Tissues
Tissues
Table of contents
Introduction
Plant Tissues
Animal Tissues
Introduction
All living organisms are made up of cells, which are the basic units of structure and
function in life. In unicellular organisms like Amoeba, a single cell performs all
essential functions, including movement, food intake, gaseous exchange, and
excretion.
2. Growth Patterns:
Plants: Plants grow in speci c areas called meristems, where new cells are
formed continuously. Once certain parts mature, they stop growing.
Animals: In contrast, animals grow more evenly, without clear areas of active
and inactive cell division.
3. Complexity and Specialisation:
Plants: Plant tissues are divided into two main categories: meristematic
and permanent. Meristematic tissue is for growth, while permanent tissues
include simple types (like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma) and
complex types (such as xylem and phloem).
Animals: Animal tissues are classi ed into four main types: epithelial,
connective,muscular, and nervous tissues. Epithelial tissue is further divided
based on shape and function into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated, and
glandular types. Connective tissues consist of areolar, adipose, bone, tendon,
ligament, cartilage, and blood. Muscle tissues include striated, unstriated, and
cardiac types. Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that transmit signals.
Plant Tissues
Plant tissues are classi ed into two main types: meristematic and permanent.
Meristematic Tissue: This is the dividing tissue present in the growing regions
of the plant.
Permanent Tissues: These are derived from meristematic tissue once they lose
the ability to divide. Permanent tissues are further classi ed into simple and
complex tissues.
Xylem
Phloem
1. Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissue is the growth tissue found in the areas of the plant that are
still developing. The growth of plants happens in speci c areas because of this
special tissue that divides.
These cells are small, round, or polygonal with dense cytoplasm. They are very
active and have thin cellulose walls and noticeable nuclei. They do not have
vacuoles.
Apical Meristem: Found at the tips of stems and roots, this type increases the
length of both.
Lateral Meristem (cambium): Located on the sides of stems and roots, it helps
to thicken them.
Intercalary Meristem: Found near the nodes (the points on a stem where leaves
or branches grow). It contributes to the length between two nodes.
Diagram representing the nodes
2. Permanent Tissues
Permanent tissues come from meristematic cells that can no longer divide.
These cells change to take on speci c roles. They can be either living or dead,
and their walls can be thin or thick, with the thickening being either regular or
irregular.
Permanent tissues are further divided into two main groups: Simple Permanent
Tissue and Complex Permanent Tissue.
A few layers of cells beneath the epidermis are generally known as simple
permanent tissue.
This type consists of one kind of cell that serves the same function. The three types
of simple tissues are:
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Complex permanent tissues are made up of more than one type of cell and include:
Xylem
Phloem
(a) Parenchyma
Parenchyma cells are thin-walled, living cells that make up the basic packing
tissue of all plant parts. They can be oval, spherical, or polygonal in shape, and
are loosely arranged with small and large spaces in between. Their main role is
to store food.
When parenchyma contains chlorophyll, it is called chlorenchyma, which is
important for photosynthesis.
In aquatic plants, parenchyma cells have large air spaces that help store gases
and keep the plants a oat. This special type of parenchyma is known as
aerenchyma.
(b) Collenchyma
Collenchyma cells are living cells with thickened corners. The uneven thickness
of their walls gives mechanical support and exibility to the plant, allowing it to
bend without breaking.
(c) Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma cells are usually dead, thick, and have tough walls. They have a
narrow space inside. There are two types of sclerenchyma:
Fibres, which are long and spindle-shaped with pointed ends.
Sclereids, which are shorter and broader cells, sometimes called stone
cells. This type of tissue provides strong support and helps plants withstand
various stresses.
Sclerenchyma Tissue
(d) Epidermis
The epidermis is the outer protective layer of plant parts that stops pathogens
and pests from entering.
Epidermal cells are elongated and tightly packed, generally having thick outer
and side walls, while the inner walls are thinner.
The thick outer walls contain a fatty substance called cutin, which makes them
waterproof.
In some plants, like those in deserts, the epidermis has a thick waxy coating of
cutin on its outer surface.
Root epidermal cells, which help absorb water, often have long hair-like
extensions that increase the area available for absorption.
Typically, the epidermis is a single layer but has small openings called stomata
that allow gas exchange. These are surrounded by two guard cells.
Epidermis
Water loss in the form of vapour, known as transpiration, also occurs through
stomata. As plants age, the outer protective layer changes. A strip of secondary
meristem in the cortex forms layers of cells called cork. Cork cells are dead,
tightly packed without spaces, and contain a substance called suberin, making
them impermeable to gases and water.
Epidermal cells of roots have long, hair-like structures called root hairs. These
hairs help increase the surface area for better absorption of water and minerals
from the soil.
On many plants, the outer surface has trichomes, which are hair-like extensions
of the epidermis. These can be glandular or non-glandular and create a layer of
still air on the surface, which provides insulation.
(b) Cork
Cork is the outer protective layer found on older stems and roots. It arises from
a type of lateral meristem known as cork cambium.
The cork cambium generates a secondary layer called phelloderm on the inside
and cork or phellem on the outside.
Cork cells are dead and tightly packed, lacking intercellular spaces. Their walls
contain a substance called suberin, which makes them resistant to gases and
water.
Some cork cells have small openings called lenticels, which allow for gas
exchange.
Older cork cells die and ll with substances like tannins, resins, and air.
(a) Xylem
Xylem is a complex tissue that is crucial for transporting water and minerals
from the soil to different parts of the plant through the roots. It includes
tracheids, xylem vessels, xylem bres, and xylem parenchyma.
Dead tubular tracheids and xylem vessels assist in moving water from roots to
shoots. Living xylem parenchyma stores food.
Dead xylem bres provide structural support. Vessels are long tubes formed by
the end-to-end joining of many dead cells, with ligni ed walls that have pits.
(b) Phloem
Phloem consists of ve cell types: sieve cells, sieve tubes, companion cells,
phloem bres, and phloem parenchyma.
Sieve tubes are tubular cells with holes in their walls that transport food from
the leaves to other parts of the plant. All phloem cells, except for phloem bres,
are living cells.
Phloem is the tissue responsible for transporting food that is made in leaves to
other areas of the plant. It consists of ve types of cells:
1. Sieve cells
2. Sieve tubes
3. Companion cells
4. Phloem bres
5. Phloem parenchyma
All the cells in phloem are living, except for the phloem bres. The main function of
phloem is to transport food from the leaves to other parts of the plant, which is
essential for the plant's nutrition and growth.
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Chapter Notes: Tissues
Animal Tissues
Animal tissues are groups of cells that have similar structures and functions, working
together to carry out speci c tasks in the bodies of animals. These tissues can be
divided into four main types based on their structure and function: epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
Locations: Skin, lining of the mouth, lining of blood vessels, alveoli in lungs, kidney
tubules.
Characteristics:
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue
Bone
Tendon
Ligament
Cartilage
Blood
Muscular Tissue
De nition: Muscular tissue is made up of long cells known as muscle bres, which
are responsible for movement.
Special Proteins: These tissues contain proteins that enable muscles to contract and
relax, allowing movement.
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FAQs on Tissues Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 6
Ans. The main types of tissues found in plants are meristematic tissues and permanent
tissues. Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth and are found in regions of
active cell division, while permanent tissues are differentiated and perform speci c
functions, such as photosynthesis, support, and transport.
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