine is
called impulse turbine.
(ii). Reaction Turbine: If the steam available at the inlet has kinetic energy as well pressure
energy, the turbine is called reaction turbine.

2. According to the Direction of Steam Flow

(i). Axial Flow Turbine: if the steam flows through the runner in the direction parallel to the axis
of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called axial flow turbine

(ii). Radial Flow Turbine: If the steam flows through the runner in the radial direction, the turbine
is called radial flow turbine.

3. According to the Exhaust Condition of Steam

(i). Condensing Turbine: A turbine in which the steam is condensed, when it comes out of the
turbine is called condensing turbine. It produces large output with single unit.

(ii). Non-Condensing Turbine: In non-condensing turbine, the exhaust steam leaves the turbine at
atmospheric pressure or low pressure. There is no condensation of steam takes place in this turbine.

4. According to the Pressure of Steam

(i). High Pressure Turbine


(ii). Medium Pressure Turbine
(iii). Low Pressure Turbine

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Power Generation Techniques and Economics _23EEE421 2024-25

5. According to the Number of Stages

Single Stage Steam Turbine: In single stage steam turbine, the steam after leaving the nozzle,
impinges on one end of the blade, glides over the inner surface, leaves the blades and exhaust into
the condenser.

Multi Stage Steam Turbine: In multi stages turbine, sometimes the steam after leaving the moving
blade is again made to flow through a fixed blade ring and again impinges on second moving blade.
Here the fixed blade ring is used to make the steam to flow at a desired angle. In multistage steam
turbine more than one set of rotor blades are used.
FUELS FOR STEAM GENARATION

Steam power plant uses fossil fuels to generate steam. The fuel may be in different form such as
solid, liquid, pulverized or gaseous. The selection of the type of fuel depends on the availability of
fuels and economic conditions.

Types of Fuels The important fuels are as follows-

Solid fuels

Liquid fuels

Gaseous fuels

1) Solid fuels: Coal is the major fuel used for thermal power plants to generate steam. Coal occurs
in nature, which was formed by the decay of vegetable matters buried under the earth millions of
years ago under pressure and heat. The chemical substances in the coal are

• Carbon, -50-95%

• Hydrogen, 1-5.5%

• Nitrogen, 0.5-7%

• Oxygen, 2-40%

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• Sulphur, 0.5-3%

2) Liquid Fuels: All types of liquid fuels used are derived from crude petroleum and its
byproducts. The petroleum or crude oil consists of 80-85% C, 10-15% hydrogen, and varying
percentages of sculpture, nitrogen, oxygen and compounds of vanadium. The fractions from light
oil to heavy oil are naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel and finally heavy fuel oil. The heavy fuel oil
is used for generation of steam. The use of liquid fuels in thermal power plants has many
advantages over the use of solid fuels. Some important advantages are as follows:

1) The storage and handling of liquid fuels is much easier than solid and gaseous fuels.

2) Excess air required for the complete combustion of liquid fuels is less, as compared to the solid
fuels

3) Fire control is easy and hence changes in load can be met easily and quickly.

4) There are no requirements of ash handling and disposal.

5) The system is very clean, and hence the labour required is relatively less compared to the
operation with solid fuels.

Gaseous Fuels: For the generation of steam in gas fired thermal plants, either natural gas or
manufactured gaseous fuels are used. However, manufactured gases are costlier than the natural
gas. Generally, natural gas is used for power plants as it is available in abundance. The natural gas
is generally obtained from gas wells and petroleum wells. The major constituent in natural gas is
methane, about 60-65%, and also contains small amounts of other hydrocarbons such as ethane,
naphthene and aromatics, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The natural gas is transported from the
source to the place of use through pipes, for distances to several hundred kilometers. The natural
gas is colourless, odourless and non-toxic. Its calorific value ranges from 25,000 to 50,000.KJ/m3,

Requirements of Good Coal Handling Plant

1. It should need minimum maintenance.

2. It should be reliable.

3. It should be simple and sound.

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4. It should require a minimum of operatives.

5. It should be able to deliver requisite quantity of coal at the destination during peak periods.

6. There should be minimum wear in running the equipment due to abrasive action of coal particles.

Coal Handling Systems "Mechanical handling" of coal is preferred over "manual handling"
due to the following reasons:

1. Higher reliability.

2. Less labour required.

3. Economical for medium and large capacity plants.

4. Operation is easy and smooth.

5. Can be easily started and can be economically adjusted according to the need.

6. With reduced labour, management and control of the plant becomes easy and smooth.

7. Minimum labour is put to unhealthy condition.

8. Losses in transport are minimised.

Disadvantages:

1. Needs continuous maintenance and repair.

2. Capital cost of the plant is increased.

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DIESEL POWER PLANT

Introduction:

For generating electrical power, it is essential to rotate the rotor of an alternator by means of a
prime mover. The prime mover can be driven by different methods. Using diesel engine as prime
mover is one of the popular methods of generating power. When prime mover of the alternators is
diesel engine, the power station is called diesel power station. The mechanical power required for
driving alternator comes from combustion of diesel. As the diesel costs high, this type of power
station is not suitable for producing power in large scale in our country. But for small scale
production of electric power, and where, there is no other easily available alternatives of producing
electric power, diesel power station are used. Steam power stations and hydro power plants are
mainly used to produce maximum portion of the electrical load demands. But for steam power
station, sufficient supply of coal and water are required.

For hydro power station, plenty source of water and big dams are required. But where all these
facilities are not available, such as no easy way of coal transportation and no scope of constructing
dam, there diesel plant is established. Diesel power plants are also popularly used as standby
supply of different industries, commercial complexes, hospitals, etc. During power cut, these diesel
power generators are run to fulfill required demand.

A Diesel power station (also known as Stand-by power station) uses a diesel engine as prime mover
for the generation of electrical energy.

This power station is generally compact and thus can be located where it is actually required. This
kind of power station can be used to produce limited amounts of electrical energy. In most countries
these power stations are used as emergency supply stations.

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Diesel Generator Operation

The diesel burns inside the engine and the combustion process moves a fluid that turns the engine
shaft and drives the alternator. The alternator in turn, converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. This type of electricity generating power station will probably be used a long time into the
future, due to a need for reliable stand-by electrical source for emergency situations.

However, diesel power plants emit green house gases that pollute the environment and also require
frequent servicing.

Disadvantages of Diesel Power Station

1. As we have already mentioned, the cost of diesel is very high compared to coal. This is the main
reason for which a diesel power plant is not getting popularity over other means of generating
power. In other words the running cost of this plant is higher compared to steam and hydro power
plants.

2. The plant generally used to produce small power requirement.

3. Cost of lubricants is high.

4. Maintenance is quite complex and costs high.

5. Plant does not work satisfactorily under overload conditions for a longer period.

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Working of Diesel Generator

1. Engine

2. Air Intake System

3. Exhaust system

4. Fuel System

5. Cooling System

6. Lubrication System

7. Engine starting system

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1. Engine:

This is the main component of the plant which develops the required power. It is generally directly
coupled to the generator as shown in Fig.1.

2. Air Intake System

The air intake system conveys fresh air through pipes or ducts to: (i) Air intake manifold of four
stroke engines (ii) The scavenging pump inlet of a two stroke engine and (iii) The supercharger
inlet of a supercharged engine.

The air system begins with an intake located outside the building provided with a filter to catch dirt
which would otherwise cause excessive wear in the engine. The filters may be of dry or oil bath.
Electrostatic precipitator filters can also be used. Oil impingement type of filter consists of a frame
filled with metal shavings which are coated with a special oil so that the air in passing through the
frame and being broken up into a number of small filaments comes into contact with the oil whose
property is to sieze and hold any dust particles being carried by the air. The dry type of filter is
made of cloth, felt, glass wool etc. In case of oil bath type of filter the air is swept over or through a
pool of oil so that the particles of dust become coated. Light weight steel pipe is the material for
intake ducts. In some cases, the engine noise may be transmitted back through the air intake sys-tem
to the outside air. In such cases a silencer is provided between the engine and the intake.

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Following precautions should be taken while constructing a suitable air intake system:

1. Air intakes may not be located inside the engine room.


2. Air should not be taken from a confined space otherwise air pulsations can cause serious
vibration problems.

3. The air-intake line used should neither have too small a diameter nor should be too long,
otherwise there may crop up engine starvation problem.

4. Air intake filters may not be located close to the roof of the engine room otherwise pulsating air
flow through the filters can serious vibrations of the roof.

5. Air intake filters should not be located in an inaccessible location.


6.
3. Exhaust System
The exhaust gas is removed from engine, to the atmosphere by means of an exhaust system. A
silencer is normally used in this system to reduce noise level of the engine.

4. Cooling System
The heat produced due to internal combustion, drives the engine. But some parts of this heat raise
the temperature of different parts of the engine. High temperature may cause permanent damage to
the machine. Hence, it is essential to maintain the overall temperature of the engine to a tolerable
level. Cooling system of diesel power station does exactly so. The cooling system requires a water
source, water source, water pump and cooling towers. The pump circulates water through cylinder
and head jacket. The water takes away heat from the engine and it becomes hot. The hot water is
cooled by cooling towers and is re-circulated for cooling.

5. Lubricating System
This system minimises the wear of rubbing surface of the engine. Here lubricating oil is stored in
main lubricating oil tank. This lubricating oil is drawn from the tank by means of oil pump. Then

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the oil is passed through the oil filter for removing impurities. From the filtering point, this clean
lubricating oil is delivered to the different points of the machine where lubrication is required the
oil cooler is provided in the system to keep the temperature of the lubricating oil as low as possible.

6. Engine Starting System


For starting a diesel engine, initial rotation of the engine shaft is required. Until the firing start and
the unit runs with its own power. For small DG set, the initial rotation of the shaft is provided by
handles but for large diesel power station. Compressed air is used for starting.

Applications of the diesel engine power plant

Peak load:
We can notice the combination of the hydro plant and thermal plant in the diesel engine as a peak
load unit. To meet the peak demand they stopped and started the engine easily.

Mobile plant:
Diesel plants fixed on trailers can be pre owned for emergency or temporary purposes like
providing power to huge civil engineering workings.

Standby unit:
If it cannot handle up with the demand or main unit fails then the diesel plant can supply the
required power source.

Emergency plant:
During the time of power disruption in an energetic unit like industrial plant or a hospital, a diesel
electric plant can be used to generate the power.

Nursery station:
In the absence of the key grid for power supply a diesel plant is installed in the town. When the
power is required in the other stations in that case they transport the power from one place to the
other. It means they transfer to the small plants. So this is known as nursery station.

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Starting stations:
The main purpose of the diesel station is used to run the induced draft fans, forced draft fans. Boiler
feed is required for the larger steam power plant.

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

INTRODUCTION

The use of gas turbines for generating electricity dates back to 1939. Today, gas turbines are one of
the most widely-used power generating technologies. Gas turbines are a type of internal combustion
(IC) engine in which burning of an air-fuel mixture produces hot gases that spin a turbine to
produce power. It is the production of hot gas during fuel combustion, not the fuel itself that the
gives gas turbines the name. Gas turbines can utilize a variety of fuels, including natural gas, fuel
oils, and synthetic fuels. Combustion occurs continuously in gas turbines, as opposed to
reciprocating IC engines, in which combustion occurs intermittently.

Advantages and disadvantages of Gas turbine power plant

Advantages of Gas Turbine Power Plant

1. They are small in size, weigh less and have low initial cost per unit output.

2. They are easy to install within short periods.

3. They are quick-starting and smooth running.

4. They offer flexibility by supplying electricity for power generation as well as by supplying
compressed air for process needs.

5. They are capable of using a range of liquid and gaseous fuels including synthetic fuels.

6. They are subjected (put) to fewer environmental restrictions than other prime movers.

7. Water consumption is less compared to steam power plant.

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Disadvantages of Gas Turbine Power Plant

1.An electric motor or an I.C. engine is necessary for starting the plant. The starting motor must
bring the compressor well towards the operating speed. So, starting is not simple as in the case of
other power plants.

2. Gas turbine plants have less vibrations when compared with reciprocating engines of the same
speed. However the high frequency noise from the compressor is objectionable.

3.High temperatures impose severe restriction on the servicing conditions of the plant.

4.Overall efficiency is low since two-thirds of the total power output is used for driving the
compressor.
5. The blades of the turbine require special cooling methods due to the severity of operating
temperatures and pressures. In practice, the temperatures at the entry of the turbine are as high as
1100°C - 1260°C. Hence they should be made of special metals and alloys.
6. They are incompatible with solid fuels.

APPLICATIONS OF GASTURBINE PLANTS

Gas turbine plants for the purpose of power plant engineering find the following applications.

1. To drive generators and supply peak loads in steam, diesel or hydroplants.

2. To work as combination plants with conventional steam boilers.

3. To supply mechanical drive for auxiliaries.

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These plants are well suited for peak load service since the fuel costs are somewhat higher and
initial cost low. Moreover, peak load operation permits use of water injection which increases
turbine work by about 40% with an increase in heat rate of about 20%. The short duration of
increase in heat rate does not prove of any much harm.

• The combination arrangement of gas turbines with conventional boilers may be super-charging
or for heat recovery from exhaust gases. In the supercharging system air is supplied to the boiler
under pressure by a compressor mounted on the common shaft with turbine and gases formed as
result of combination after coming out of the boiler pass through the gas turbine before passing
through the economiser and the chimney.

• The application of the gas turbine to drive the auxiliaries is not strictly included under direct electric

power generation by the turbines and would not be discussed.

Gas Turbine Working Principle

Gas turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion chamber and using the
fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high pressure steam
drives a steam turbine.

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One major difference however is that the gas turbine has a second turbine acting as an air compressor
mounted on the same shaft. The air turbine (compressor) draws in air, compresses it and feeds it at high
pressure into the combustion chamber increasing the intensity of the burning flame.

It is a positive feedback mechanism. As the gas turbine speeds up, it also causes the compressor to speed up
forcing more air through the combustion chamber which in turn increases the burn rate of the fuel sending
more high pressure hot gases into the gas turbine increasing its speed even more. Uncontrolled runaway is
prevented by controls on the fuel supply line which limit the amount of fuel fed to the turbine thus limiting its
speed.

The thermodynamic process used by the gas turbine is known as the Brayton cycle. Analogous to the Carnot
cycle in which the efficiency is maximised by increasing the temperature difference of the working fluid
between the input and output of the machine, the Brayton cycle efficiency is maximised by increasing the
pressure difference across the machine. The gas turbine is comprised of three main components: a
compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. The working fluid, air, is compressed in the compressor (adiabatic
compression - no heat gain or loss), then mixed with fuel and burned by the combustor under constant
pressure conditions in the combustion chamber (constant pressure heat addition). The resulting hot gas

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expands through the turbine to perform work (adiabatic expansion). Much of the power produced in the
turbine is used to run the compressor and the rest is available to run auxiliary equipment and do useful work.
The system is an open system because the air is not reused so that the fourth step in the cycle, cooling the
working fluid, is omitted.

Gas turbines have a very high power to weight ratio and are lighter and smaller than internal combustion
engines of the same power. Though they are mechanically simpler than reciprocating engines, their
characteristics of high speed and high temperature operation require high precision components and exotic
materials making them more expensive to manufacture.

Electrical Power Generation

In electricity generating applications the turbine is used to drive a synchronous generator which provides the
electrical power output but because the turbine normally operates at very high rotational speeds of 12,000
r.p.m or more it must be connected to the generator through a high ratio reduction gear since the generators
run at speeds of 1,000 or 1,200 r.p.m. depending on the AC frequency of the electricity grid.

Turbine Configurations

Gas turbine power generators are used in two basic configurations

• Simple Systems consisting of the gas turbine driving an electrical power generator.

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• Combined Cycle Systems which are designed for maximum efficiency in which the hot exhaust gases
from the gas turbine are used to raise steam to power a steam turbine with both turbines being connected
to electricity generators.

Turbine Performance

1. Turbine Power Output

To minimise the size and weight of the turbine for a given output power, the output per pound of airflow
should be maximised. This is obtained by maximising the air flow through the turbine which in turn depends
on maximising the pressure ratio between the air inlet and exhaust outlet. The main factor governing this is
the pressure ratio across the compressor which can be as high as 40:1 in modern gas turbines. In simple cycle
applications, pressure ratio increases translate into efficiency gains at a given firing temperature, but there is
a limit since increasing the pressure ratio means that more energy will be consumed by the compressor.

2. System Efficiency

Thermal efficiency is important because it directly affects the fuel consumption and operating costs.

3. Simple Cycle Turbines

A gas turbine consumes considerable amounts of power just to drive its compressor. As with all cyclic heat
engines, a higher maximum working temperature in the machine means greater efficiency (Carnot's Law),
but in a turbine it also means that more energy is lost as waste heat through the hot exhaust gases whose
temperatures are typically well over 1,000°C . Consequently simple cycle turbine efficiencies are quite low.
For heavy plant, design efficiencies range between 30% and 40%. (The efficiencies of aero engines are in the

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range 38% and 42% while low power microturbines (<100kW) achieve only 18% to 22%). Although
increasing the firing temperature increases the output power at a given pressure ratio, there is also a sacrifice
of efficiency due to the increase in losses due to the cooling air required to maintain the turbine components
at reasonable working temperatures.

4. Combined Cycle Turbines

It is however possible to recover energy from the waste heat of simple cycle systems by using the exhaust
gases in a hybrid system to raise steam to drive a steam turbine electricity generating set . In such cases the
exhaust temperature may be reduced to as low as 140°C enabling efficiencies of up to 60% to be achieved in
combined cycle systems.

In combined-cycle applications, pressure ratio increases have a less pronounced effect on the efficiency since
most of the improvement comes from increases in the Carnot thermal efficiency resulting from increases in
the firing temperature.

Thus simple cycle efficiency is achieved with high pressure ratios. Combined cycle efficiency is obtained
with more modest pressure ratios and greater firing temperatures.

Fuels

One further advantage of gas turbines is their fuel flexibility. They can be adapted to use almost any
flammable gas or light distillate petroleum products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel and kerosene (paraffin)
which happen to be available locally, though natural gas is the most commonly used fuel. Crude and other
heavy oils and can also be used to fuel gas turbines if they are first heated to reduce their viscosity to a level
suitable for burning in the turbine combustion chambers.

Applications

Gas turbines can be used for large scale power generation. Examples are applications delivering 600 MW or
more from a 400 MW gas turbine coupled to a 200 MW steam turbine in a co-generating installation. Such
installations are not normally used for base load electricity generation, but for bringing power to remote sites

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such as oil and gas fields. They do however find use in the major electricity grids in peak shaving
applications to provide emergency peak power.

Low power gas turbine generating sets with capacities up to 5 MW can be accommodated in transportation
containers to provide mobile emergency electricity supplies which can delivered by truck to the point of
need.

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References:
1. Power Plant Engineering by P.K. Nag, McGrawHill, 4th Edition, 2014.
2. Generation of Electrical Energy by B.R.Gupta, S. Chand, 2015.
3. Electrical power Generation, Transmission and Distribution, by S.N. Singh, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2009
4. A Course in Power Systems, by J.B. Gupta, Katson, 2008.
5. Electrical Power Distribution Systems by V. Kamaraju, McGrawHill, 1st Edition, 2009.
6. A Text Book on Power System Engineering by A.Chakrabarti, et al, DhanpathRai, 2nd Edition, 2010.
7. Electrical Distribution Engineering by Anthony J. Pansini, CRC Press, 3rd Edition, 2006.
8. Electrical Distribution Systems, Dale R PatrickEt al , CRC Press, 2nd Edition, 2009.
9. Ji Y,Ai Q and Xie D 2010 Power System Technology vol 34 15-23.
10. Zhu X, Han X Q and Qin W P 2015 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews vol 42 453-463.
11. Zhang H Y, Li S D 2011 Research on micro grid. Beijing, China:Tsinghua University 595-598.
12. Wu X,Yin X G and Song X 2013 Energy and Power Engineering 4 142-149.
13. Xu J,Sui J and Li B Energy 35 4361-67 .
14. Cho H, Smith A D and Mago P 2014 Applied Energy 136 168-185.
15. Zhang D and Wang J 2016 Dianwang Jishu/Power System Technology 40 451-458.
16. Ming W, Jian S, Liu H, Yang L and Yu J 2014 POWERCON 2014 – 2014.
17. International Conference on Power System Technology: Towards Green, Efficient and Smart Power
System, Proceedings 3361-65.
18. Zeng Z, Zhao R, Yang H and Tang S 2014 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 701- 718.

Department of EEE, SJBIT 31

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